Anisákidos y anisakidosis: generalidades y su actualidad en Colombia. Revisión bibliográfica / Anisakis and Anisakiasis: General aspects and current situation in Colombia

RESUMEN La anisakidosis es una parasitosis ocasionada por nematodos de la familia Anisakidae, causa-da por el consumo de pescado parasitado con larvas infectivas (L3) de estos nematodos. En Europa y Asia es un problema de salud pública. Sin embargo, en Colombia y en general en los países de América del Sur, es poco conocida. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una revisión de las generalidades de los parásitos anisákidos y mostrar la situación actual de esta parasitosis en Colombia. Se realizó una búsqueda estructurada de términos MeSH y DeCS en MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase, LILACS y Scopus; esta se complementó con otra no estructurada en SciELO y Google Scholar. Se incluye un reporte de caso y seis registros de hospederos. Se describen registros de peces de consumo humano parasitados por Anisakis sp., Anisakis physeteris y Pseudoterranova decipiens para el Océano Pacífico y, los géneros Pseudoterranova y Contracaecum en peces del Océano Atlántico y aguas continentales. Se concluye que la anisakidosis representa un riesgo latente para Colombia, es necesario instaurar legislaciones efectivas para un control eficiente sobre esta parasitosis y educar a la población sobre los cui-dados necesarios para el consumo de pescado.

SUMMARY Anisakidosis is a parasitic disease derived from the consumption of infective larvae from Anisakidae family. In Europe and Asia is a public health problem, however, in Colombia and South American countries is little known. The objective is to review Anikids general aspects and find out about the current situation of this disease in Colombia. Search of MeSH and DeCS terms, through MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase, and Scopus databases, complemented with grey literature from SciELO and Google Scholar, was made. One case report and six host records were included. Records of fish for human consumption from Pacific Ocean parasitized by Anisakis sp., Anisakis physeteris and Pseudoterranova decipiens are described, as well as for fish from Atlantic Ocean and inland waters with genera Pseudoterranova and Contracaecum. Anisakidosis represents a latent risk for Colombia; it is necessary to establish effective legislations for an efficient control of the emergence of this parasitic disease, as well as to educate people about needed precautions considering fish consumption.

Characterization of Achlya americana and A. bisexualis (Saprolegniales, Oomycota) Isolated from Freshwater Environments in Korea

Many members of the Saprolegniales (Oomycete) cause mycoses and disorders of fishes, of which Achlya and Saprolegnia are most ubiquitous genera worldwide. During a survey of the diversity of freshwater oomycetes in Korea, we collected seven isolates of Achlya, for which morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses enabled them to identify as Achlya americana and Achlya bisexualis. In Korea, only a species of Achlya, A. prolifera, has been previously found to cause seedling rot on rice (Oryza sativa), but none of the two species have been reported yet. Importantly, A. bisexualis was isolated from a live fish, namely rice fish (Oryzias sinensis), as well as freshwater, and this is the first report of Achlya-causing mycoses on freshwater fishes in Korea. The presence of A. americana and A. bisexualis on live fish in Korea should be closely monitored, as considering the well-known broad infectivity of these species it has the potential to cause an important emerging disease on aquaculture industry.

Absceso glúteo por Rhodococcus Equi: presentación atípica de enfermedad emergente / Gluteus abscess due to RhodococcusEqui: atypical presentation of emerging disease

Resumen Rhodococcusequi, bacteria aislada principalmente en potros, se considera en la actualidad un patógeno zoonótico emergente en seres humanos, la mayoría inmunocomprometidos, coincidiendo con la epidemia de VIH y los avances en la medicina de trasplantes y la quimioterapia del cáncer, lo que justifica la revisión sobre su patogenia, características clínicas, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Más frecuente en hombres que en mujeres, el inicio de las infecciones es generalmente insidioso y los síntomas que presentan varían según el sitio de la infección, la enfermedad respiratoria, caracterizada por neumonía necrosante es la manifestación más común, y tiende a seguir un curso subagudo, mientras las personas inmunocompetentes son afectadas con baja frecuencia y suelen presentarse con enfermedad localizada. Las infecciones de la piel o partes blandas, incluyendo abscesos, son poco frecuentes incluso en huéspedes inmunocomprometidos y están usualmente relacionadas con contaminación ambiental. El laboratorio de microbiología juega un papel clave en la identificación del organismo, ya que este puede confundirse con flora normal de la piel. El caso que se presenta corresponde a una paciente adulta inmunocompetente, con infección de herida quirúrgica por R equiluego de una cirugía estética, requirió tratamiento antibiótico, múltiples lavados quirúrgicos y debridamientos, más drenaje de absceso, con mejoría del proceso infeccioso. Este caso sugiere la importancia clínica de la identificación precisa de patógenos inusuales, capaces de entorpecer la evolución normal de un proceso quirúrgico y de producir un alto costo de atención de salud y el alcance medidas preventivas relacionadas con la vigilancia de la salud.

Abstract Rhodococcusequi, a bacterium isolated mainly in foals, is currently considered an emerging zoonotic pathogen in humans, most of them immunocompromised, coinciding with the HIV epidemic and advances in transplant medicine and cancer chemotherapy, which justifies the review on its pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment. More frequent in men than in women, the onset of infections is usually insidious and the symptoms they present vary according to the site of infection, the respiratory disease, characterized by necrotizing pneumonia is the most common manifestation, and tends to follow a subacute course , while immunocompetent people are affected with low frequency and usually have localized disease. Infections of the skin or soft tissues, including abscesses, are rare even in immunocompromised hosts and are usually related to environmental contamination. The microbiology laboratory plays a key role in the identification of the organism, since it can be confused with normal flora of the skin. The case presented corresponds to an adult immunocompetent patient, with surgical wound infection by R equiafter cosmetic surgery, required antibiotic treatment, multiple surgical washes and debridements, and abscess drainage, with improvement of the infectious process. This case suggests the clinical importance of the precise identification of unusual pathogens, capable of obstructing the normal evolution of a surgical process and of producing a high cost of health care and the scope of preventive measures related to health surveillance.

Bremia itoana (Oomycota, Peronosporales), a Specialized Downy Mildew Pathogen on an East Asian Plant, Crepidiastrum sonchifolium (Asteraceae)

Crepidiastrum sonchifolium, a flowering plant in the daisy family (Asteraceae), is native to East Asia. In Korea, this plant is a locally cultivated vegetable, and its market size is gradually growing. Since the plants with downy mildew infection were initially found at a private farm of Chuncheon city, the occurrences have continued in commercial farms of other regions, highlighting that this disease is spreading throughout Korea. The pathogen was attributed to a member of the genus Bremia that contains many specialized species, each of which displays a narrow host spectrum on Asteraceae. Based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, along with the high host specificity recently proven for Bremia species, the identity of the causal agent was confirmed as a so far undescribed species of Bremia. Here, we introduce Bremia itoana sp. nov., specific to C. sonchifolium.

Algunas especificidades sobre la enfermedad por el virus del Zika / Some specificities on the disease due to Zika virus

Teniendo en cuenta que en los momentos actuales existen emergencias y reemergencias de enfermedades infecciosas, fundamentalmente en zonas tropicales, se impone advertir a los profesionales de la salud y autoridades sanitarias, sobre la amenaza que representa el virus del Zika. A tales efectos se realizó una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva donde se analizan algunos aspectos de interés, tales como: vectores y reservorios, modos de transmisión, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico diferencial y tratamiento, entre otros, lo cual ayudará a elevar y nivel de conocimientos al respecto y estar preparados ante cualquier epidemia

Taking into account that nowadays emergencies and reemergencies of infectious diseases exist, fundamentally in tropical areas, it is necessary to advice health professionals and health authorities, about the threat that represents the Zika virus. To such effects an exhaustive literature review was carried out where some aspects of interest are analyzed, such as: vectors and pouches, transmission ways, clinical features, differential diagnosis and treatment, among others, which will help to increase the knowledge level in this respect and be prepared to face any epidemic disease of this nature

Diversity, Phylogeny, and Host-Specialization of Hyaloperonospora Species in Korea

The genus Hyaloperonospora (Peronosporaceae; Oomycota) is an obligate biotrophic group that causes downy mildew disease on the Brassicaceae and allied families of Brassicales, including many economically relevant crops, such as broccoli, cabbage, radish, rape, and wasabi. To investigate the diversity of Hyaloperonospora species in northeast Asia, we performed a morphological analysis for the dried herbarium specimens collected in Korea, along with molecular phylogenetic inferences based on internal transcribed spacer rDNA and cox2 mtDNA sequences. It was confirmed that 14 species of Hyaloperonospora exist in Korea. Of these, three species, previously classified under the genus Peronospora, were combined to Hyaloperonospora: H. arabidis-glabrae comb. nov. (ex Arabis glabra), H. nasturtii-montani comb. nov. (ex Rorippa indica), and H. nasturtii-palustris comb. nov. (ex Rorippa palustris). In addition, finding two potentially new species specific to northeast Asian plants is noteworthy in support of the view that the species abundance of Hyaloperonospora has been underestimated hitherto.

Clinical and pathological findings of concurrent poxvirus lesions and aspergillosis infection in canaries

Objective:To investigate clinical, pathological and mycological findings in canaries, in which pox lesions and Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) infection were observed simultaneously. Methods:This study was performed on a breeding colony (about 100 canaries) affected by fatal wasting disease. Necropsy was undertaken on 10 severely affected canaries, and gross lesions were recorded. Samples from internal organs displaying lesions were obtained for histopathological evaluation. Tracheal swap samples of internal organs of the all infected animals with lesions at necropsy were cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar for mycological examination. Results: At necropsy, caseous foci were determined in the lungs, on the air sacs, liver, spleen, heart. Swelling of the eyelids, diffuse hemorrhages in the subcutaneous tissue with small papular lesions of the skin were other typical necropsy findings. Histopathologically, pathognomonic eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, which called Bollinger bodies, in both skin cells and vacuolated air way epithelial cells confirmed canary pox infection. Moreover, histopathological examination of the white-yellowish caseous foci revealed necrotic granulomatous reaction consisting of macrophages, heterophil leukocytes and giant cells encapsulated with a fibrous tissue. After the culture of the tissue samples, the formation of bluish green colonies confirmed A. fumigatus infection. Conclusions:Canary pox has been known as the disease that can result in high losses in a short time, as a re-emerging disease that has not been present during recent years in canary flocks in Iran. So, the current paper provides useful information to prevent misdiagnosed of canary pox disease which can cause secondary mycotic infection.

Clinical and pathological findings of concurrent poxvirus lesions and aspergillosis infection in canaries

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate clinical, pathological and mycological findings in canaries, in which pox lesions and Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) infection were observed simultaneously.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This study was performed on a breeding colony (about 100 canaries) affected by fatal wasting disease. Necropsy was undertaken on 10 severely affected canaries, and gross lesions were recorded. Samples from internal organs displaying lesions were obtained for histopathological evaluation. Tracheal swap samples of internal organs of the all infected animals with lesions at necropsy were cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar for mycological examination.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At necropsy, caseous foci were determined in the lungs, on the air sacs, liver, spleen, heart. Swelling of the eyelids, diffuse hemorrhages in the subcutaneous tissue with small papular lesions of the skin were other typical necropsy findings. Histopathologically, pathognomonic eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, which called Bollinger bodies, in both skin cells and vacuolated air way epithelial cells confirmed canary pox infection. Moreover, histopathological examination of the white-yellowish caseous foci revealed necrotic granulomatous reaction consisting of macrophages, heterophil leukocytes and giant cells encapsulated with a fibrous tissue. After the culture of the tissue samples, the formation of bluish green colonies confirmed A. fumigatus infection.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Canary pox has been known as the disease that can result in high losses in a short time, as a re-emerging disease that has not been present during recent years in canary flocks in Iran. So, the current paper provides useful information to prevent misdiagnosed of canary pox disease which can cause secondary mycotic infection.</p>

Enfermedades emergentes y barrera de especies: riesgo del herpesvirus equino 9 / Emerging diseases and species barrier: the risk of equine herpesvirus 9

El salto en la barrera de especies es responsable de gran parte de las enfermedades emergentes y re-emergentes en el mundo; en la actualidad, no están completamente esclarecidos los mecanismos involucrados en la restricción de un agente hacia un(os) hospedero determinado(s) ni en los procesos necesarios para que éste cruce la barrera de especie e invada un nuevo hospedero. Los saltos hacia nuevas espe­cies, generalmente se manifiestan con una alta morbilidad y mortalidad en la especie nueva, acarreando grandes pérdidas económicas y en múltiples ocasiones causando pérdida de vidas humanas. Por su parte, las especies exóticas, presentes tanto en los hogares como en los parques zoológicos, se han convertido en uno de los princi­pales factores de riesgo para la emergencia y re-emergencia de enfermedades en poblaciones animales y humanas, y por tanto se hace necesario que se evalúen las infecciones que puedan tener potencial para realizar el llamado "salto" y acarrear graves consecuencias tanto para poblaciones animales como humanas. Utilizando el Herpesvirus equino-9 como ejemplo, el presente ensayo pretende crear conciencia sobre el riesgo existente de un salto en la barrera de especie y las posibles implica­ciones del mismo.

Jumping the species barrier is responsible for a large part of emerging and re-emerging diseases around the world; however, the mechan­isms involved in restricting an agent to a given host are currently not fully understood, nor what is necessary to leap the species barrier to invade a new host. These leaps to new species are usually manifest by high rates of morbidity and mortality in the new species, leading to severe economic losses and sometimes causing loss of human life. On the other hand, exotic species both in homes and zoos have become one of the major risk factors for the emergence and re-emergence of disease in human and animal populations and it has thus become necessary to assess infections which may be able to make the so-called "jump" and have serious consequences for human and animal populations. This article seeks to raise awareness regarding the risk of a leap over the species barrier using the equine herpesvirus-9 as an example and its possible impli­cations.

Diphyllobothrium latum infection in a non-endemic country: case report / Infecção pelo Diphyllobothrium latum em país não endêmico: relato de caso

Diphyllobothriasis, which is rarely described in Brazil, was reported initially as a travelers’ disease and as an accidental infection in individuals who ate raw freshwater fish. This report aims to present the case of a 20-year-old patient with confirmed Diphyllobothrium latum infection.

A difilobotríase, raramente descrita no Brasil, foi referida inicialmente como doença de viajantes e como infecção acidental em indivíduos que se alimentam com peixe cru de água doce. Este relato objetiva apresentar o caso de uma paciente de 20 anos com infecção confirmada pelo Diphyllobothrium latum.