ABSTRACT
This research article aims to examine the impact of emerging technologies on cybersecurity and evaluate the effectiveness of legal frameworks in addressing transnational cyber-attacks. With the rapid advancement of technology, cyber threats have become more sophisticated and interconnected, requiring robust legal measures to combat them. With the emergence of new technologies, the threat landscape for cyber security has also evolved. The continuous development of new technologies like (A.I) artificial intelligence, (I.O.T) Internet of Things & cloud computing has led to a rapid increase in cyber-attacks and has made it even more challenging for organizations to protect their assets. This study utilizes a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The qualitative aspect involves an analysis of existing literature, case studies, and legal frameworks, while the quantitative component includes surveys and interviews with cybersecurity professionals and legal experts. By integrating these methods, this research aims to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of current legal measures in mitigating transnational cyber-attacks and propose strategies to enhance cybersecurity in the face of emerging technologies.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO Considerado por muitos profissionais como um dos maiores avanços do século 21 na área de tratamento de esgotos, os reatores de lodo granular aeróbio (LGA) vêm recebendo bastante atenção em termos de pesquisa e instalação em escala plena em diferentes continentes e condições climáticas. São frequentes os relatos na literatura de eficiências de remoção acima de 90% em termos de demanda química de oxigênio, nitrogênio total e fósforo total, além da manutenção no reator de elevadas concentrações de sólidos (> 8 g SSV/L) sem a necessidade de decantador secundário e recirculação de lodo. Contudo, há também diversos relatos de problemas de instabilidade da biomassa, longo período de formação dos grânulos (principalmente quando se utiliza esgoto real), formação de grânulos pequenos, acúmulo de nitrito e outras questões. Esta revisão explora os mecanismos necessários para granulação em estações de tratamento de esgoto em escala plena no tratamento de esgoto sanitário, incluindo os principais grupos microbianos presentes no LGA, parâmetros-chave para a formação dos grânulos, configurações de reator etc. Além disso, discutem-se algumas questões sobre a operação e a manutenção desses sistemas em escala plena.
ABSTRACT Considered by many professionals as one of the greatest advances in wastewater treatment in the 21st century, the aerobic granular sludge (AGS) reactors have received great attention in terms of research and full-scale installation in different continents and weather conditions. There are frequent reports in the literature on removal efficiencies above 90% in terms of COD, total nitrogen and total phosphorus, as well as the maintenance of high solids concentrations (> 8 g VSS/L) in the reactor without the need for secondary clarifier and sludge recirculation. However, there are also several reports on problems of biomass instability, long periods of granule formation (mainly when using real sewage), formation of small granules, nitrite accumulation (incomplete denitrification), and other issues. This review explores the mechanisms required for granulation in full-scale WWTP treating sanitary wastewater, including the main microbial groups present in the AGS, key granule formation parameters, reactor configurations, etc. In addition, some issues on the operation and maintenance of these full-scale systems are discussed.
ABSTRACT
Resumen El salvado de trigo se destina principalmente al consumo animal, por lo que algunos de sus componentes son subutilizados, representando oportunidades de valor agregado. Constituye las capas externas del grano y contiene hasta 18 % en peso de proteínas con mejor calidad que las de la harina. Estas proteínas no son aprovechadas debido a que la mayoría están protegidas por una matriz de polisacáridos, indigerible para el sistema gastrointestinal humano, por lo que es necesaria su extracción. Tradicionalmente, las proteínas de salvado han sido recuperadas mediante extracción alcalina y se han propuesto como ingredientes para la elaboración de productos alimenticios. Sin embargo, su uso es casi inexistente, debido a que los procesos de extracción son agresivos y no redituables. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue describir las propiedades de las proteínas del salvado de trigo, así como sus usos potenciales. Entre sus propiedades destacan la digestibilidad, el perfil de aminoácidos y la capacidad de absorción de grasa. La fracción soluble en agua de estas proteínas, por su fácil extracción, podría tener valor agregado al utilizarse en tecnologías emergentes: como fuente de péptidos bioactivos, en la producción de nanopartículas con aplicaciones industriales o como matrices para procesos de biomineralización artificial.
Abstract Wheat bran is mainly intended for animal consumption and some of its components are underutilized, representing value-added opportunities. It forms the outer layers of the grain and contains up to 18 % by weight of proteins of better quality than those of flour. These proteins are not exploited because most are protected by a matrix of polysaccharides, which is indigestible by the human gastrointestinal system" so their extraction is necessary. Traditionally, wheat bran proteins have been recovered by alkaline extraction and have been proposed as ingredients for the manufacture of foodstuffs. However, their use is almost non-existent because the extraction processes are aggressive and not profitable. The aim of the present review is to present the proper ties of wheat bran proteins, as well as, their potential uses. Among their properties, the digestibility, lipid absorption capacity and aminoàcid pattern are highlighted. The water soluble fraction of these proteins, because of their easy extraction, could have an added value from the perspetive of emerging technologies, for example, as a source of bioactive peptides, in the production of nanoparticles with industrial applications or as matrices for artificial biomineralization processes.