Propiedades psicométricas de una escala para medir desconexión moral en niños mexicanos / Psychometric Properties of a Scale Measuring Moral Disengagement in Mexican Children / Propriedades psicométricas de uma escala para medir desconexão moral em crianças mexicanas

Resumen La desconexión moral tiene como consecuencia efectos negativos para el desarrollo psicosocial en la niñez, por lo cual se hace necesario contar con escalas para evaluarla. En el presente estudio se analizaron las propiedades psicométricas de la escala Desconexión Moral en Situaciones de Acoso en niños (DMAE). Participaron 661 estudiantes mexicanos de 5.º (51 %) y 6.º grado (49 %), 48 % niñas (M edad = 10.51, DE = .64 años) y 52 % niños (M edad = 10.59, DE = .68 años). Se analizó la validez (estructura interna y concurrente), invarianza de medida para ambos sexos y fiabilidad de la escala. De los resultados del análisis factorial confirmatorio se infirió que el modelo de medición multidimensional que mide la justificación moral, la difusión de la responsabilidad y la atribución de la culpa presenta mejor ajuste a los datos que el unidimensional. Además, se encontró que la DMAE presenta invariancia de medición en ambos sexos y evidencias de validez concurrente. Se concluye que la escala cuenta con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para la medición de la desconexión moral en niños mexicanos.

Resumo A desconexão moral tem como consequência efeitos negativos para o desenvolvimento psicossocial na infância, o que torna necessário contar com escalas para avaliá-la. Neste estudo, foram analisadas as propriedades psicométricas da escala Desconexão Moral em Situações de Assédio em Crianças. Participaram 661 estudantes mexicanos do 5º (51 %) e 6º anos (49 %), 48 % meninas (M idade = 10.51, DP = .64 anos) e 52 % meninos (M idade = 10.59, DP = .68 anos). Foi analisada a validade (estrutura interna e concorrente), invariância de medida para ambos os sexos e confiabilidade da escala. Dos resultados da análise fatorial confirmatória, foi inferido que o modelo de medição multidimensional que mede a justificativa moral, a difusão da responsabilidade e a atribuição da culpa apresenta melhor ajuste aos dados do que o unidimensional. Além disso, foi constatado que a escala apresenta invariância de medida em ambos os sexos e evidências de validade concorrente. Concluise que a escala possui propriedades psicométricas adequadas para a medição da desconexão moral em crianças mexicanas.

Abstract The moral disengagement has negative effects for psychosocial development in childhood, which makes it necessary to have scales to evaluate it. The present study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the Moral Disengagement in Children Situations of Bullying (DMAE, its initials in Spanish) scale. 661 Mexican students participated from 5th grade (51%) and 6th grade (49%), 48% girls (M age = 10.51, SD = .64 years) and 52% boys (M age = 10.59, SD = .68 years). The validity (internal and concurrent), measurement invariance for both sexes and reliability of the scale were analyzed. From the results of the confirmatory factor analysis, it was inferred that the multidimensional measurement model that measures moral justification, diffusion of responsibility and attribution of blame presents a better fit to the data than the one-dimensional one. It was also found that the DMAE presents measurement invariance in both sexes and evidence of concurrent validity. It was concluded that the scale has adequate psychometric properties for the measurement of moral disengagement in Mexican children

Emociones morales y políticas en el paradigma del mal: El (no) lugar de la infancia

En el campo de la filosofía, algunos teóricos han mostrado la importancia que tienen las emociones en la promoción de acciones orientadas al bien común. En oposición a estos presupuestos, encontramos el paradigma del mal, del cual se derivan reflexiones teóricas acerca del lugar de las emociones como activadoras de la crueldad. Se destaca el valor otorgado a la infancia en el aprendizaje de las emociones, pero también la afectación de hechos atroces en su sensibilidad (su no lugar) Este artículo busca hacer una revisión de diferentes tesis comprensivas acerca de las emociones, su cultivo desde la infancia y su efecto en contextos atroces (paradigma del mal).

In the field of moral and política! philosophy, in particular, in the liberal political tradition, some theorists have shown the importance of emotions in the promotion of actions oriented towards the common good. In opposition to these presuppositions, there is the paradigm of evil, which reflects on the place of emotions as the activators of cruelty in the midst of barbaric contexts -fear, guilt, disgust-. It should be noted that theses domains have given a significant value to the role of childhood in the learning of civic emotions, even if they have also underlined the harm caused to moral and political sensibility by atrocious events -the (no) place of childhood-. Taking this literature into account, the present article aims to review the different comprehensive thesis about emotions in the moral and the political life, their cultivation since childhood, and their impact on contexts affected by horrorism and atrocity (paradigm of evil).

Base emocional de la ciudadanía. Narrativas de emociones morales en estudiantes de noveno grado / The emotional foundation of citizenship. Narratives of moral emotions in Ninth Grade students / Base emocional da cidadania. Narrativas de emoções morais em estudantes do primeiro ano do ensino médio

Nuestro objetivo en este artículo es presentar la interpretación de narrativas de emociones morales de estudiantes de noveno grado; en particular, centramos el estudio en dar cuenta de aquellas que extienden o impiden el interés moral por la vida ciudadana. Asumimos la perspectiva teórica que considera que las emociones son cognitivas. El abordaje metodológico es cualitativo. Interpretamos narraciones en estudiantes de ambos sexos y encontramos narrativas relacionadas con la vergüenza, la repugnancia, la compasión, la envidia, la humillación y la gratitud. En el presente texto analizamos algunas de ellas y las creencias que las soportan. La información obtenida nos permite describir valores existentes en los estudiantes y las estudiantes, emociones que favorecen o no la convivencia escolar, y el rol que juegan en una comunidad que aspira a ser democrática.

The objective of this paper is to present the interpretation of the narratives of moral emotions from Ninth Grade students. In particular, the study focuses on accounting for those narratives that extend or prevent moral interest in civic life. The researchers use a theoretical perspective that considers emotions to be cognitive and a qualitative methodological approach. Narratives from students of both genders were interpreted and found to include the emotions of shame, disgust, pity, envy, humiliation and gratitude. This article discusses some of these narratives and the beliefs that support them. The information obtained from the study permits a description of the existing values in students, emotions that strengthen or weaken peaceful co-existence in schools and the role that these emotions play in a community that aspires to be democratic.

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a interpretação das narrativas de emoções morais dos estudantes do primeiro ano do ensino médio. O estudo centra-se em identificar essas narrações que estendem ou impedem o interesse moral pela vida cidadã. Foi assumida a perspectiva teórica que considera as emoções como cognitivas. A abordagem metodológica é qualitativa. Foram interpretadas as narrações de estudantes de ambos os sexos e encontraram-se narrativas relacionadas com vergonha, repugnância, compaixão, inveja, humilhação e gratidão. Neste trabalho analisaram-se algumas delas e as crenças que lhes dão suporte. A informação obtida permite descrever os valores existentes nos estudantes, as emoções favoráveis ou não ao convívio escolar e o papel que desempenham em uma comunidade que aspira a ser formada em ambientes democráticos.

Victimización, clima familiar y el manejo de la culpa-vergüenza en el acoso escolar / Victimization, family environment and the management of the blame-shame on bullying

El presente trabajo se propuso determinar en qué medida los antecedentes de victimización, el manejo de la vergüenza-culpa y el clima familiar diferencian al estudiantado con y sin conductas de acoso hacia los pares. Se identificaron como agresores a 132 estudiantes de secundarias que reportaban un promedio de tres o más conductas agresivas hacia los pares, y se tomó del resto una muestra aleatoria de similar tamaño. Mediante una regresión logística se encontró que las variables estudiadas diferencian de forma significa a los grupos de estudiantes con y sin conductas agresivas hacia los pares (R2 igual .58), y que la victimización (OR igual 10.76), el desplazamiento de la vergüenza (OR igual 1.99) y el conflicto familiar (OR igual 1.51) aumentan la probabilidad de pertenecer al grupo de agresores, mientras el reconocimiento (OR igual 0.62) y la convivencia familiar (OR igual 0.60) disminuyen esta probabilidad. Se concluye que es necesario analizar el acoso escolar desde un marco de referencia ecológico que considere variables ubicadas en los contextos en los que interactúan los individuos.

This work aimed to determine to what extent a history of victimization, handling shame-guilt and family climate differentiate students with and without harassing behavior toward peers. 132 students were identified as aggressors and reported an average of three or more aggressive behavior toward peers. A random sample of similarsize was taken to complete the final number of participants. Using logistic regression, variables studied pointed significant difference between groups of students with and without aggressive behavior toward peers (R2 same .58). Victimization (OR same 10.76), shame displacement (OR same 1.99) and family conflict (OR same 1.51) increase the probability of belonging to the group of assailants while recognition (OR same 0.62) and family life (OR same 0.60)decrease this probability. It is concluded that is necessary to analyze bullying from an ecological frame work considering variables located in the contexts where individuals interact.

Una revisión sistemática sobre emociones morales y dilemas sociales / A systematic review on social dilemmas and moral emotions

El creciente interés por parte de la economía comportamental en las emociones y la carencia de revisiones sobre la temática motivaron este trabajo, cuyo objetivo fue analizar la evidencia empírica sobre el rol de las emociones morales en situaciones de dilemas sociales. Los artículos revisados (n = 17) se obtuvieron de las bases de datos EBSCO, ScienceDirect y OVID. Se analizaron los siguientes aspectos de los artículos: objetivos, muestra, juego o tarea experimental, y resultados. Un grupo de investigaciones se focalizó en la influencia de las emociones morales en la cooperación, empleando principalmente el juego Give-Some o el Juego del Ultimátum. Otro grupo de investigaciones se centró en el rol de la empatía-altruismo en las conductas de ayuda, utilizando tareas de distribución. El análisis de los resultados evidencia que la culpa y la vergüenza incrementan la tendencia a la cooperación, mientras que emociones como la ira y el disgusto la dificultan. Además, la inducción de empatía fomentó el comportamiento altruista y las conductas de ayuda. Esta revisión ofrece elementos útiles a ser considerados en futuros trabajos de investigación...

The growing interest in the role of emotions in behavioral economics, and the absence of reviews on this subject have motivated this work, which purpose was analyze the empirical evidence on the role of moral emotions in social dilemmas situations. The reviewed articles (n = 17) were obtained from EBSCO, OVID and ScienceDirect. We analyzed the following aspects: objectives, sample, experimental game or task, and results. A group of studies was focused on the influence of moral emotions on cooperation, using mainly the Give-Some game or the Ultimatum Game. Another group of studies was focused on the role of empathy-altruism in helping behaviors, using distribution tasks. The analysis of results shows that guilt and shame increase the tendency to cooperate, while emotions like anger and disgust diminish it. Furthermore, the induction of empathy promoted altruistic behavior and helping behaviors. This review provides useful elements to be considered in future research...

Associações entre emoções morais e criatividade em universitários / Associations between moral emotions and creativity in college students / Las asociaciones entre las emociones morales y la creatividad en universidad

Por definição, as emoções morais ajudam as pessoas a diferenciarem características morais, motivando o comportamento, e revelam os valores morais e a preocupação consigo mesmo e com os outros. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar relações entre emoções morais e criatividade em universitários. Participaram 88 alunos que cursavam o ensino superior em uma Universidade particular do interior de São Paulo, de ambos os sexos e com idades entre 18 e 54 anos. Foram administradas a EEM (Escala de Emoções Morais) e o Teste de Criação de Metáforas. As análises revelaram não haver diferenças significativas entre essas medidas entre sexos ou idades, tanto para o EEM, como para o Teste de Criação de Metáforas, sugerindo que independentemente da idade ou sexo, as pessoas tendem a manifestar as emoções avaliadas e a produzir metáforas da mesma maneira. Identificou-se uma correlação significativa e negativa entre a variável Categoria Metafórica e o fator Culpa. Faz-se necessário reforçar que as emoções avaliadas são específicas, o que provavelmente resultou em discrepâncias com os resultados obtidos.

Moral emotions help people to differentiate moral characteristics, motivating the behavior and reveal the moral values and concern with oneself and with others. The aim of this study was to analyse relationships between moral emotions and creativity in college. The participants were 88 students attending higher education at a private university in the state of São Paulo, of both sexes and aged between 18 and 54 years. Were administered to EEM (Moral Emotions Scale) and the Test Creation Metaphors. The analysis revealed no significant differences between these measures between sexes or ages, for both the EEM and for the Test Creation Metaphors, suggesting that regardless of age or sex, people tend to express emotions and evaluated produce the same metaphors manner. It was identified a significant and negative correlation between the variable and the factor Category Metaphorical Guilt. It is necessary to emphasize that the specific emotions are assessed, which probably resulted in differences with the results obtained.

Las emociones morales ayudan a las personas a diferenciar las características morales, motivar el comportamiento y revelan los valores morales y la preocupación con uno mismo y con los demás. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las relaciones entre las emociones morales y la creatividad en la universidad. Los participantes fueron 88 estudiantes matriculados en la educación superior en una universidad privada en el estado de São Paulo, de ambos sexos y de edades comprendidas entre 18 y 54 años fueron estudiados. Se administraron a EEM (Emociones morales escala) y la Prueba de creación Metáfora. Los análisis no revelaron diferencias significativas entre estas medidas entre los sexos o edades, tanto para la EEM, en cuanto a la prueba de creación de metáforas, lo que sugiere que, independientemente de la edad o el sexo, las personas tienden a expresar emociones y evaluados para producir las mismas metáforas manera. Se identificó una correlación significativa y negativa entre la variable Categoría metafórico y el factor de culpabilidad. Es necesario fortalecer las emociones evaluadas son específicos, lo que probablemente dio lugar a discrepancias con los resultados.

Factores contextuales y emociones morales como predictores del ajuste psicológico en la adolescencia / Contextual factors and moral emotions as predictors of psychological adjusment in the adolescence

El propósito de este estudio consistió en someter a prueba una propuesta sobre los factores contextuales y los emocionales de manera conjunta, en su relación con los comportamientos prosocial y problemático en la adolescencia. La propuesta se basa en modelos ecológicos o contextuales que dan cabida a la influencia de múltiples factores en la explicación de los fenómenos psicológicos. El estudio se realizó con una muestra de 239 familias nucleares, con al menos un hijo entre los 12 y 18 años de edad. Los resultados mostraron que el mayor predictor del comportamiento prosocial son los factores emocionales, mientras para los comportamientos de desajuste psicológico son los factores próximos. Así mismo, se encontró que la simpatía media la relación entre la disciplina inductiva y el comportamiento prosocial, y entre la aceptación y este comportamiento de ajuste en la adolescencia.

This study was aimed at testing a proposal relating contextual and emotional factors to prosocial and problematic behaviors in adolescence. This proposal is based on ecological contextual models dealing with the influence of multiple factors on the explanation of psychological phenomena. The study was done on a sample of 239 nuclear families with at least one son aged between 12 and 18 years old. The results showed that the main predictor of prosocial behavior is the emotional factor, whereas for the psychological disadjustment behavior it is a proximal factor. It was also found that sympathy mediates both the relation between inductive discipline and the prosocial behavior, and the relation between acceptance and this adjustment behavior in adolescence.

Neurobiología de las emociones morales

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Summary This work presents a critical review of the historical, theoretical, and neurobiological bases of the theory of moral emotions. Neuroimaging methods and protocols used to study the neural correlates of moral emotions and the analysis of the brain functions involved in their processing, permit the formulation of hypotheses that attempt to understand some emotional and cognitive processes related to moral emotions. One such hypothesis refers to a neuro-matrix involving sensory systems, brainstemmediated physiological reactions and frontal brain regions processing the interaction between moral and emotional stimuli. Cross-cultural research on human facial expression has identified universal patterns to express basic emotions such as fear, anger, or happiness. Nevertheless, the experience of some emotions and their facial expressions are regulated by social and cultural mechanisms. This type of regulation is observed in moral emotions since they are linked to the interests or welfare either of society as a whole, or of persons other than the judge or agent. Two typical features that identify moral emotions are their typical elicitors and tendencies towards specific actions. The release of a moral emotion is the perception of implicit and explicit violations of social norms and stereotypes included in personal codes, attitudes, and beliefs. In turn, the actions ensuing from moral emotions are communal or prosocial, because they promote a benefit in others and/or in the social order. Although there is not a definitive taxonomy of moral emotions, four families of prosocial feelings are suggested: a) other-condemning emotions (contempt, anger, disgust); b) self-conscious emotions (shame, embarrassment, guilt); c) other-suffering emotions (compassion); d) other-praising emotions (gratitude, awe, elevation). Such emotions are relevant to the concept of morality because this is a complex representation that includes models of prohibited actions, notions of good and bad, concepts of fairness, ideals of justice, or justifications of punitive actions. Moreover, the cognitive processes and behaviors involved in moral emotions are related to the theory of mind that refers the ability to represent the mental and emotional states of others, such as their thoughts, desires, beliefs, intentions, and knowledge. The neurobiological substrate of this capacity involves cerebral regions related to the experience of basic emotions, such as the amygdala and the cingulated cortex, and regions related to complex cognition and emotional-social contexts, such as the prefrontal cortex and the superior temporal sulcus. Neurobiological approaches to moral emotions have become relevant to study psychopathologies linked to antisocial behaviors, particularly the psychopathic or Antisocial Personality Disorder. Psychopaths show decreased emotional and physiological reactions to emotional stimuli and deficiencies to identify emotional expressions. However, they do not fail to represent or to infer others mental states or theory of mind. Therefore, the psychopathic disorder is not only linked to distortions in interpreting socially-learned moral values, but also to alterations of cognitive processes required to link the affective system to moral values. This assumption is supported by brain-imaging studies demonstrating the involvement of areas associated to the processing of complex social stimulus and language, such as prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, polar frontal cortex, and anterior temporal lobe in psychopathic patients. The affected areas also include regions such as the amygdala, ventromedial hypothalamus, thalamus, and caudate nucleus involved in the experience or expression of emotions. Scientific publications directly referring to the neurobiological research of moral emotions and the evaluation of moral judgments occupy a period between 2001 and 2005. The neurobiology of moral emotions has evolved rapidly by the use neuro-imaging techniques such as Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Brain images related to moral emotions are obtained by the use of moral stimuli in three types of situations: (a) while subjects resolve cognitive tasks, for example, reading moral emotional statements, (b) during passive or instructed viewing of affective pictures, or (c) during the resolution of moral dilemmas. The brain areas that become significantly active during these tasks provide a neurobiological interpretation of the mental operations involved in moral emotions. Thus, the medial frontal gyrus is activated during the elaborate personal and impersonal moral judgments produced by viewing moral pictures, attributing intentionality of movement, processing of facial expressions, and during the attribution of mental states (theory of mind). The posterior cingulated, restrosplenial, and precuneus cortex are associated with the elaboration of moral judgments elicited by viewing moral pictures and theory of mind. The superior temporal sulcus and the parietal lobe are related with moral judgments while viewing moral and emotional pictures and films, and attributing intentional movements. The superior temporal sulcus is also associated with the processing of social contexts. Orbitofronal and ventromedial frontal cortex is associated with the processing of simple moral judgments while viewing moral pictures, the evaluation of emotionally-charged social events, during empathy and attribution. The temporal pole is also associated with theory of mind, the elaboration of simple moral judgments and with the recalling of emotional situations. The amygdala is activated during the processing of moral pictures and social events based on facial expressions. Other empirical investigations involving a moral interpretation of data such as studies of general emotions, empathy, theory of mind, neurological disorders, and antisocial behavior, are also relevant to understand the brain activation patterns associated to cognitive and emotional social functions. Working models of psychopathologies that manifest antisocial behaviors are also required to interpret neuroimaging data. Meta-analyses of human behavior and proto-moral behavior in non-human species related to the elaboration of moral judgments and emotions are also relevant for the same purpose. Finally, moral emotion research requires the elaboration of accurate protocols based on psychological approaches directed to elicit particular moral emotions which enable the definition and neural substrates of its specific qualities.