Análise do impacto psicológico ocasionado em mulheres vítimas de violência simbólica: uma revisão de literatura / Analysis of the psychological impact on women victims of symbolic violence: a literature review / Análisis del impacto psicológico en mujeres víctimas de violencia simbólica: una revisión bibliográfica

A violência contra a mulher é um ato ou conduta que pode causar morte ou sofrimento físico, mental e sexual, sendo um problema mundial e antigo que está presente no cotidiano das vítimas e, muitas vezes, é amenizada e até mesmo normalizada pela sociedade. E, com isso, pode resultar grande sofrimento das mulheres envolvidas. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o impacto psicológico de mulheres vítimas de violência simbólica por meio da revisão de literatura. Para isso, utilizou-se como metodologia a revisão integrativa de literatura com abordagem qualitativa, possuindo enfoque nas bases de dados como: LILACS, SciELO, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Medline entre os anos de 2018 a 2022. Foram utilizados descritores como: psychological violence, violence e emotional abuse resultando em 532 artigos com um total de 10 amostras para análise. Observou-se que um dos principais desafios para o psicólogo é a detecção da violência psicológica, que muitas vezes é invisível e subjetiva. Desse modo, é importante que o psicólogo esteja atento a sinais como a baixa autoestima, ansiedade, depressão, isolamento social, síndrome do pânico, entre outros, que podem indicar a presença de violência psicológica. Além disso, é fundamental que o psicólogo seja capacitado para identificar as diferentes formas de violência psicológica, como a manipulação emocional, a humilhação, a ameaça, o controle, entre outras.

Violence against women is an act or conduct that can cause death or physi- cal, mental, and sexual suffering. It is a worldwide and old problem that is present in the daily lives of victims and is often softened and even normalized by society. And, with this, great suffering of the women involved can result. In this sense, this research aims to analyze the psychological impact of women victims of symbolic violence through a lite- rature review. For this, the methodology used was an integrative literature review with a qualitative approach, focusing on databases such as: LILACS, SciELO, Virtual Health Library (VHL), Medline between the years 2018 and 2022. Descriptors were used as: psychological violence, violence and emotional abuse resulting in 532 articles with a total of 10 samples for analysis. It was observed that one of the main challenges for the psycho- logist is the detection of psychological violence, which is often invisible and subjective. Thus, it is important that the psychologist be aware of signs such as low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, social isolation, panic syndrome, among others, which may indicate the presence of psychological violence. In addition, it is fundamental that the psychologist is trained to identify the different forms of psychological violence, such as emotional manipulation, humiliation, threats, and control, among others.

violencia contra las mujeres es un acto o conducta que puede causar la muerte o sufrimiento físico, mental y sexual, siendo un problema mundial y antiguo que está presente en el día a día de las víctimas y que muchas veces es suavizado e incluso normalizado por la sociedad. Y, con esto, puede resultar en un gran sufrimiento para las mujeres involucradas. En este sentido, esta investigación pretende analizar el impacto psicológico de las mujeres víctimas de violencia simbólica a través de una revisión bibli- ográfica. Para ello, la metodología utilizada fue una revisión bibliográfica integradora con enfoque cualitativo, centrada en bases de datos como: LILACS, SciELO, Biblioteca Vir- tual en Salud (BVS), Medline entre los años 2018 y 2022. Se utilizaron descriptores como: violencia psicológica, violencia y maltrato emocional dando como resultado 532 artículos con un total de 10 muestras para el análisis. Se observó que uno de los principa- les desafíos para el psicólogo es la detección de la violencia psicológica, que a menudo es invisible y subjetiva. Así, es importante que el psicólogo esté atento a señales como baja autoestima, ansiedad, depresión, aislamiento social, síndrome de pánico, entre otras, que pueden indicar la presencia de violencia psicológica. Además, es fundamental que el psicólogo esté capacitado para identificar las diferentes formas de violencia psicológica, como manipulación emocional, humillación, amenaza, control, entre otras.

Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos em Adultos com Histórico de Eventos Estressores Precoces / Early Maladaptive Schemas in Adults with a History of Early Life Stressors / Esquemas Maladaptativos Tempranos en Adultos con Antecedentes de Eventos Estresantes Tempranos

Esse estudo teve como objetivo principal investigar a relação entre os subtipos de Eventos Estressores Precoces e os Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos em adultos. Foram utilizados o Questionário sobre Traumas na Infância (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) e o Questionário de Esquemas de Young - forma reduzida (Young Schema Questionnaire - short form) em uma amostra, não-clínica de 200 pessoas, na qual metade (n=100) apontou a presença de Eventos Estressores Precoces. Os dados foram processados no software IBM SPSS Statistics - versão 22, por meio de estatística descritiva, coeficiente de correlação de Pearson, e comparação de médias através do Teste t de Amostras Independentes. As análises de correlação revelaram que cada subtipo de abuso e negligência se relacionou de diferentes formas com os Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos, sugerindo que a influência diferencial de cada tipo deve ser estudada. Dentre todos os subtipos de Eventos Estressores Precoces, o abuso emocional se destacou, apresentando maior prevalência e correlações com mais esquemas.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the subtypes of Early Life Stressors and the Early Maladaptive Schemas in adults. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Young Schema Questionnaire (short form) were used in a non-clinical sample of 200 people in which half (n = 100) had a previous history of Early Life Stressors. The data was processed in the IBM SPSS Statistics - version 22 software, using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlations coefficients and comparison of means by using the Independent Samples t-Test. Correlation analysis revealed that each type of abuse and neglect was related in different ways to the Early Maladaptive Schemes, which suggests that the differential influence of each type should be studied. Among all the subtypes of Early Stressful Events, the emotional abuse was the one that stood out, showing a higher prevalence and correlations with more schemes than other form of maltreatment, such as physical and sexual abuse.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la relación entre los subtipos de Eventos Estresantes Tempranos y los Esquemas Maladaptativos Tempranos en adultos. Se utilizaron el "Cuestionario de Trauma Infantil" (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) y el "Cuestionario de esquemas - forma reducida" (Young Schema Questionnaire - short form) en una muestra no clínica de 200 personas, en la que la mitad (n = 100) indicó la presencia de EEP. Los datos fueron processados en el software IBM SPSS Statistics, versión 22, utilizando estadística descriptiva, coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y comparación de medias utilizando la Prueba t para Muestras Independientes. Los análisis de correlación revelaron que cada subtipo de abuso y negligencia se relacionó de diferentes formas con los Esquemas Maladaptativos Tempranos, sugiriendo que se debería estudiar la influencia diferencial de cada tipo. Entre todos los subtipos de Eventos Estresantes Tempranos, se destacó el abuso emocional, que tuvo una mayor prevalencia y correlaciones con más esquemas.

Childhood trauma and bipolar spectrum: a population-based sample of young adults

Abstract Introduction Childhood trauma has been suggested to be involved in susceptibility to bipolar disorder (BP). However, it remains unclear whether the occurrence of childhood trauma is differently distributed in subthreshold bipolar disorder (SBP). Objective To assess childhood trauma in young adults with SBP, as compared to young adults with BP and population controls (PC). Method This was a cross-sectional, population-based study. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to define the groups with BP (subjects with a lifetime or current manic episode or lifetime or current hypomania with a history of a depressive episode), SBP (subjects with a history of hypomanic episode without lifetime or current depressive episode), and subjects without mood disorders (PC). Childhood trauma was assessed using de Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). We investigated differences regarding childhood trauma across the three groups (BP, SBP and PC). Result Except for sexual abuse, all subtypes of childhood trauma remained associated with the BP group as compared to PC. Additionally, when we compared SBP and BP, significant differences were found only for emotional abuse. No significant differences were found in relation to childhood trauma between the SBP and PC groups after adjusting for confounding factors. Conclusion These findings suggest that investigating childhood trauma, with a particular focus on emotional abuse, could be considered a preventive measure and potentially improve the prognosis.

Adaptação e análise da estrutura interna da Escala de Mobbing de Leymann (LIPT45) para o contexto português / Adaptation and analysis of the internal structure of the Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror (LIPT45) for the Portuguese context / Adaptación y análisis de la estructura interna de la escala de mobbing de Leymann (LIPT45) para el contexto portugués

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em adaptar e analisar a estrutura interna da versão portuguesa do Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror (LIPT45). Foi utilizada uma amostra de 404 indivíduos (70,5% mulheres) entre os 18 e os 69 anos (M = 32,9; DP = 12.606). O LIPT45-PV é uma escala de autorrelato composta por 45 itens que avaliam o assédio moral nas organizações, divididos em cinco dimensões: efeitos na autoexpressão; efeitos sobre os contatos sociais; efeitos sobre a reputação pessoal; efeitos sobre a situação ocupacional e qualidade de vida, e efeitos sobre a saúde. Foi utilizada uma análise fatorial confirmatória e o Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM), mediante os quais se avaliou um modelo de cinco dimensões, além da confiabilidade do construto e das pontuações. Em conformidade com os resultados da ESEM, o LIPT45-PV apresenta uma estrutura fatorial coerente, assim como uma maior diferenciação entre as suas dimensões. Da mesma forma, os indicadores de confiabilidade do construto e das pontuações foram adequados. Conclui-se que o LIPT45-PV revela características psicométricas (estrutura interna e confiabilidade) que o configura como um instrumento adequado para avaliar o respetivo constructo em adultos.(AU)

The aim of this work was to adapt and analyze the internal structure of the Portuguese version of the Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror (LIPT45). A sample of 404 individuals (70.5% women) aged between 18 and 69 years (M = 32.9; SD = 12.606) was used. The LIPT45-PV is a self-report scale composed by 45 items that assess mobbing in organizations, divided into five dimensions: effects on self-expression; effects on social contacts; effects on personal reputation; effects on the occupational situation and quality of life, and effects on health. Confirmatory factor analysis and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) were used, through which a five-dimensional model was evaluated, as well as the reliability of the construct and the scores. According to the results of the ESEM, the LIPT45-PV presents a coherent factor structure, as well as greater differentiation between its dimensions. Likewise, the reliability indicators of the construct and the results were adequate. We can conclude that the LIPT45-PV reveals psychometric characteristics (internal structure and reliability) that configure it as an adequate instrument to evaluate the respective construct in adults.(AU)

El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en adaptar y analizar la estructura interna de la versión portuguesa del Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror (LIPT45). Fue utilizada una muestra de 404 individuos (70.5% mujeres) entre los 18 y 69 años (M= 32.9; DS = 12.606). El LIPT45-PV es una escala de autoinforme compuesta por 45 ítems que evalúan el acoso laboral en las organizaciones, divididos en cinco dimensiones: efectos en la autoexpresión; efectos sobre los contactos sociales; efectos sobre la reputación personal; efectos sobre la situación ocupacional y calidad de vida, y efectos sobre la salud. Fue utilizado un análisis factorial confirmatorio y el Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM), a través de los cuales se evaluó un modelo de cinco dimensiones, además de la confiabilidad del constructo y de las puntuaciones. De acuerdo con los resultados del ESEM, el LIPT45-PV presenta una estructura factorial coherente, así como una mayor diferenciación entre sus dimensiones. Asimismo, los indicadores de confiabilidad del constructo y de las puntuaciones fueron adecuados. Se concluye que el LIPT45-PV presenta características psicométricas (estructura interna y confiabilidad) que lo configuran como un instrumento adecuado para evaluar el constructo mencionado en adultos.(AU)

Experiencias traumáticas y resiliencia en población expuesta a la violencia / Traumatic experiences and resilience in population exposed to violence

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la relación entre eventos traumáticos en la infancia y la resiliencia, en población expuesta a la violencia en la región del Urabá antioqueño. Se contó con una muestra final de 86 adultos (53.5%, los hombres, 43% mujeres y 3.5% mujeres transgénero) entre 18 y 60 años. Este es un estudio descrip-tivo, correlacional, de corte transversal, en el cual se midieron eventos traumáticos que fueron evaluados con el Inventario de Experiencias Traumáticas en la Infancia (ETI-SRCol) y niveles de resiliencia con la Escala de Resiliencia en Adultos (ER). Para determinar la relación se usó el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman p<0.005, que fue considerado significativo. Los datos obtenidos del cuestionario ETI-SRCol evidencian puntajes importantes al comparar las medias del grupo de participantes con las del grupo de adaptación de la prueba para la población colombiana en las variables de violencia sociopolítica, abuso sexual, acontecimientos generales y en la de pobreza. Los resultados de este estudio indican correlaciones débiles entre los fac-tores del trauma infantil y los niveles de resiliencia en la edad adulta.

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between traumatic events in childhood and resilience in a population exposed to violence in the region of Urabá, Antioquia. A final sample of 86 adults (53.5%, men, 43% women and 3.5% transgender women) between 18 and 60 years old. The traumatic events were eva-luated using the Inventory of Traumatic Experiences in Childhood (ETI-SRCol) and resilience levels with the Adult Resilience Scale (ER). Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship, p<0.05 was considered significa-tive. The data obtained from the ETI-SRCol questionnaire showed significant scores when comparing the participant group averages with those of the test adaptation group for the Colombian population pertaining to the variables of sociopolitical violence, sexual abuse, general events and in the variable poverty. Results indicate weak correla-tions between child trauma factors and resilience levels in adulthood.

Violent victimization of the mentally ill- skeletons in the closet

Background: Mentally ill individuals are generally portrayed as being violent by society. Violence againstthe mentally ill, on the other hand is not portrayed despite its higher prevalence. It has been seen in a varietyof settings and needs to be estimated and tackled.Methodology: This study was conducted in a tertiary care centre in urban Bangalore.100 inpatients ofPsychiatry were compared with inpatients in Medicine and Surgery based on Norvold’s AbuseQuestionnaire (NorAQ) for lifetime emotional, physical and sexual abuse. Comparisons were also made onthe basis of gender.Results: A significantly higher prevalence of lifetime abuse was found in the mentally ill with differences inthe nature of abuse across gender.Conclusion: The mentally ill face significant discrimination and victimization in society which needs urgentaddressing. Variations in abuse across social scenario and gender are known to occur. More studies on thisaspect are required to guide lawmakers and mental health professionals alike.

Relationship between Emotional Abuse and Depression among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Korea

Despite recent advances, there is little research on factors associated with emotional abuse among Korean older adults. The present study investigated the relationships between depression and emotional abuse among community-dwelling Korean older adults. We analyzed the dataset from the Survey of Living Conditions and Welfare Needs of Korean Older Persons conducted by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs in 2011. Older adults (aged >65 years, n=10674) were randomly selected. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate factors associated with emotional abuse in terms of sociodemographic, health-related, and psychological variables, including depression using the short version of the Geriatric Depression Scale. In our study, 9.4% of the older adults reported experiencing emotional abuse in the previous year. In addition, 44.0% of those experiencing emotional abuse suffered from depression. Multiple logistic regression modeling showed that depression in older adults was independently associated with emotional abuse [odds ratio (OR)=1.788, p < 0.001]. Along with depression, poor social support (OR for no social support=1.712, p < 0.001) and having chronic illnesses (OR for more than 3=1.481, p < 0.005) were associated an increased risk of emotional abuse. Our results showed that emotional abuse among older adults in Korea is prevalent. Our findings suggest that depression, poor social support, and having chronic illnesses are significant factors associated with emotional abuse among the Korean older adult population. Addressing these factors with preventive interventions could have significant public health implications. Further studies are warranted to gain a better understanding of emotional abuse in older Korean adults.

Childhood trauma and dimensions of depression: a specific association with the cognitive domain

Objective: To investigate associations between a history of childhood trauma and dimensions of depression in a sample of clinically depressed patients. Methods: A sample of 217 patients from a mood-disorder outpatient unit was investigated with the Beck Depression Inventory, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the CORE Assessment of Psychomotor Change, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. A previous latent model identifying six depressive dimensions was used for analysis. Path analysis and Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) models were used to investigate associations between general childhood trauma and childhood maltreatment modalities (emotional, sexual, and physical abuse; emotional and physical neglect) with dimensions of depression (sexual, cognition, insomnia, appetite, non-interactiveness/retardation, and agitation). Results: The overall childhood trauma index was uniquely associated with cognitive aspects of depression, but not with any other depressive dimension. An investigation of childhood maltreatment modalities revealed that emotional abuse was consistently associated with depression severity in the cognitive dimension. Conclusion: Childhood trauma, and specifically emotional abuse, could be significant risk factors for the subsequent development of cognitive symptoms of major depression. These influences might be specific to this depressive dimension and not found in any other dimension, which might have conceptual and therapeutic implications for clinicians and researchers alike.

Study on the association between emotional abuse and other psychosocial factors with depressive symptom in junior high school students / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the association between emotional abuse, family structure, family support, type D personality and depressive symptom in junior high school students.Methods 3160 junior high school students were recruited with stratified sampling method in Guangzhou to conmplete a self-administered questionnaire including Depression Self-rating Scale for Children, Parent-Child Conflict Tactic Scale, Type D Scale-14, Family Structure Scale, Relative Support Scale and general information. Correlation and path analysis were performed to explore the association of emotional abuse, family structure, family support and type D personality with depressive symptom and their potential pathways. Results ( 1 ) The average level of depressive symptom was higher in girls than in boys, and age was positively related to depressive disorder (r = 0.06, P = 0.001 ).(2)Correlation analysis indicated that family support was a protective factor for depressive symptom,while emotional abuse, type D personality and family structure with single parent were risk factors for depressive symptom. (3)Data from Path analysis showed that the negative affection had the strongest impact on depressive symptom with a path coefficient of 0.37, followed by family support (-0.246),emotional abuse (0.203), social inhibition (0.075) and family structure (0.047). All the path coefficients were statistically significant. Emotional abuse indirectly impacted on depressive disorder through negative affectivity and family support (the path coefficients were 0.119 and 0.05,respectively), while family structure had the smallest indirect impact on depressive symptom.Conclusion Depressive symptom in junior high school students was affected by multiple psychosocial factors, suggesting that comprehensive measures should be taken to prevent the occurrence and development of depressive symptom.

Skin manifestations of child abuse.

Child abuse is a major public health problem all over the world. There are four major types of abuse: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and neglect. The most common manifestations of child abuse are cutaneous and their recognition; and differential diagnosis is of great importance. Clinicians, especially dermatologists, should be alert about the skin lesions of child abuse. In the diagnosis and management of child abuse, a multidisciplinary approach with ethical and legal procedures is necessary. In this manuscript, cutaneous manifestations of physical, sexual, emotional abuse and neglect are reviewed and discussed.

Personas menores de edad involucradas en conflicto de pareja: implicaciones psicosociales / Minors involved in couple conflict: psychosocial implications

En el ámbito de los conflictos de pareja, cabe la posibilidad ante ciertas circunstancias psicosociales, del establecimiento de conflictos circulares o sin salida en los que pueden quedar atrapadas personas menores de edad. Estos conflictos tienden a extenderse al espacio de sede judicial, administrativo-legal (PANI), profesionales del sector legal en el ejercicio liberal de la profesión y sector salud, en donde en muchas ocasiones y ante la ausencia de mecanismos de comunicación/ coordinación, las necesidades emocionales y sociales de estos niños, niñas y adolescentes no son consideradas, focalizando la atención en el conflicto entre adultos, lo que da como resultado su triangulación. Esta situación, aparte de generar al sistema altos costos económicos de atención (múltiples profesionales intervinientes, procesos de atención prolongados y duplicidad de funciones), provoca un alto costo emocional en quienes la sufren, ya que presentan alta probabilidad de desarrollar una amplia variedad de síntomas compatibles con problemas tales como: desórdenes facticios, trastornos emocionales, de ansiedad y somatomorfos, problemas de ajuste e impulsividad, trastornos alimentarios y del sueño, entre otros.