Validación cognitiva de un protocolo instruccional de reexperimentación emocional en adultos víctimas de violencia política en Colombia / Cognitive validation of an instructional protocol for emotional disclosure in adult victims of political violence in Colombia

Resumen La re experimentación emocional (RE) permite dar sentido a hechos traumáticos o estresantes mediante un proceso dirigido por instrucciones verbales o escritas, y por ello puede generar beneficios en el bienestar psicológico y la salud física autoinformada. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la comprensión de tres tipos de instrucciones experimentales (RE tradicional, RE con claves de aceptación y compromiso, y RE psicosocial) y una instrucción para el grupo control (RE trivial), mediante técnicas de validación cognitiva (pruebas centradas en el significado y verbalización de pensamiento) en personas expuestas a hechos de violencia política en Colombia. Para ello, se desarrolló un estudio de tipo cualitativo con corte instrumental, en el que se entrevistó a 42 colombianos víctimas de violencia política, en su mayoría mujeres, elegidos con un muestro por conveniencia. Las entrevistas fueron transcritas y codificadas mediante un análisis categorial mixto que tomó como referente procedimientos del Movimiento de Aspectos Cognitivos de la Metodología de Encuestas. Como resultado, los participantes comprendieron de manera diferencial las instrucciones dadas en cada protocolo, enfocándose en aspectos como el contexto sociopolítico en el caso del protocolo psicosocial, y en respuestas asociadas a la aceptación en el protocolo con claves de aceptación y compromiso. Se identificaron dificultades en la comprensión de algunas secciones de los protocolos, las cuales fueron ajustadas. Finalmente, se enfatiza la importancia de implementar técnicas de validación cognitiva para verificar la comprensión de instrucciones, protocolos o instrumentos, dado que el desempeño de los participantes y la calidad de las medidas de las intervenciones pueden verse afectados por la comprensión e interpretación de las instrucciones propuestas.

Abstract Emotional disclosure (ED) allows making sense of traumatic or stressful events through a process guided by verbal or written instructions, and thus may generate benefits in psychological well-being and self-reported physical health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the understanding of three types of experimental instructions (traditional ED, ED with acceptance and commitment cues, and psychosocial ED) and one instruction for the control group (trivial ED), trough cognitive validation techniques (tests focused on meaning and verbalización of thought), in people exposed to events of political violence in Colombia. For this purpose, a qualitative study with an instrumental approach was developed, in which 42 Colombian victims of political violence, mostly women, were interviewed, chosen through convenience sampling. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed by means of a mixed categorical analysis that used as a reference procedures from the Cognitive Aspects of the Survey Methodology Movement. As a result, participants differentially understood the instructions given in each protocol, focusing on aspects such as the sociopolitical context in the case of the psychosocial protocol, and on responses associated with acceptance in the protocol with acceptance and commitment cues. Difficulties were identified in the understanding of some sections of the protocols, which were adjusted. Finally, the importance of implementing cognitive validation techniques to verify the understanding of instructions, protocols or instruments is emphasized, given that the performance of the participant and the quality of the measures of the experiments may be affected by the understanding and interpretation of the proposed instructions.

Efectos de la reexperimentación emocional mediante lengua de señas colombiana sobre la sintomatología depresiva en personas sordas / Effects of emotional disclosure through Colombian sign language on depressive symptoms in deaf people

Resumen Dada la prevalencia de la sintomatología depresiva en personas sordas y el déficit en técnicas de intervención, el propósito del estudio fue evaluar la efectividad de la reexperimentación emocional mediante lengua de señas colombiana en dos participantes sordas con sintomatología depresiva leve. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de caso único -AB-, con evaluaciones pre y posintervención de la sintomatología depresiva y seguimiento a las variaciones en el estilo lingüístico. La reexperimentación emocional disminuyó la sintomatología depresiva leve en las participantes, alcanzando niveles de no sintomatología al finalizar las sesiones y después de un mes de seguimiento. De acuerdo con el porcentaje de datos no solapados y el no solapamiento de todos los pares, el tratamiento tuvo un efecto medio. En términos de estilo lingüístico se discute el papel de las palabras de emociones negativas, emociones positivas, causalidad y el pronombre personal yo como promotoras de la recuperación. Finalmente, se sugieren investigaciones orientadas a la construcción de modelos de evaluación e intervención en comunidades con personas sordas.

Abstract Given the high prevalence of depressive symptoms in deaf people and the deficit in intervention processes, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of emotional disclosure using Colombian sign language in two deaf participants with mild depressive symptoms. A single-case AB experimental design was used. Pre and post-intervention variations in depressive symptoms were evaluated. Similarly, variations in linguistic style were analyzed. The results indicate that emotional disclosure decreased mild depressive symptoms in the two participants, reaching the rating of no symptoms at the end of the sessions and after one month of follow-up. According to the percentage of non-overlapping data and non-overlapping of all pairs indices, the treatment had a medium effect. In terms of linguistic style, the role of negative emotion words, positive emotions, causality, and the personal pronoun I as promoters of recovery is discussed. New research aimed at building evaluation and intervention models in the deaf community is proposed.

Caminhos e suportes para o terapeuta expor emoções em sessão / Paths and safeguards in using the therapist's emotions in session

A relação pessoal entre terapeuta e cliente se tornou ferramenta do tratamento psicoterápico. A expressão mútua de emoções é vista na literatura contemporânea como maneira para construir um relacionamento produtivo com o cliente. O objetivo desse estudo é explorar como o terapeuta decide usar suas emoções e como prossegue usando as mesmas em sessão. Foi desenvolvido um estudo, com 14 terapeutas, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas para sondar como os terapeutas trabalham com suas emoções na prática clínica. O método foi pautado na Grounded Theory Analysis. Os resultados mostram que terapeutas decidem sobre a relevância das suas emoções se baseando no seu modelo teórico, conceituação do caso do cliente e na sua sensibilidade pessoal. Afloram, no clínico, modos para trabalhar com suas emoções considerando os riscos, suas dificuldades pessoais, tendo cautela, agindo com coragem e acolhendo o cliente com humildade e amor.(AU)

The personal relationship between therapist and client has become a treatment tool in psychotherapy. The mutual expression of emotions is seen, in the contemporary literature, as a way to build a productive relationship with a client. The aim of this study is to explore how the therapist decides to explore his or her emotions and how he or she goes about using them in session. A study was probed, through semi-structured interviews with 14 therapists, how they work with their emotions in clinical practice. The method was based on Grounded Theory Analysis. The results show that the therapist decides on the clinical relevance of his or her emotions based on the theoretical model he or she uses, the client's case conceptualization, and the therapist's personal sensitivity. The clinician develops ways to work with his or her emotions, considering the risks, his or her personal difficulties, with caution, bolstering, courage, and accepting the client humbly and with love.(AU)