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RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar e analisar estudos internacionais que façam uma investigação a respeito do foco da atenção, da atenção compartilhada e sua relação com faces emocionais. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática com base nas diretrizes do método PRISMA. As bases PubMed e PsycInfo (APA) foram utilizadas para a identificação dos estudos, com base nos descritores em inglês: "joint attention", "attentional network", "gaze", "emotion" e "experimental", combinados com o booleano AND. Resultados: Foram localizados 249 artigos; desses, 223 foram excluídos no processo de seleção e 26 foram lidos na íntegra e selecionados como elegíveis para compor essa amostra. A atenção compartilhada tem um importante papel no desenvolvimento infantil, repercutindo até a fase adulta. Na atenção compartilhada, não apenas o foco da atenção é compartilhado, mas também os objetivos imediatos e de curto prazo, fornecendo dados a respeito das intenções em relação a outros objetos e pessoas no ambiente. Mudanças físicas no rosto, como mudanças de olhar, desempenham um papel na classificação de confiança. Quando o contato visual acontece, ele modula os circuitos neurais relacionados à recompensa, que são expressos quando rostos agradáveis são apresentados. Conclusão: A atenção compartilhada recebe influência das expressões faciais esboçadas por outro sujeito. Os estímulos agradáveis (felizes) são respondidos mais rapidamente do que os estímulos raivosos, isso porque há uma ativação dopaminérgica ativada por esses estímulos, e a expressão de medo aumenta o efeito do olhar de outra pessoa em direção à atenção do observador, o que pode ser explicado por meio do aprendizado ou da seleção natural.
ABSTRACT Objective: To identify and analyze international studies that investigate the focus of attention, shared attention and its relationship with emotional faces. Methods: A systematic review was performed based on the PRISMA method guidelines. The bases: PubMed and PsycInfo (APA), were used to identify the studies, based on the descriptors in English: "joint attention", "attentional network", "gaze", "emotion" and "experimental" combined with the Boolean AND. Results: 249 articles were located, of which 223 were excluded in the selection process, 26 were read in full and selected as eligible to compose this sample. Shared attention plays an important role in child development that reverberates into adulthood. In shared attention, not only the focus of attention is shared, but also the immediate and short-term goals, providing data regarding intentions towards other objects and people in the environment. Physical changes to the face, such as changes in gaze, play a role in the confidence rating. When eye contact happens, it modulates reward-related neural circuits that are expressed when pleasant faces are presented. Conclusion: Shared attention is influenced by facial expressions outlined by another subject. Pleasant (happy) stimuli are responded to more quickly than angry stimuli, because there is a dopaminergic activation activated by these stimuli, and the expression of fear increases the effect of another person's gaze towards the observer's attention, which can be explained by through learning or natural selection.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders.Impaired social functioning is a core characteristic of individuals with ASD.Social attention deficits are important manifestation of their impaired social functioning.And it mainly reflected in the gaze on faces and social interactions.Eye movement technology is an objective and sensitive non-invasive measurement tool.Its application makes the measurement of individual core characteristics of ASD more accurate and objective.A review of recent studies revealed that the type of eye-movement stimuli for social attention in patients with AD gradually shifted from face image processing to social interaction scenes, and developed from static presentation to dynamic presentation.Dimensional embodiment of the progress of eye-movement studies of social attention in individuals with ASD.These studies suggest that individuals with ASD are less likely to gaze at the face region and the eye region of the face.More studies are currently using eye-tracking technology, and the analysis of emotional face gaze reveals that, the reduction in eye gaze in individuals with ASD is due to the discomfort associated with threatening faces.These findings validate the " gaze aversion" hypothesis regarding impaired social attention in individuals with ASD.Related neural mechanism studies have found a general lack of attention to social cues in the environment in individuals with ASD.Brain regions such as the amygdala, cingulate gyrus, superior temporal sulcus and anterior insula are associated with social attention in individuals with ASD.Especially with the superior temporal sulcus, the dorsal and ventral sides of the anterior insula, and so on.Future research should explore the cognitive neural mechanisms of social attention deficits in ASD, and the application of advanced information technology, such as eye-tracking technology, in the rehabilitation of patients with ASD.
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Objective To explore the characteristics and influencing factors of methamphetamine dependence adolescents’ emotional faces recognition ability. Methods Eighty-six adolescents methamphet-amine addicts and 85 healthy volunteers were tested by a self-designed questionnaire and an experiment of e-motional faces identification. Results (1)There was no significant correlation between the emotional faces recognition ability of the experimental group with their age,education level and drug time (P>0. 05). (2)The correct number of positive(32. 58 ±8. 56),neutral (32. 76±8. 06),and negative(56. 28±20. 04) emotional faces recognition in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group of positive (35. 64±3. 91),neutral(35. 47±4. 00),and negative(71. 02±8. 62) emotional faces recognition(t=-3. 00,-2. 79,-6. 24,P<0. 05). Meanwhile,the response time of positive(( 401. 32± 175. 13) ms) and negative ((502. 08±194. 42)ms) emotional faces recognition in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group of positive((300. 83±139. 48)ms) and negative((379. 91±197. 30)ms) emotional faces (t=4. 15,4. 08,P<0. 05). Nevertheless,there was no significant difference between the experimental group((400. 90±174. 21) ms) and the control group ((356. 67±156. 70) ms) in the recognition response time of neutral emotional faces (t=1. 75,P>0. 05). Conclusion Methamphetamine dependence impairs the ability of adolescents’ emotional faces recognition,and their positive and negative emotional recognition abili-ty has processing defects. The ability of methamphetamine dependence adolescents to emotional faces recogni- tion is not affected by their age,education level and time of drug uses.
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Objective To investigate effects of three kinds of neutral,happy,sad emotional faces stimulus on sustained attention task using N170 in depression patients to analysis the correlation of depression in patients with depression,anxiety severity and the amplitude and latency of N170.Methods Twenty-eight patients with depression aged from 22 to 69 years (case group),and 31 healthy controls (control group) aged from 20 to 61 years were recruited for the study.Subjects were asked to perform tasks in the selection of attention following randomly presented three kinds of happy,neutral and sad emotional faces stimuli.Brain auditory evoked potential including N170 amplitude and latency were recorded during the tasks.HAMD and HAMA were used to assess the severity of depression and anxiety.Results There was significant difference between case group and control group in N170 latency by three kinds of happy,neutral and sad emotional faces stimulation in the local skull (T5,T6,O1,O2) (P＜0.05).But the difference was not significant in N170 amplitude (P＞0.05).The total score of HAMD in case group had a positive correlation with N170 amplitude by neutral facial emotion stimulation in part of T5 (r=0.443,P=0.018).Conclusion There is significant change in the initial cognitive processing of different emotional faces in the patients with depression.And the severity of depression is related to the N170 amplitude induced by the neutral emotional faces stimulation in some parts of brain.
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Objective To explore the influence of repeatedly suprathreshold and subthreshold presentation of sad face on the attention bias of college students with depressive symptoms.Methods Five hundreds college students were extracted by using the cluster sampling method.The Beck Depression Inventory(BDI)and Self-rating Depression Scale(SDS)as the screening tool were applied to select the healthy control group(C),low-level depression group(B)and high-level depression group(A),20 participants in each group.Twenty neutral faces and 52 sad faces were selected from the emotional faces library researched and prepared by the Institute of Psychology of Chinese Academy of Sciences.Each face was suprathresholdly(1 000 ms)and subthresholdly(14 ms)presented four times to the participants.In the point detection task,the scores of response time,correction rate and attention bias of 3 groups to the emotional faces were recorded.Results (1)There was no statistically significant difference in the correction rate for 4 times suprathreshold and subthreshold presentations of sad faces between three groups;(2)The average response time of the fourth superathreshold and subthreshold presentation of sad faces in the group A was significantly lower than that of the first three times,the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.01),but the times of sad emotional face presentation had no statistically significant difference between the group C and B(P＞0.05);(3)compared with the group C,for the suprathesholdly presented sad face,the group A had significant a main effect in the aspects of average score of attention bias and sad emotional face presentation times(F=12.032,P＜0.05;F=91.637,P＜0.05),and had a significant interaction effect among the duration and times of presentation and group types(F=16.766,P＜0.05);(4)the group A showed significant attention bias of suprathresholdly presented sad faces at first,second and third time of presentation,but lost the bias at the fourth time.Conclusion The fourth time of sad face presentation could eliminate the attention bias of college students with high-level depression.