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1.
Rev. polis psique ; 8(2): 207-236, maio-ago. 2018.
Article in Portuguese | INDEXPSI, LILACS | ID: biblio-1058803

ABSTRACT

O presente artigo se propõe a ser uma introdução ao estudo dos processos cognitivos segundo uma perspectiva incorporada da cognição. Para isso, abordamos a teoria enativa, do biólogo chileno Francisco Varela, a partir de cinco conceitos principais: autonomia, adaptatividade, incorporação, emergência e experiência. Destacamos a forma como esses conceitos se alinham de modo a contrapor proposições hegemônicas no campo dos estudos cognitivos, tais como a metáfora do funcionamento da mente como um processamento computacional e a redução dos processos cognitivos à atividade neuronal. (AU)


The following article presents an introdutory study of cognitive processes from an incorporated cognition perspective. The Enactive Theory, from the Chilean biologist Francisco Varela, is then approached in five of its main concepts: autonomy, adaptivity, incorporation, emergency and experience. We bring forth the way these concepts are aligned in countering hegemonic propositions in the cognitive studies field, such as the metaphor of mind functioning as a computational process and the reduction of cognitive processes to neural activity. (AU)


Subject(s)
Psychological Theory , Cognition , Environment , Life Change Events
2.
Nat. Hum. (Online) ; 20(1): 4-28, jan.-jun. 2018.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: biblio-1430905

ABSTRACT

According to the enactivist view of the mind, there is close connection between being alive and being cognitive: to be alive is to be capable of cognitive engagements. The living organism does not passively receive and process stimuli from an external world, but rather helps to determine what counts as useful information on the basis of its structure, needs, and the way that it is structurally coupled with its surroundings. Sense-making is the process whereby it interprets environmental stimuli in reference to its survival needs. However, gauging meaning and significance in a complex social world such as ours goes well beyond mere survival and self-maintenance, and has much to do with adapting and faring well in a specific socio-cultural context. The achievement of human goals requires coordinated movement, which leads to the formation of built-up patterns of engagement and response. Over time, these characteristic patterns of movement and behavior become more engrained and come to comprise an individual's habitual manner of sense-making. Learning and socialization play a significant role, and habits of mind are formed via interaction with values, cultural norms, and other people. Once habits form and become more engrained, there is a sense in which social norms are internalized and sedimented in the body. Cognition and affectivity therefore are best seen as socially embedded and heavily modulated by relationships and norms. This environmental influence can either (i) cultivate adaptive habits of mind that promote human flourishing, or (ii) contribute to maladaptive habits of mind that alienate people from deep-rooted human needs and interfere with overall well-being. One setting in which habits of mind are profoundly modulated is the college or university. Inside higher educational institutions guided by neoliberal ideology, individuals are habituated to toxic interaction patterns and modes of valuation. Rather than cultivating critical thinking and promoting self-realization, these institutions often undermine such capacities. College and university settings in contemporary neoliberal democracies such as the United States thereby give us a powerful example of how social institutions sometimes serve to cultivate habits of mind that impede human flourishing.

3.
Nat. Hum. (Online) ; 20(1): 29-57, jan.-jun. 2018.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS, INDEXPSI | ID: biblio-1430906

ABSTRACT

De acordo com a visão enativista da mente, há uma conexão muito próxima entre estar vivo e ser capaz de cognição: estar vivo é ser capaz de envolvimentos cognitivos. O organismo vivo não recebe passivamente, nem processa os estímulos do mundo externo; em vez disto, ajuda a determinar o que conta como informação útil na base de sua estrutura, necessidades, bem como o modo como está estruturalmente ligado a seu ambiente. A doação de sentido é o processo pelo qual ele interpreta os estímulos ambientais em referência a suas necessidades de sobrevivência. Contudo, avaliar o sentido e o significado em um mundo social complexo como o nosso vai muito além da mera sobrevivência e automanutenção e tem muito a ver com adaptar-se e sair-se bem em um contexto sociocultural específico. Para alcançar seus objetivos, os seres humanos precisam de movimentos coordenados que levam à formação de padrões internos de envolvimento e resposta. Com o passar do tempo, esses padrões característicos de movimento e comportamento tornam-se mais enraizados e acabam por abranger o modo de doação de sentido habitual de um indivíduo. O aprendizado e a socialização desempenham um papel significativo, e os hábitos mentais são formados por meio da interação entre valores, normas culturais e as outras pessoas. Uma vez formados e enraizados os hábitos, tem-se o sentido pelo qual as normas sociais são internalizadas e sedimentadas no corpo. Cognição e afetividade podem ser compreendidas assim como socialmente inculcadas e em larga medida moduladas por relacionamentos e normas. Essa influência ambiental pode tanto (i) cultivar hábitos mentais adaptativos que promovam o florescimento humano quanto (ii) contribuir para hábitos mentais mal-adaptados, que alienam as pessoas afastando-as das necessidades humanas mais profundas e interferem no bem-estar geral. A faculdade ou a universidade constituem locais em que os hábitos mentais são profundamente modulados. Dentro das instituições educacionais orientadas pela ideologia neoliberal, os indivíduos são habituados a padrões tóxicos de interação e de avaliação. Em vez de cultivarem o pensamento crítico e a promoção da autorrealização, essas instituições frequentemente solapam tais capacidades. As faculdades e universidades nas democracias neoliberais contemporâneas, tais como nos Estados Unidos, oferecem-nos um exemplo poderoso de como as instituições sociais às vezes servem para cultivar hábitos mentais que impedem o florescimento humano.


According to the enactivist view of the mind, there is close connection between being alive and being cognitive: to be alive is to be capable of cognitive engagements. The living organism does not passively receive and process stimuli from an external world, but rather helps to determine what counts as useful information on the basis of its structure, needs, and the way that it is structurally coupled with its surroundings. Sense-making is the process whereby it interprets environmental stimuli in reference to its survival needs. However, gauging meaning and significance in a complex social world such as ours goes well beyond mere survival and self-maintenance, and has much to do with adapting and faring well in a specific socio-cultural context. The achievement of human goals requires coordinated movement, which leads to the formation of built-up patterns of engagement and response. Over time, these characteristic patterns of movement and behavior become more engrained and come to comprise an individual's habitual manner of sense-making. Learning and socialization play a significant role, and habits of mind are formed via interaction with values, cultural norms, and other people. Once habits form and become more engrained, there is a sense in which social norms are internalized and sedimented in the body. Cognition and affectivity therefore are best seen as socially embedded and heavily modulated by relationships and norms. This environmental influence can either (i) cultivate adaptive habits of mind that promote human flourishing, or (ii) contribute to maladaptive habits of mind that alienate people from deep-rooted human needs and interfere with overall well-being. One setting in which habits of mind are profoundly modulated is the college or university. Inside higher educational institutions guided by neoliberal ideology, individuals are habituated to toxic interaction patterns and modes of valuation. Rather than cultivating critical thinking and promoting self-realization, these institutions often undermine such capacities. College and university settings in contemporary neoliberal democracies such as the United States thereby give us a powerful example of how social institutions sometimes serve to cultivate habits of mind that impede human flourishing.

4.
Rev. CEFAC ; 16(1): 336-345, 03/2014. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-707224

ABSTRACT

O artigo utiliza abordagens teóricas como simplexidade (simplexity) , neurociências e enactivismo para discutir cenários cotidianos de sala de aula. Busca transpor a clássica divisão bipolar entre mente e corpo, por meio destas abordagens das ciências cognitivas. Dois experimentos sobre o papel do corpo na didática são apresentados para demonstrar a relevância da conscientização do corpo, para melhorar o desempenho em sala de aula. O primeiro experimento utiliza o neurofeedback para medir a temperatura corporal, como meio para entender o papel do corpo na auto-regulação e gestão da atenção. O segundo utiliza um bracelete multi-sensor, que fornece dados sobre a energia gasta pelo professor nas atividades cotidianas em sala de aula. Pesquisadores italianos e brasileiros cooperam para que esta trajetória experimental de didática inclusiva, seja utilizada em classes com crianças e adolescentes com Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade.


The article uses theoretical approaches as simplexity, neuroscience and enactivism to discuss everyday classroom activities. It tries to transpose the classical bipolar division between mind and body, through these approaches in cognitive science. Two experiments on the body’s role in teaching are presented to demonstrate the relevance of the awareness of the body, to improve performance in the classroom. The first experiment uses neurofeedback to measure the body temperature, as a means to understand the role of the body in self-regulation and control of the attention. The second uses a bracelet multi-sensor, which provides data on the energy spent by the teacher in daily activities in the classroom. Italian and Brazilian researchers cooperate in this experimental path of inclusive teaching, to be used in classes with children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

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