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1.
Pediatr. (Asuncion) ; 50(1)abr. 2023.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1431033

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La glomerulonefritis aguda pos infecciosa (GNPI) puede cursar con complicaciones como la encefalopatía hipertensiva en 7-11% de los casos. Objetivo : determinar la frecuencia y características de la encefalopatía hipertensiva (EH) secundaria a GNPI en pacientes internados en el Departamento de Pediatría del Hospital Nacional en el periodo enero/2000-diciembre/2018. Materiales y Métodos : Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo de pacientes con síndrome nefrítico (SN) con C3 disminuido y normalización a los tres meses, con hipertensión arterial (HTA) severa acompañada de manifestaciones neurológicas (cefalea, náuseas, vómitos, alteración de conciencia, convulsiones), que cedieron al regularizarse la HTA. Se estudiaron las características sociodemográficas (edad, sexo, procedencia, escolaridad de los padres, número de hijos) y clínicas (edema periférico, edema agudo de pulmón, hematuria, y manifestaciones neurológicas). Los datos fueron analizados utilizando estadística descriptiva mediante EPIINFO (CDC, Atlanta), expresando las variables cuantitativas como mediana y rango intercuartílico (RIC) y las cualitativas como frecuencia absoluta y porcentual. Resultados: 27 /160 (16,8%) pacientes, desarrollaron EH. La edad varió entre 3 a 16 años (mediana: 10 años; RIC: 5); el antecedente infeccioso más frecuente fue piodermitis (40,7%), seguido de faringitis aguda (37%). Todos los pacientes presentaron edema periférico y cefalea intensa. La duración de la HTA tuvo una mediana de 5 días (RIC: 4) y los días de internación una mediana de 7 (RIC: 6). Ningún paciente requirió diálisis ni quedó con secuelas, no se registraron óbitos. Conclusión: en pacientes con EH debe considerarse el diagnóstico de GNPI, investigando antecedentes infecciosos y valorando adecuadamente la volemia.


Introduction: Acute post-infectious glomerulonephritis (APGN) can present with complications such as hypertensive encephalopathy in 7-11% of cases. Objective: to determine the frequency and characteristics of hypertensive encephalopathy (HE) secondary to APGN in patients admitted to the Department of Pediatrics of the National Hospital from January/2000 to December/2018. Materials and Methods: This was an observational, descriptive and retrospective study of patients with nephritic syndrome (NS) with decreased C3 and normalization at three months, with severe arterial hypertension (AHT) accompanied by neurological manifestations (headache, nausea, vomiting, altered consciousness, seizures), which subsided when the AHT was controlled. Sociodemographic (age, sex, place of residence, parental education level, number of children in home) and clinical (peripheral edema, acute pulmonary edema, hematuria, and neurological manifestations) characteristics were studied. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics through EPI INFO (CDC, Atlanta), expressing the quantitative variables as median and interquartile range (IQR) and the qualitative ones as absolute frequency and percentage. Results: 27/160 (16.8%) patients developed HE. Age ranged from 3 to 16 years (median: 10 years; IQR: 5); the most frequent infectious history was pyodermitis (40.7%), followed by acute pharyngitis (37%). All patients presented peripheral edema and severe headache. The duration of AHT had a median of 5 days (IQR: 4) and the days of hospitalization a median of 7 (IQR: 6). No patient required dialysis or was left with sequelae, no deaths were recorded. Conclusion: in patients with HE, the diagnosis of APGN should be considered, a history of infections obtained and adequately assessing fluid status.

2.
Acta neurol. colomb ; 36(2): 100-109, abr.-jun. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1124080

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN El diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las complicaciones cerebrales de la emergencia hipertensiva constituyen un reto para los médicos de urgencias y terapia intensiva. Mediante una aproximación diagnóstica basada en las diferentes secuencias de las imágenes por resonancia magnética se llega al diagnóstico de encefalopatía hipertensiva, isquemia cerebral, hemorragia intracraneal, hemorragia subaracnoidea aneurismática, síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible y a su inmediato tratamiento ajustado a nuestro medio según las últimas guías de práctica clínica de la AHA/ASA (Asociación Americana del Corazón y Asociación Americana de Ataque Cerebrovascular).


SUMMARY The diagnosis and treatment of brain injury in patients with hypertensive emergencies is a challenge for the emergency department and intensive care doctors. The diagnosis of hypertensive encephalopathy, ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is achieved with different MRI sequences as well as their appropriate treatment according to the last AHA/ASA clinical practice guidelines.


Subject(s)
Transit-Oriented Development
3.
Rev. colomb. reumatol ; 26(1): 74-79, Jan.-Mar. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1098969

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical-radiological disorder that may include encephalopathy, seizures, headache, and visual disturbances. It is associated with conditions that induce endothelial damage, causing vasogenic cerebral edema that can be observed in magnetic resonance scans. It occurs in <1% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is usually resolved with timely treatment, but delays may lead to neurological sequelae or death. A case of PRES is presented in a patient with SLE with severe activity, a hypertensive emergency, and lupus glomerulonephritis debuting with epileptic status. The outcome was satisfactory with anticonvulsants, as well as treatment for her cerebral edema and hypertension, along with control of other causal factors.


RESUMEN El síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible (PRES) es un trastorno clínico-radiológico caracterizado por encefalopatía, convulsiones, cefalea y alteraciones visuales. Se asocia a entidades que ocasionan daño endotelial, causando edema cerebral vasogénico evidente en resonancia magnética. En pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) se presenta en < 1%. Con tratamiento oportuno usualmente resuelve; caso contrario puede producir secuelas neurológicas o muerte. Se reporta el caso de PRES en una paciente con LES con actividad severa, emergencia hipertensiva y glomerulonefritis lúpica que comienza con estatus epiléptico. Evolucionó satisfactoriamente con tratamiento anticonvulsivante, antiedema cerebral, antihipertensivo y control de los demás factores causales.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Brain Diseases , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic , Seizures , Diagnosis , Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome , Headache , Anticonvulsants
4.
Arq. bras. oftalmol ; 80(5): 324-326, Sept.-Oct. 2017. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-888143

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT We report a case of cortical blindness secondary to posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome, which was successfully treated by blood pressure management. A 66-year-old white man presented at the emergency room complaining of severe frontal headache, disorientation, and progressive blurred vision. The initial physical examination disclosed a blood pressure of 200/176 mmHg. One hour later the patient exhibited mental confusion and bilateral blindness. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were performed, and a systemic workup was conducted, resulting in a diagnosis of posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. This syndrome is a rare manifestation of systemic hypertension that requires proper diagnosis and management to avoid irreversible brain damage. Early recognition of this condition and prompt control of the patient's blood pressure are essential because they may bring about a reversal of the syndrome, which may otherwise result in permanent brain damage.


RESUMO Relatamos um caso de cegueira cortical secundário à síndrome de leucoencefalopatia posterior recuperado pelo controle bem sucedido da pressão arterial. Um homem branco de 66 anos de idade compareceu à emergência com queixa de dor de cabeça frontal severa, desorientação e embaçamento progressivo da visão. O exame físico inicial revelou uma pressão arterial de 200/176 mmHg. Uma hora depois, o paciente apresentou confusão mental e cegueira bilateral. Após a tomografia e a ressonância nuclear magnética, o tratamento sistêmico foram realizados e o diagnóstico de síndrome da leucoencefalopatia posterior foi realizado. A síndrome de leucoencefalopatia posterior é uma manifestação rara de hipertensão sistêmica que requer um diagnóstico e gerenciamento adequados para evitar danos cerebrais irreversíveis. O reconhecimento precoce desta condição e o controle imediato da pressão arterial são essenciais porque podem levar à reversão da síndrome, o que, de outra forma, pode resultar em dano cerebral permanente.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , Blindness, Cortical/etiology , Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome/complications , Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome/drug therapy , Hypertension/complications , Hypertension/drug therapy , Vasodilator Agents/therapeutic use , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods , Treatment Outcome , Blindness, Cortical/physiopathology , Blindness, Cortical/diagnostic imaging , Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome/physiopathology , Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome/diagnostic imaging , Hypertension/physiopathology , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use
6.
Arq. bras. neurocir ; 34(1): 64-67, 2015. fig
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-982

ABSTRACT

The vasogenic edema in structures of posterior fossa secondary to elevated hydrostatic pressure can cause obstructive hydrocephalus, a condition called "reversible obstructive hydrocephalus from hypertensive encephalopathy." A case of a 27-year-old woman with arterial hypertension and sign of raised intracranial pressure is reported. Her radiologic studies have showed vasogenic cerebellar edema without structural lesion. This edema leads to obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct. We discuss the clinical and therapeutic aspects of this condition. In this clinical situation, the accurate control of blood pressure is themain goal on medical care, and the need of permanent ventricular shunt is quite infrequent.


O edema vasogênico secundário a elevação da pressão hidrostática capilar pode causar hidrocefalia obstrutiva, a chamada Hidrocefalia Obstrutiva Reversível secundária a Encefalopatia Hipertensiva. Nós apresentamos umcaso de umamulher de 27 anos com hipertensão arterial e sinais de hipertensão intracraniana. Sua investigação radiológica evidenciou sinais de edema vasogênico cerebelar bilateral sem lesão estrutural, determinando obstrução do aqueduto cerebral Nós discutimos os aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos deste caso. Nesta condição, o adequado controle da pressão arterial é a principal medida terapêutica, sendo a necessidade de derivação liquórica permanente infrequente.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Brain Edema/complications , Hypertensive Encephalopathy/complications , Hydrocephalus/etiology
7.
Rev. bras. hipertens ; 21(3): 148-151, jul.-set.2014.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: biblio-881355

ABSTRACT

A encefalopatia hipertensiva inclui-se dentre as emergências hipertensivas, ou seja, situação clínica caracterizada por elevação pressórica acentuada com lesão aguda progressiva em órgão-alvo, com maior risco de óbito, exigindo imediata redução da pressão arterial com agentes aplicados por via parenteral. Na emergência hipertensiva, ocorre elevação abrupta da pressão arterial ocasionando, em território cerebral, perda da autorregulação do fluxo sanguíneo e evidências de lesão vascular, com quadro clínico de encefalopatia hipertensiva, lesões hemorrágicas dos vasos da retina e papiledema. Na presença de elevação acentuada da pressão arterial é fundamental a identificação de lesões agudas de órgãos-alvo e o diagnóstico apropriado e precoce das emergências hipertensivas. Confirmado o diagnóstico de da encefalopatia hipertensiva e avaliadas outras condições clínicas associadas, o tratamento deve ser prontamente instituído, em unidade de terapia intensiva, preferencialmente com nitroprussiato de sódio endovenoso, mas tomando-se o cuidado para diminuição gradativa da pressão, e não necessariamente a sua normalização, com o objetivo de se evitar complicações isquêmicas.


Hypertensive encephalopathy is included among the hypertensive emergencies, that is, a clinical condition characterized by severe blood pressure elevation with acute progressive damage to the target organ, with higher risk of death, requiring immediate reduction of blood pressure with agents via parenteral application. In hypertensive emergency patients, an abrupt rise in blood pressure occurs, resulting in loss of autoregulation of blood flow and evidence of vascular injury, with clinical findings of hypertensive encephalopathy, hemorrhagic lesions of retinal vessels and papilledema in the cerebral area. In the presence of a marked elevation of blood pressure, it is essential to identify acute damages to target organs,and to diagnosis hypertensive emergencies appropriately andearly. Once the hypertensive encephalopathy diagnosis is confirmed and other associated clinical conditions are assesses, treatment should be promptly instituted in the intensive care unit, preferably with sodium nitroprusside, with special attention to keeping a gradual decrease in blood pressure, and not necessarily lowering it below the normal range, in order to prevent ischemic complications.


Subject(s)
Hypertensive Encephalopathy/physiopathology , Hypertension
8.
Rev. bras. hipertens ; 21(3): 134-139, jul.-set.2014.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-881333

ABSTRACT

Embora vários termos tenham sido aplicados para hipertensão grave, tais como crise hipertensiva, emergências ou urgências, todos eles são caracterizados por elevações agudas da pressão arterial que podem estar associados com lesão de órgão-fim (crise hipertensiva). Práticas de tratamento variam consideravelmente por causa da falta de evidências que suportam o uso de um agente terapêutico em detrimento de outro. O objetivo desta revisão foi analisar a fisiopatologia das crises hipertensivas comumente encontradas, incluindo acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), encefalopatia hipertensiva, dissecção aórtica, edema pulmonar agudo e pré-eclâmpsia/eclâmpsia, e fornecer uma abordagem racional para o seu tratamento com base em princípios fisiopatológicos e farmacológicos relevantes.


Although various terms have been applied to severe hypertension, such as hypertensive crisis, emergencies, or urgencies, they are all characterized by acute elevations in blood pressure that may be associated with end-organ damage (hypertensive crisis). Treatment practices vary considerably to because of the lack of the evidence supporting the use of one therapeutic agent over another. The purpose of this review is to examine the pathophysiology of commonly encountered hypertensive crises, including stroke, hypertensive encephalopathy, aortic dissection, acute pulmonary edema and preeclampsia/eclampsia and to provide a rational approach to their treatment based upon relevant pathophysiologic and pharmacologic principles


Subject(s)
Hypertension , Hypertensive Encephalopathy , Hypertensive Retinopathy
9.
Rev. bras. hipertens ; 21(3): 140-147, jul.-set.2014.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-881354

ABSTRACT

Esta revisão objetivou descrever aspectos fisiopatológicos, epidemiológicos e clínicos das emergências hipertensivas (EHs). Para isso, caracterizou a emergência e a urgência hipertensiva dentro do contexto da crise hipertensiva (CH), discutiu aspectos fisiopatológicos da elevação aguda da pressão arterial (PA) e o comprometimento de órgãos-alvo envolvidos nas EHs; expôs os fatores de risco e as condições clínicas associadas a essa manifestação e apresentou uma abordagem clínica sucinta para o correto diagnóstico. Finalmente, analisou conceitos atuais sobre o tratamento das EHs, esquematizando a conduta terapêutica


This review aimed to describe the pathophysiology, epidemiology and clinical aspects of hypertensive emergencies. It addressed hypertensive emergencies and urgencies within the context of the hypertensive crisis, discussed the pathophysiology of acute elevations of blood pressure and the involvement of target organs affected by hypertensive emergencies; it described risk factors and associated clinical conditions of this event and presented a brief clinical approach to the correct diagnosis. Finally, this report analyzed current concepts on the treatment of hypertensive emergencies outlining therapy.


Subject(s)
Brain Ischemia , Hypertension , Hypertensive Encephalopathy , Myocardial Infarction , Pulmonary Edema , Stroke
10.
Bol. méd. Hosp. Infant. Méx ; 66(3): 260-264, may.-jun. 2009.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-701089

ABSTRACT

Introducción. La glomerulonefritis aguda postestreptocócica (GNA-PE) es la causa más frecuente del síndrome nefrítico en la niñez; tiene un amplio espectro de presentación que va desde una condición asintomática hasta condiciones graves como: falla renal aguda y encefalopatía. La incidencia ha disminuido en los últimos años, aunque deficientes condiciones higiénicas pueden aumentar la prevalencia de infecciones estreptocócicas nefritogénicas, y con ello aumentar el riesgo de brotes epidémicos de glomerulonefritis aguda. La encefalopatía hipertensiva (EH) se presenta en 1 a 7% de los casos durante el curso de la enfermedad y es una complicación grave, pero que manejada adecuadamente no deja secuelas. En el diagnóstico diferencial se deben tener en cuenta eventos vasculares cerebrales, infecciones del sistema nervioso central, tumores cerebrales y alteraciones tóxico-metabólicas. Caso clínico. Se describe el caso de un escolar masculino de 10 años de edad, previamente sano, con antecedente de faringoamigdalitis en la semana previa a su atención en urgencias. Fue llevado a consulta por alteración del sensorio; cursó con un estado convulsivo parcial que cedió al aplicar diacepam endovenoso. Se detectó hipertensión arterial, hematuria y edema pretibial discreto; la tomografía axial computada de cerebro no mostró edema, lesión ocupante de espacio o hemorragia. Los resultados de laboratorio mostraron bioquímica sanguínea normal y antiestreptolisina O elevada. Se manejó el caso como una GNAPE con evolución favorable. Conclusión. El diagnóstico de GNAPE se debe sospechar en niños con historia de infección de vías respiratorias superiores que se presentan con encefalopatía hipertensiva súbita.


Introduction. Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APS-GN) is the leading cause of nephritic syndrome in children and has a broad spectrum of clinical presentation ranging from asymptomatic cases to acute renal failure and encephalopathy. Most cases are sporadic although the disease may occur in epidemic form, mainly related to poor sanitary conditions. Hypertensive encephalopathy is a severe complication, but there is a good outcome with appropriate treatment. Case report. We describe the case of a previously healthy 10-year-old male with a history of pharyngitis 1 week before his arrival to the emergency room. He presented with altered consciousness, partial seizures, hypertension and hematuria. Cranial computed tomography was performed and showed no edema, mass or hemorrhage; antistreptolysin O serum titers were elevated. He was treated according to hypertensive encephalopathy due to APSGN, with a favorable outcome. Differential diagnosis should include cerebral vascular diseases, intracranial tumors, central nervous system infections and toxic metabolic disturb ances. Conclusion. APSGN should be suspected in any child with history of pharyngitis and sudden onset of hypertensive encephalopathy.

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