Encefalomielite aguda disseminada com provável etiologia de Bartonella henselae / Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with probable Bartonella henselae etiology

RESUMO A encefalomielite aguda disseminada é uma doença rara, aguda, inflamatória e desmielinizante do sistema nervoso central, presumivelmente associada, em mais de três quartos dos casos, a infecções (virais, bacterianas ou inespecíficas) e imunizações ou sem qualquer antecedente indentificável. Habitualmente, apresenta um curso monofásico com início de sintomas inespecíficos na fase prodrómica, podendo evoluir com alterações neurológicas multifocais e até à perda total da acuidade visual. Descrevemos o caso de um menino de 9 anos com quadro inicial de edema de papila causado por encefalomielite aguda disseminada devido a Bartonella henselae. Apesar da gravidade da doença, o diagnóstico e o tratamento precoce proporcionaram bons desfechos.

ABSTRACT Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis is a rare, acute, inflammatory, and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Presumably associated in more than three quarters of cases by infections (viral, bacterial, or nonspecific) and immunizations or without any identifiable antecedent. It usually presents a monophasic course with onset of nonspecific symptoms in the prodromal phase and may evolve with multifocal neurological changes and even visual acuity loss. We describe a case of a 9-year-old boy with an initial picture of papillary edema caused by acute disseminated encephalomyelitis due to Bartonella henselae. Despite the severity of the disease, early diagnosis and treatment provided good outcomes.

Clinical spectrum of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease in Brazil: a single-center experience / Espectro clínico de doença associada com anticorpos contra a glicoproteína de oligodendrócito de mielina no Brasil: uma experiencia de centro único

Abstract Background Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (anti-MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an immune-mediated neurological disorder with a broad spectrum of clinical presentation that is often difficult to distinguish from other demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Objective To describe the clinical and paraclinical characteristics of MOGAD in a Brazilian tertiary center. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of adult and pediatric patients who tested positive for anti-MOG antibodies and presented with clinical and radiological diseases compatible with MOGAD. Results Forty-one patients (10 children) were included: 56% female, 58% Caucasian, mean age at onset 31 years (range 6-64), with a mean disease duration of 59.6 months (range 1-264 months). The most frequent onset presentation was optic neuritis (68%), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM, 12%), and myelitis (10%). A monophasic disease course was observed in 49%. EDSS median was 2.1 at the last visit. Most patients (83%) were under continuous immunosuppressive treatment. Azathioprine was the first-line treatment in 59%. In all ADEM cases, conus, and root involvement was radiologically observed on MRI. Conclusion Brazilian MOGAD patients presented with a similar spectrum of previously reported MOGAD phenotypes. Conus and spinal root involvement seems to be frequently present in MOGAD-ADEM and could serve as radiologic characteristics of this clinical entity.

Resumo Antecedentes A doença associada ao anticorpo da glicoproteína da mielina de oligodendrócitos (anti-MOG; MOGAD) é uma doença neurológica imunomediada com um amplo espectro de apresentações clínicas que muitas vezes é difícil de distinguir de outras doenças desmielinizantes, como a esclerose múltipla e o distúrbio do espectro da neuromielite óptica. Objetivo Descrever as características clínicas e paraclínicas da MOGAD em um centro terciário brasileiro. Métodos Revisamos retrospectivamente os prontuários dos pacientes adultos e pediátricos que testaram positivos para anticorpos anti-MOG e apresentaram um quadro clínico e radiológico compatível com MOGAD. Resultados Quarenta e um pacientes (10 crianças) foram incluídos: 56% do sexo feminino, 58% caucasianos, idade média de início da doença foi 31 anos (intervalo de 6-64), com duração média da doença de 59,6 meses (intervalo de 1-264 meses). A apresentação inicial mais frequente foi neurite óptica (68%), seguida pela encefalomielite disseminada aguda (ADEM, 12%) e mielite (10%). Um curso monofásico da doença foi observado em 49%. EDSS foi de 2,1 na última visita. A maioria dos pacientes (83%) estava sob tratamento imunossupressor contínuo. Azatioprina foi o tratamento de primeira linha em 59%. Em todos os casos de ADEM, o envolvimento do cone medular e das raízes espinhais foi observado radiologicamente na ressonância magnética. Conclusão Os pacientes brasileiros com MOGAD apresentam um espectro clínico e radiológico semelhante aos fenótipos de MOGAD relatados anteriormente. O envolvimento do cone e das raízes espinhais parece estar frequentemente presente no MOGAD-ADEM e poderia servir como característica radiológica nesta entidade.

Encefalomielitis aguda diseminada: simulando enfermedad cerebrovascular en un adolescente / Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis: simulating cerebrovascular disease in an adolescent

RESUMEN La encefalomielitis aguda diseminada (ADEM) es una enfermedad desmielinizante del sistema nervioso central (SNQ, de baja prevalencia, con predominio de presentación en población pediátrica. Describir y revisar la presentación clínica de un paciente con ADEM, su proceso diagnóstico y el manejo terapéutico, de acuerdo con la evidencia disponible. Adolescente masculino de 17 años, sin antecedentes de importancia, con cuadro de cefalea hemicraneal derecha, tipo punzada, de alta intensidad, dos semanas de evolución y posterior compromiso agudo neurológico multifocal con encefalopatía, hemiparesia y diplopía. Se realiza estudio con resonancia de cerebro contrastada que pone en evidencia lesiones hiperintensas a nivel de tallo, cerebelo y ganglios basales. Estas lesiones son asimétricas, unilaterales y agudas y siguen el trayecto vascular de la arteria cerebelosa posteroinferior (PICA), sin restricción a la difusión o cambios en mapa ADC. Inicialmente se sospecha evento cerebrovascular (ECV) y se estudia con angiorresonancia normal, ayudas diagnósticas para causas cardioembólicas y trombofilias negativas. Al considerar lesiones no se sugieren cambios de origen isquémico, pero si desmielinizantes. Se inicia manejo con pulsos de metilprednisolona con resolución de hemiparesia y encefalopatía. En seguimiento a 18 meses, el paciente no ha presentado nuevos eventos clínicos o radiológicos. La ADEM es una patología infrecuente en la edad pediátrica, con un diagnóstico basado en la clínica y hallazgos imagenológicos en resonancia magnética. Su presentación clínica puede ser inespecífica y como en este caso simular enfermedad cerebrovascular, y el tratamiento se basa en inmunomoduladores, principalmente corticoides, con una tasa de recuperación favorable en las series previamente reportadas.

SUMMARY Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a low-prevalence demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with a predominance of presentation in the pediatric population. To describe and review the clinical presentation of a patient with ADEM, its diagnostic process and therapeutic management according to the available evidence. A 17-year-old male adolescent, with a 2-week history of high-intensity right-sided headache, stitching type, subsequent acute multifocal neurological compromise with encephalopathy, hemiparesis, and diplopia. A contrast-enhanced brain resonance study with evidence of hyperintense lesions at the level of the stem, cerebellum, and basal ganglia, asymmetric, unilateral, acute, following the vascular path of the posteroinferior cerebellar artery (PICA), but without restriction to diffusion or changes on the ADC map, so that an initial suspicion of cerebrovascular event (CVD) is made, studying with normal angioresonance, diagnostic aids for negative cardioembolic causes and thrombophilias. Considering that lesions do not suggest changes of ischemic origin, but if they are demyelinating, management with methylprednisolone pulses with resolution of hemiparesis and encephalopathy is initiated. In the 18-month follow-up, the patient has not presented new clinical or radiological events. ADEM, is an infrequent pathology in pediatric age, with a diagnosis based on the clinic and magnetic resonance imaging findings, its clinical presentation may be nonspecific and as in this case simulate cerebrovascular disease, the treatment is based on immunomodulatory treatment, mainly corticosteroids, with a favorable recovery rate in the previously reported series.

Serious adverse event: late neurotropic disease associated with yellow fever vaccine / Evento adverso grave: doença neurotrópica tardia associada à vacina da febre amarela

ABSTRACT The yellow fever is a systemic disease that was under control due to the effective campaigns against the vector and promotion of vaccines programs. However, since 1999, outbreaks appeared because of inefficient control of the vector, and led to the need of amplifying the immunization in large scale against the yellow fever virus, and consequently, raising the risk of adverse reactions to the vaccine. We report a case of previously healthy infant, who was referred to our care service, after 3 days with fever, chills, nausea and vomits, he received support therapy and was discharged from the hospital. After 24 hours of supportive measures, he was discharge. The patient returned to our service with general condition decline, strabismus, inability to control of cervical musculature and reduced force of the legs. The patient vaccine had received all vaccines from the calendar, and he was vaccinated for yellow fever 20 days before symptoms. During the hospitalization, liquor was collected, and ceftriaxone and aciclovir were administered. After negative cultures from the liquor, the antibiotics were suspended. The computed tomography of patient's brain showed no alterations. Research for antibodies against yellow fever was requested, being positive for IgM in the liquor, and confirming the neurotropic disease associated with the yellow fever vaccine. On the fifth day of hospitalization, the patient showed improvement on the strabismus, cervical tonus, and musculature force. On the tenth day of hospitalization, patient showed complete improvement, and his laboratory exams no alterations. Subsequently, patient was discharged. The vaccine against yellow fever is safe, efficient and highly recommended, however it is not completely free from serious adverse reactions, including death.

RESUMO A febre amarela é uma doença sistêmica que estava controlada graças às efetivas campanhas de combate ao vetor e aos programas de vacinação. Porém, desde 1999, os surtos reiniciaram-se, devido à ineficácia do controle do vetor, levando à necessidade da imunização em larga escala contra o vírus da febre amarela, gerando aumento do risco de ocorrência de reação adversa à vacina. O presente estudo se propôs a relatar o caso de um lactente previamente saudável, que procurou pronto atendimento, pois, há 3 dias, apresentava febre, calafrios, náusea e vômitos. Em 24 horas após medidas de suporte e alta, evoluiu com queda do estado geral, estrabismo, falta de controle da musculatura cervical e redução da força muscular de membros inferiores. O caderno vacinal encontrava-se completo, tendo recebido vacina contra febre amarela há 20 dias. Durante a internação, foi realizada coleta do liquor, e foram administrados ceftriaxona e aciclovir. Após cultura negativa do liquor, o antibiótico foi suspenso. A tomografia computadorizada de crânio não apresentou alterações. Solicitou-se pesquisa de anticorpos contra o vírus da febre amarela no liquor, sendo positiva para IgM e confirmando a doença neurotrópica associada à vacina da febre amarela. A partir do quinto dia de internação, o paciente evoluiu com melhora do estrabismo, do tônus cervical e da força muscular. No décimo dia de internação, apresentou melhora completa do quadro, sem alterações laboratoriais, recebendo alta. A vacina contra febre amarela é segura, eficaz e fortemente recomendada, porém não está completamente isenta de reações adversas graves, inclusive podendo levar a quadros fatais.

Leucoencefalitis hemorrágica aguda: manifestaciones clínicas, hallazgos radiológicos y neuropatológicos / Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis: clinical presentation, radiologic and neuropathologic features

La Leucoencefalitis Hemorrágica Aguda o enfermedad de Hurst es una enfermedad rara, caracterizada clínicamente por inicio súbito, curso clínico severo, usualmente fatal que se presenta posterior a una infección viral o vacunación. Patológicamente se caracteriza por desmielinización perivenular y necrosis hemorrágica difusa del sistema nervioso central. Se considera que representa una forma hiperaguda y severa de la Encefalomielitis Aguda Diseminada, la cual es una entidad inflamatoria con una base fisiopatológica autoinmune postinfecciosa. A continuación, se expone el caso de una paciente adulta, que ingresó al servicio de urgencias con cuadro clínico típico de migraña y antecedente de cefaleas previas de similares características. Quien doce horas posterior a su ingreso desarrolló de forma rápidamente progresiva depresión del estado de conciencia, signos neurológicos focales y signos de hipertensión de fosa posterior, que llevaron a desenlace fatal en tan solo 96 horas del inicio del cuadro clínico con hallazgos patológicos postmortem que confirman leucoencefalitis hemorrágica aguda. Se revisan las características clínicas, los hallazgos radiológicos y patológicos de esta entidad clínico-patológica poco común.

Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis or Hurst disease is a rare disorder characterized by its severe neurological involvement, rapid progression and fatal outcome in a few days. The disease is usually a post infectious condition. Under microscope, it is identified by a perivenular demyelination and a diffuse hemorrhagic necrosis. This entity is thought to represent a hyperacute severe form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, which is an inflammatory autoimmune post infectious disorder. We describe the case of an adult woman, who visits the emergency room with migraine-like symptoms and a previous clinical history of similar headaches. Twelve hours later she developed focal neurologic findings, stupor and signs of endocraneal hypertension, her clinical status continued to worsen and in 96 hours she succumbed. The autopsy confirm acute hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis. Reviewed clinical, radiological and pathological characteristics of this uncommon disease.

Comparison of clinical features between acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and classical multiple sclerosis / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To improve differential diagnosis between acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ( ADEM) and classical multiple sclerosis ( CMS).Methods All 20 cases of ADEM and 24 cases of CMS were examined.Their epidemiological and clinical findings,laboratory features and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) data were analyzed using x2 test for categorical variables,Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests for continuous variables.Results ADEM and CMS showed no sex predominance.Patients with ADEM ((27 ±15) years) were younger than CMS ((37 ±13) years,Z= -2.218,P =0.027).The following findings were more commonly seen in ADEM compared with CMS:predemyelinating infectious disease (75% vs 4%,x2 =23.652,P = 0.000),fever (65% vs 4%,x2 =18.609,P = 0.000),meningeal irritation sign (40% vs 0,x2 = 9.189,P =0.002),seizure (25% vs 0,x2 =4.514,P = 0.034),and encephalopathy.ADEM patients were more likely to present with blood leucocytosis ( (11.9 ± 5.8) ×109/L vs (8.0±3.2) ×109/L,Z= -2.030,P=0.042),high C-reactive protein (2.74 mg/L vs 0.49 mg/L,Z = - 3.028,P = 0.002),increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (11.00 mm/h vs 7.00 mm/h,Z= -2.406,P =0.016),and cerebrospinal fluid leucocytosis (9 × 106/L vs 2×106/L,Z =- 2.781,P = 0.005).There were no differences in cerebrospinal fluid protein and oligoclonal band between the two groups.The following MRI lesions were more commonly seen in ADEM patients:cortical gray matter lesions (14/20,x2=15.213,P=0.000),basal ganglia gray matter lesions (14/20,x2 =8.910,P = 0.003),and brainstem lesions ( 14/20,x2 = 5.867,P = 0.015).In contrast,lesions in subcortical white matter (21/24,x2 = 17.628,P =0.000),periventricular area (21/24,x2 =15.213,P=0.000) and corpus callosum ( 14/24,x2 = 8.640,P = 0.003 ) were more common in the MRI image of CMS patients.The lesions in spinal cord were usually centrally distributed in ADEM (83% ),while peripherally in CMS (85%,x2 = 11.542,P = 0.001).The lesions had poorly defined margins in ADEM (95%),but well defined margins in CMS (75%,x2 =21.787,P = 0.000).Conclusion There are differences in epidemiological and clinical findings,laboratory features and MRI appearances between ADEM and CMS.

Complicações pulmonares e neurológicas da varicela em adulto jovem previamente hígido / Pulmonary and neurological complications of varicella in a previously healthy young adult

Objetivos: realizar uma breve revisão sobre as complicações da varicela, descrevendo o caso de uma paciente adulta jovem que desenvolveu varicela primária com graves complicações.Descrição do caso: paciente do sexo feminino, 24 anos, com queixas de mialgia, tosse, dispnéia, hipertermia e lesões de pele, interna na emergência de um hospital público após diagnóstico médico de varicela. A paciente desenvolveu pneumonite e, mais tardiamente, encefalomielite disseminada aguda, com necessidade de ventilação mecânica invasiva por tempo prolongado e sintomas temporários do sistema nervoso central.Conclusões: a varicela no adulto é uma doença que merece sempre muita atenção, pela possibilidade de complicações graves associadas.

Aims: To review the literature about the complications of varicella, describing the case of a young adult patient who developed primary varicella and severe complications. Case description: A female patient, 24 years-old, complaining of myalgia, cough, dyspnea, hyperthermia and skin injuries, is admitted at the emergency room of a public hospital after the diagnosis of varicella. The patient developed pneumonitis, and later, acute disseminated encefalomielitis, with invasive mechanical ventilation for a long period, with temporary central nervous system abnormalities. Conclusions: Varicella in the adult is a disease that requires thorough attention, because of the potential associated complications.

Abordagem fisioterapêutica na encefalomielite disseminada aguda ADEM: relato de um caso / The physiotherapy in the treatment of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis - (ADEM): case report

Descreve-se um caso de encefalomielite disseminada aguda (ADEM), que é uma doença auto-imune, desmielinizante aguda do sistema nervoso central. O caso apresentado é de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 2 anos de idade, que após um quadro de infecção respiratória evoluiu com atraso do desenvolvimento neurológico, hipotonia de tronco, déficit no controle cervical, hiperreflexia bilateral patelar e de aquileu, hipertonia grau 1 bilateral de bíceps e tríceps braquial, além de tibial anterior. Foi realizada por três meses fisioterapia motora para reduzir o atraso do desenvolvimento neurológico. Após os três meses de tratamento fisioterapêutico, a paciente continuou a apresentar as observações acima e, notou-se melhora na sustentação da cabeça principalmente em decúbito ventral, melhora no controle de tronco, manteve-se na posição sentada com reação de proteção anterior, adotou o rolar para ambos os lados sem ajuda do fisioterapeuta. Sendo assim, pode-se concluir que o estudo de um único caso não foi suficiente para comprovar a eficácia da fisioterapia, o que demonstra a necessidade de estudos mais completos, mas foi importante para sugerir que a abordagem fisioterapêutica pode ser útil no tratamento de pacientes com encefalomielite disseminada aguda (ADEM).

We are reporting a case of an acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), which is an autoimmune uncommon inflammatory disease that destroys severely the myelin of the central nervous system. The case we are going to present is of a two years old, female patient that after a picture of a respiratory infection she had a delay on her neurological development, hipotomy ofher trunk, deficit control of her cervical, a deep bilateral reflex of the patellar and of the aquileu, high tonus degree one of the bilateral biceps and triceps bronchial and of the previous tibia. For three month she was under motor physiotherapy to reduce delay of the neurological development. After three months of treatment the patient continued to present a delay in the neurological development and it was noticed that she was able to sustain her head a little better even when she was laying on her stomach, she could control her trunk better when she was seated, she was able to stay seated with the reaction of previous protection, and last but not least she could roll from one side to the other without the help of a physiotherapist. Thus we can conclude that the study of one case is not enough to prove the physiotherapy efficiency, there is the need of more complete studies. We can also say that this case was important to show the need of physiotherapy in the treatment of patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM).

Molecular Analysis of HLA Class ll-Associated Susceptibility to Neuroinflammatory Diseases in Korean Children

The work was done to study immunogenetic peculiarities of neuroinflammatory diseases among Korean children. A total of 13 children with neuroinflammatory diseases (8 males and 5 females; mean age 4.6+/-2.6 yr) were consecutively recruited. Genomic typing was performed on their HLA DRB/HLA DQB genes using PCR-SSOP/ SSP techniques with gel immunoelectrophoresis. The frequencies of HLA-DR1* 15 in children with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) (31%) and DQB1* 06 in other neuroinflammatory diseases (38%) were significantly increased compared with control subjects. The frequencies of HLA-DRB3*0202 (100%), HLA-DRB1*1302 (67%), HLA-DRB3*0301 (67%), and HLA-DQB1*0301 (67%) were significantly increased in children with multiple sclerosis and the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*1501 (40%) and HLA-DRB5*0101 (40%) were significantly increased in children with ADEM. HLA-DRB1*1401, HLA- DRB3*0202, and HLA-DQB1*0502 were found in children with acute necrotizing encephalopathy. In conclusion, HLA-DR1*15 and DQB1*06 may be involved in susceptibility to inflammation in Korean children. The frequencies of HLA-DRB1*1501, HLA-DRB5*0101, HLA-DRB3*0301, and HLADQB1* 0602 were not as high in Korean children with multiple sclerosis as in western children. However, HLA-DRB3*0202 was seen in all children with multiple sclerosis. Our data may provide further evidence that the immunogenetic background of neuroinflammatory diseases in Korean is distinctly different from the ones in western countries. Further studies are necessary to confirm this finding.

A case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with liver abscess / 대한내과학회지

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an acute inflammatory demyelinating disease of central nervous system, and is related to allergic or immune-mediated reaction to systemic viral infection or vaccination, which is usually self limited monophasic illness. As the clinical manifestations or laboratory findings is nonspecific, it is diagnosed by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing multiple foci of increased T2 signal within white matter. We report the clinical and radiologic imaging findings in a 36-year-old man in whom acute disseminated encephalomyelitis developed after serologically proven herpes infection combined with liver abscess. His clinical course, despite without corticosteroid or plasmapheresis because of liver abscess, was shown spontaneous remission.