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1.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 38(1): e00063821, 2022. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1355981

ABSTRACT

Resumo: O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência do atraso nas três doses da vacina tetravalente (DTP+Hib) em crianças de 12 a 23 meses de idade, no Brasil, por meio dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2013 e descrever o atraso em cada uma das doses segundo variáveis sociodemográficas, utilização de serviços e intervenções públicas de saúde. Foram utilizados dados da PNS, estudo transversal realizado em 2013. O desfecho foi o atraso pelo menos em uma das três doses da vacina tetravalente. Considerou-se como atraso a dose recebida pelo menos 30 dias após a data preconizada, segundo informação da caderneta de vacinação. A prevalência do atraso foi descrita segundo variáveis sociodemográficas e utilização de serviços de saúde. Realizou-se análise descritiva obtendo-se frequências absolutas e relativas e seus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confiança. Das 2.016 crianças com informações coletadas, 1.843 foram analisadas. A prevalência de atraso de pelo menos uma dose da vacina foi de 44%. Observou-se atraso de 14,8% na primeira, 28,8% na segunda e 45,4% na terceira dose, sendo que 10% das crianças tiveram atraso nas três doses. Maiores prevalências de atraso foram encontradas em crianças do sexo masculino, de cor da pele parda, pertencentes ao quintil mais pobre de riqueza, moradores da zona rural e da Região Norte do Brasil. Evidenciou-se alta prevalência de atraso na vacina tetravalente (DTP+Hib) em crianças de 12 a 23 meses do Brasil, sendo maior na terceira dose.


Abstract: The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of delay in the three doses of quadrivalent vaccine (DTP+Hib) in children 12 to 23 months of age in Brazil, based on data from the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS) of 2013 and to analyze the delay in each of the doses according to sociodemographic variables and use of health services and public health interventions. The data are from the PNS a cross-sectional study performed in 2013. The outcome was delay in at least one of the three doses of the quadrivalent vaccine. Delay was defined as a dose received at least 30 days after the recommended date according to information on the child's vaccination card. Prevalence of delay was analyzed according to sociodemographic variables and use of health services. A descriptive analysis was performed to obtain absolute and relative frequencies and their respective 95% confidence intervals. Of the 2,016 children with information collected, 1,843 were analyzed. The prevalence of delay in at least one dose of the vaccine was 44%. There was a delay of 14.8% in the first dose, 28.8% in the second, and 45.4% in the third, and 10% of the children had delays in all three doses. Higher prevalence of delay was associated with male gender, brown skin color, the poorest income quintile, and residence in rural areas and the North of Brazil. The study revealed high prevalence of delay with the quadrivalent vaccine (DTP+Hib) in children 12 to 23 months of age in Brazil, with the highest delay in the third dose.


Resumen: El objetivo fue estimar la prevalencia del atraso en las tres dosis de la vacuna tetravalente (DTP+Hib) en niños de 12 a 23 meses de edad, en Brasil, mediante los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS) de 2013 y describir el retraso en cada una de las dosis, según variables sociodemográficas, utilización de servicios e intervenciones públicas de salud. Se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado en 2013, con datos de la PNS. El resultado fue el retraso por lo menos en una de las tres dosis de la vacuna tetravalente. Se consideró como un atraso la dosis recibida por lo menos 30 días tras la fecha prefijada, según la información de la cartilla de vacunación. La prevalencia del atraso fue descrita según variables sociodemográficas y utilización de servicios de salud. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, obteniéndose frecuencias absolutas y relativas, así como sus respectivos intervalos de 95% de confianza. De los 2016 niños con información recogida, se analizaron 1843. La prevalencia de atraso de por lo menos una dosis de la vacuna fue de un 44%. Se observó un retraso de 14,8% en la primera, un 28,8% en la segunda y un 45,4% en la tercera dosis, siendo que un 10% de los niños sufrieron atraso en las tres dosis. Las mayores prevalencias de atraso se encontraron en niños de sexo masculino, mestizos, pertenecientes al quintil más pobre de riqueza, habitantes de la zona rural y de la Región Norte de Brasil. Se evidenció una alta prevalencia de atraso en la vacuna tetravalente (DTP+Hib) en niños de 12 a 23 meses de Brasil, siendo mayor en la tercera dosis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Infant , Child , Haemophilus influenzae type b , Brazil/epidemiology , Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine , Cross-Sectional Studies , Health Surveys , Vaccination , Vaccines, Combined
2.
Salud pública Méx ; 63(6): 773-781, nov.-dic. 2021. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1432324

ABSTRACT

Resumen: Objetivo: Investigar el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de aislamiento ante síntomas de Covid-19 o contacto con un caso. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal basado en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2020 sobre Covid-19. Se describió la prevalencia de aislamiento y su asociación con factores del nivel individual, hogar y contexto utilizando modelos de regresión log-binomial. Resultados: El 48.1% de la población >10 años reportó quedarse en casa ante síntomas o contacto con un caso. La prevalencia de aislamiento fue menor entre población ocupada vs. no-ocupada (RP 0.81; IC95% 0.73-0.89), mayor entre personas con alto nivel socioeconómico vs. bajo (RP 1.22; IC95% 1.08-1.38) y menor entre personas viviendo en estados sin un mensaje específico sobre aislamiento vs. estados con mensaje específico (RP 0.76; IC95% 0.63-0.91). Conclusiones: El cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de aislamiento durante la pandemia de Covid-19 estuvo asociado con factores socioeconómicos individuales y con la calidad de los mensajes de salud pública de los estados.


Abstract: Objective: To examine compliance to isolation and quarantine recommendations during the early phase of the Covid-19 epidemic in Mexico. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional population-based study (National Health and Nutrition Survey 2020 Covid-19). We estimated the prevalence of compliance with recommendations and assessed its association with individual, household and context level variables using log-binomial models. Results: 48.1% of the population over 10 years old reported staying at home when faced with symptoms or a potential contact with a case. The prevalence was lower in employed vs unemployed population (PR 0.81; 95%IC 0.73-0.89), higher among higher socioeconomic position groups vs lower (RP 1.22; 95%IC 1.08-1.38), and lower among people living in states with an unspecific public health message regarding isolation and quarantine (RP 0.76; 95%IC 0.63-0.91). Conclusions: Compliance to isolation and quarantine recommendations was associated with socioeconomic factors and the quality of public health messages during the Covid-19 pandemic in Mexico.

3.
Bol. méd. Hosp. Infant. Méx ; 75(2): 104-112, mar.-abr. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-951297

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: La evidencia respecto a la relación entre la participación laboral de las madres y el sobrepeso y la obesidad de los niños en edad escolar presenta resultados divergentes en todo el mundo. En México, dicha relación no ha sido analizada con datos representativos nacionales. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este artículo fue evaluar el papel de la participación laboral materna extradoméstica en el peso elevado de la población mexicana en edad escolar (5 a 11 años). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal a partir de una muestra de 17,418 individuos provenientes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012, utilizando modelos de regresión logística binomial. Resultados: En el modelo en el que se controló por características individuales de la madre y de contexto se encontró una relación entre la participación materna en el mercado laboral y la composición corporal de los escolares. Sin embargo, al incorporar las características del hogar (arreglos residenciales, etnicidad, tamaño, seguridad alimentaria y nivel socioeconómico) al modelo estadístico, el empleo materno dejó de ser estadísticamente significativo. Dicho modelo fue el que presentó mayor bondad de ajuste. Conclusiones: Las características del hogar, más allá de que la madre trabaje, son aspectos cruciales para entender las tasas de prevalencia de obesidad y sobrepeso en los escolares mexicanos.


Abstract Background: International evidence regarding the relationship between maternal employment and school-age children overweight and obesity shows divergent results. In Mexico, this relationship has not been confirmed by national data sets analysis. Consequently, the objective of this article was to evaluate the role of the mothers' participation in labor force related to excess body weight in Mexican school-age children (aged 5-11 years). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 17,418 individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012, applying binomial logistic regression models. Results: After controlling for individual, maternal and contextual features, the mothers' participation in labor force was associated with children body composition. However, when the household features (living arrangements, household ethnicity, size, food security and socioeconomic status) were incorporated, maternal employment was no longer statically significant. Conclusions: Household features are crucial factors for understanding the overweight and obesity prevalence levels in Mexican school-age children, despite the mother having a paid job.


Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Employment/statistics & numerical data , Overweight/epidemiology , Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology , Mothers/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Body Weight , Logistic Models , Family Characteristics , Nutrition Surveys , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Food Supply/statistics & numerical data , Mexico/epidemiology
4.
An. venez. nutr ; 31(1): 13-26, 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LIVECS, LILACS | ID: biblio-1021723

ABSTRACT

En la Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida (ENCOVI 2017), las características de la alimentación se obtienen mediante los patrones de compra de alimentos de los distintos grupos de la población según niveles de pobreza, y a través de la identificación de la severidad de la inseguridad alimentaria, los hábitos de alimentación dentro y fuera del hogar y las implicaciones que ellos tienen sobre el bienestar de los adultos. En 2017 continua la tendencia regresiva en la compra semanal de alimentos, esta se concentra en cereales 31,3% (arroz, harina de maíz, pan y pasta), tubérculos 9,3%, disminuyen carnes, pollo, leche, huevos, hortalizas y frutas y aumentan tubérculos (yuca) y leguminosas. Se reporta insuficiencia de alimentos y de ingresos (70%), inseguridad alimentaria (80%), presente en estos hogares, donde, la mitad no son pobres y su nivel educativo es medio y alto (empobrecimiento de la clase media), 27% de los entrevistados hacen dos o menos comidas diarias para unos 8,1 millones de personas en situación de hambre. La alimentación ha perdido cantidad y variedad, se ha transformado en una dieta anémica, debido a la ausencia de alimentos fuentes de hierro, zinc, vitamina A, complejo B y otros micronutrientes. En la Venezuela del Siglo XXI, 6 de cada 10 venezolanos perdieron aproximadamente 11 kg de peso en el último año por hambre. En los hogares pobres con inseguridad alimentaria habitan grupos vulnerables niños y mujeres en edad fértil, con grandes carencias alimentarias, de salud, de agua potable y vivienda. que limita los años de vida y compromete el desarrollo. Sin alimentación y sin salud, el desarrollo es imposible(AU)


The characteristics of the diet reported by the National Survey of Standard Living Conditions (ENCOVI 2017), are obtained through the food purchase patterns of the different groups of the population according to poverty levels, and through the identification of the severity level of the food insecurity, eating habits inside and outside the households and the implications that they have on the well-being of adults. In 2017 the regressive trend continues in the weekly purchase of food, which was concentrated in cereals 31.3% (rice, corn flour, bread and pasta), tubers 9.3%, and with a reduction in beef, chicken, milk, eggs, vegetables and fruits and showed an increase in tubers (yucca) and legumes. This study reports insufficient food and income (70%), and food insecurity (80%), present in these households, where half are not poor and their educational level is medium and high (meaning an impoverishment of the middle class), 27% of the interviewees make two or less daily meals, about 8.1 million people in situations of hunger. Food has lost quantity and variety, and has been transformed into an anemic diet, due to the absence of food sources of iron, zinc, vitamin A, B complex and other micronutrients. In the Venezuela of the XXI Century, 6 out of 10 Venezuelans lost approximately 11 kg of weight during the last year due to hunger. Within households with low and very low levels of food security are living vulnerable groups of children, women and men of childbearing age, with severe deficiencies in food, health, access to drinking water and vulnerable housing settings that limit the years of life and compromise the development. Without adequate food and without health, development is unreachable(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Social Conditions , Feeding Behavior , Food Supply , Poverty , Food Quality
5.
An. venez. nutr ; 30(1): 17-37, 2017. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1022692

ABSTRACT

La información del consumo de alimentos y bebidas en la población venezolana es indispensable para identificar problemas nutricionales y grupos en riesgo, por edad, áreas geográficas y niveles socioeconómicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las características de la ingesta promedio de alimentos en la población entre 15 y 65 años en Venezuela durante el año 2015. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 1132 sujetos, a quienes se les aplicó 2 recordatorios de 24 horas, no consecutivos con la metodología de pasos múltiples, y un cuestionario de frecuencia cualitativa sobre la ingesta de bebidas. El consumo promedio de calorías fue de 1.925 kcal, distribuidas en: 16,3% proteínas, 30,2% grasas, 52,4% carbohidratos y 1,1% alcohol. El 79,2% de la muestra presenta una dieta habitual inadecuada por déficit en calorías. La deficiencia en minerales fue mayor en mujeres, calcio (92,9%), hierro (42,2%) y zinc (76,6%). La mayoría de los encuestados realizaron 3 comidas al día. El almuerzo fue la comida que predominó en la ingesta diaria, seguida en orden decreciente por desayuno y cena. Las bebidas azucaradas jugos de frutas y gaseosas son una importante fuente de carbohidratos simples. El estudio EVANS 2015 muestra una caída importante en el consumo de macro y micronutrientes, en especial en los estratos sociales y niveles educativos más bajos y en los adultos mayores, que es diferente por regiones, lo cual está generando en sectores vulnerables un estado nutricional y de salud deficiente, con el aumento consecuente de las enfermedades por déficit de calorías y nutrientes(AU)


Obtaining reliable information on food and beverage consumption in Venezuelan population is imperative for identifying nutritional problems and groups of populations at risk. The objective of this study was to analyze average intake of foods on population between 15 and 65 years in Venezuela during 2015. A cross sectional study was carried out in a sample of 1132 subjects, to which two nonconsecutives 24h recalls were applied using the multiple pass methodology, also a food frequency questionnaire for beverage intake was performed. This study reported an average caloric intake of 1925 kcal, distributed as follows: 16.3% of proteins, 30.2% of fats and 52.4% of carbohydrates and 1.1% of alcohol. 79.2% of the sample showed an inadequate caloric intake. Mineral deficiency was higher in women, calcium (92.9%), iron (42.2%) and zinc (76.6%). The majority of the subjects had 3 meals per day during the days of the interviews. Lunch was the predominant meal on daily intake, followed by breakfast and dinner. Sugary sweetened beverages appeared as an important source of simple carbohydrates. EVANS intake study reported a relevant decrease on the intake of macro and micro nutrients, particularly within lower socioeconomic status and education levels, as well as in older adults, which eventually could lead to an impaired nutrition and health status, with an increase of diseases associated to caloric and nutrients deficit(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Nutrients , Nutritional Status , Surveys and Questionnaires , Obesity , Cardiovascular Diseases , Risk Factors , Neoplasms
6.
An. venez. nutr ; 30(2): 99-111, 2017. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LIVECS, LILACS | ID: biblio-1023557

ABSTRACT

La Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida (ENCOVI) en su tercera edición, es una contribución de las Universidades Católica Andrés Bello, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Universidad Central de Venezuela y Fundación Bengoa, para obtener información sobre algunas variables relacionadas con el bienestar de los venezolanos. En 6413 hogares en ciudades grandes incluyendo Caracas y las principales del interior del país, ciudades medianas, pequeñas y caseríos, se investiga la composición de la canasta semanal de alimentos y patrón de alimentación según Línea de Pobreza, hábitos alimentarios, hábitos de vida, enfermedades relacionadas y variación del peso. La harina de maíz, arroz y trigo representan 30 % del total de la compra semanal. Entre los diez primeros alimentos que adquieren se encuentran hortalizas (63,9 %) y tubérculos (52 %), superior que los que incluyen proteínas de origen animal, carnes rojas (44,1 %) y aves (43,6 %), grasas (37,5 %), quesos (37,1 %), pescados (32,3 %) y leche 24 %. En 93,3 % de hogares el ingreso no alcanza para la compra de alimentos, 32,5 % de los entrevistados ingiere 2 o menos comidas al día, 48% considera que su dieta es monótona y deficiente y 72 % de los entrevistados refieren que en promedio perdieron 8,7 kg en el último año. En los hogares venezolanos se observa una tendencia regresiva en la compra de alimentos que integran la cesta semanal entre 2014 y 2016 en cantidad (menos alimentos) y en calidad (menor variedad) debido a la imposibilidad de adquirir los alimentos, situación que está generando mayor inseguridad alimentaria y desnutrición en la población más vulnerable(AU)


The National Survey of Living Conditions (ENCOVI), in its third edition, is a contribution of the Andrés Bello Catholic University, Simón Bolívar University, the Central University of Venezuela and the Bengoa Foundation, to obtain information on some variables related to the Venezuelans standard living conditions. 6413 households were studied in large cities, including Caracas and the main and medium-sized cities, small towns and villages on the country side. The composition of the weekly food basket and feeding pattern was assessed according to the Poverty Line and food habits. Life style, related diseases and weight variation were also evaluated. Corn, rice and wheat flour represent 30 % of the total weekly purchase. Among the first ten foods that households acquire are vegetables (63.9 %) and tubers (52 %), higher than those foods that include proteins of animal origin: red meats (44.1 %) and poultry (43.6 %), fats (37.5 %), cheeses (37.1 %), fish (32.3 %) and milk 24 %. In 93.3 % of households the income was not enough to buy food, 32.5 % of the interviewees eat 2 or less meals a day, 48% report that the diet is monotonous and deficient and 72 % of the subjects stated that on average they lost 8.7 kg during the last year. In Venezuelan households, there is a regressive trend in the purchase of foods that made up the weekly basket between 2014 and 2016 in quantity (less food) and quality (less variety) due to the inability to buy foods, a situation that is promoting food insecurity and malnutrition in the most vulnerable population(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Social Conditions , Nutrition Surveys/statistics & numerical data , Feeding Behavior , Health Promotion , Malnutrition , Diet
7.
Rev. colomb. psiquiatr ; 45(supl.1): 2-8, dic. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-960097

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La Encuesta Nacional de Salud Mental 2015 (ENSM 2015) es la cuarta que se realiza en el país y se enmarca en el Sistema Nacional de Encuestas y estudios poblacionales para salud de Colombia. Métodos: Se presenta una descripción narrativa de los antecedentes, los referentes, el proceso de elaboración y las características del protocolo de la ENSM 2015. La ENSM 2015 y el protocolo parten de unos requisitos que dan soporte a las políticas nacionales en salud e internacionales relacionadas con salud mental. Para su elaboración se trabaja junto con el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social para definir los objetivos, los instrumentos de recolección, la muestra y el plan operativo. Como objetivo principal se definió brindar información actualizada acerca de la salud mental, los problemas, los trastornos mentales, la accesibilidad de los servicios y la valoración de estados de salud, de la población colombiana rural y urbana mayor de 7 años de edad, en la que privilegió su comprensión desde los determinantes sociales y la equidad. Para ello se decidió realizar un estudio observacional de corte transversal en el ámbito nacional, con representatividad nacional, regional y por franjas de edad: 7-11, 12-17 y ≥ 18 años. Las regiones consideradas fueron: Central, Oriental, Atlántica, Pacífica y Bogotá, con un tamaño de muestra total calculado como mínimo de 12.080 sujetos y máximo de 14.496. Conclusiones: Se presenta un breve resumen del protocolo que puede ser consultado en su totalidad en la página web del MSPS que incluye los instrumentos de recolección.


Introduction: The 2015 National Mental Health Survey (NMHS) is the fourth mental survey conducted in Colombia, and is part of the National System of Surveys and Population Studies for health. Methods: A narrative description is used to explain the background, references, the preparation, and characteristics of the 2015 NMHS. The 2015 NMHS and its protocol emerge from the requirements that support the national and international policies related to mental health. Together with the Ministry of Health and Social Protection, the objectives, the collection tools, the sample, and the operational plan are defined. The main objective was to obtain updated information about the mental health, mental problems and disorders, accessibility to health services, and an evaluation of health conditions. Participants were inhabitants from both urban and rural areas, over 7 years old, and in whom the comprehension of social determinants and equity were privileged. An observational cross-sectional design with national, regional and age group representativity, was used. The age groups selected were 7-11, 12-17, and over 18 years old. The regions considered were Central, Orient, Atlantic, Pacific, and Bogota. The calculated sample had a minimum of 12,080 and a maximum of 14,496 participants. Conclusions: A brief summary of the protocol of the 2015 NMHS is presented. The full document with all the collection tools can be consulted on the Health Ministry webpage.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Mental Health , Surveys and Questionnaires , Public Policy , Computer Communication Networks , Colombia , Health Services , Mental Disorders , Methods
8.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1536089

ABSTRACT

Antecedentes: La violencia en Colombia tiene una historia de más de 50 años. se calcula que entre 1985 y 2012 han fallecido 220.000 colombianos y cerca de 6.000.000 han sido desplazados por la violencia. Objetivo: Describir y comparar las prevalencias de algunos problemas y trastornos mentales en la población adulta colombiana teniendo en cuenta las características del municipio respecto a su historia de violencia o conflicto armado. Métodos: Se utilizaron los resultados de los adultos (mayores de 18 años) sobre algunos problemas y trastornos mentales de la ENSM de 2015, y se clasificaron los municipios según la presencia y la intensidad del conflicto utilizando la clasificación propuesta por la CERAC. Se realizó la medición de trastorno (con el CIDI-CAPI), problemas (con AUDIT, PCL modificado) y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Resultados: Se entrevistó a 10.870 personas, de las que 5.429 no habían cambiado de residencia. El 21,8% de los municipios sufrían conflicto permanente; el 65,5%, interrumpido, y solamente el 12,7% había sido pacificado o no tenía conflicto. La intensidad del conflicto se reportó alta en el 31,8%. Los municipios violentos presentaban prevalencias más altas de trastornos de ansiedad, depresivos, posible trastorno de estrés postraumático y consumo de cigarrillo. El consumo de alcohol era más frecuente en municipios con menor intensidad del conflicto. Conclusiones: Los municipios clasificados como con altos niveles de violencia presentaban mayor prevalencia de trastornos mentales y de la mayoría de los problemas mentales.


Background: Violence in Colombia has a history of over 50 years. Between 1985 and 2012 an estimated of 220,000 Colombians have died and about 6,000,000 have been displaced by violence. Objective: To describe and compare the prevalence of some problems and mental disorders in the adult population in Colombia, taking into account the characteristics of the municipality, as regards its history of violence or armed conflict. Methods: The results for adults (over 18 years) of some problems and mental disorders were taken from the ENSM-2015. The municipalities were classified according to the presence and intensity of the conflict using the classification proposed by the CERAC. Disorders were measured using CIDI-CAPI, and problems with AUDIT, modified PCL (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist). An estimate was also made of psychoactive substances consumption. Results: A total of 10,870 people were interviewed, of whom 5,429 had not changed residence. There was had permanent conflict in 21.8% of the municipalities, 65.5% had a discontinued conflict, and only 12.7% had been pacified or had no conflict. The intensity of the conflict was reported as high by 31.8% of the people. Violent municipalities have a higher prevalence of anxiety disorders, depression, possible Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and smoking. Alcohol consumption was more common in municipalities with less intense conflict. Conclusions: The municipalities classified as having high levels of violence have a higher prevalence of mental disorders and the majority of the mental problems.

9.
An. venez. nutr ; 29(1): 18-30, jun. 2016. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-838075

ABSTRACT

La Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida 2015, tiene como objetivo contribuir con la información en alimentación de los venezolanos. En 1488 hogares, la compra semanal de alimentos se concentró en cereales (harina de maíz, arroz, pan y pasta) y junto a las grasas representaron 38% de la intención de compra, mientras que la misma bajó en las proteínas animal y/o vegetal. En 2015, se redujo el porcentaje de la compra de carnes, pollo y grasas, ya que estos alimentos incrementaron de precios en forma irracional. Cuatro agrupaciones socioeconómicas se conformaron: Pobre Extremo (28,1%), Pobre No Extremo (19%), Pobre Reciente (34%); No Pobre (19%). La clase media disminuida en ingresos, integraron los pobres recientes. El 12,1% de los encuestados refieren comer dos o menos veces al día y de estos 44% son los más pobres. Tres millones y medio de personas se encontraron en situación de hambre. En promedio el deterioro del poder adquisitivo manifestado en la posibilidad de adquirir los alimentos, se incrementó, ya que sólo 20% de los hogares podían comprar la cesta básica en 2015 y en los estratos más pobres solamente el 7%, expresión del nivel de inseguridad alimentaria al no tener como comprar alimentos. La dieta de pobre calidad, el bajo acceso a las proteínas, la ausencia de leche para la alimentación de los niños, está generando incremento en la desnutrición, con consecuencias muy lamentables, ya que su presencia en periodos críticos del desarrollo compromete su integridad intelectual y su desarrollo físico(AU)


The Venezuela’s Standard Survey of Living Conditions 2015, aims to contribute to the information on how Venezuelans were fed during this year. 1488 households, reported that the weekly grocery shopping was based in cereals (corn flour, rice, bread and pasta) and together with fat accounted for 38% of the purchase intent. The weekly intention for shopping fell in protein from either animal or vegetable source, thus the percentage of the purchase of meat and chicken was reduced, as these foods prices increased outrageously. Four socioeconomic groups of people were identified: people in extreme poverty (28.1%), the non-extreme impoverished people (19%), newly impoverished (34%); and nonpoor people (19%). The middle class classify now as newly poor. 12.1% of respondents refer eating two or fewer times a day and of those, 44% are among the poorest. In consequence, three million and a half of Venezuelans can be found in a situation of hunger. On average, the purchasing power reported as the ability to purchase food, was diminished, as only 20% of the households could afford the basic food basket during 2015.In the poorest socioeconomic strata, only 7% could afford buying the basic foods. This is a manifestation of the food insecurity level that the majority of the extreme poor households had been facing. The poor quality diet, the low access to proteins, the absence of milk for feeding the children, is contributing to the increased undernutrition, with very unfortunate consequences, as the deficit of nutrients in critical periods of development and growth compromises the intellectual integrity and physical development of the future generations(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Poverty , Social Conditions , Nutrition Surveys , Malnutrition , Life Style , Diet , Hunger , Diet
10.
An. venez. nutr ; 28(2): 100-109, dic. 2015. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: lil-798247

ABSTRACT

Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida 2014 (ENCOVI-2014), realizada por la Universidad Católica Andrés Bello (UCAB), Universidad Simón Bolívar (USB), Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV) y la Fundación Bengoa (FB), tiene como objetivo contribuir con información de algunos factores que inciden en la alimentación y nutrición de los venezolanos. Encuesta estructurada, cualitativa, muestra 1459 representantes de los hogares, muestreo estratificado, aleatorio por cuotas, estudio transversal descriptivo. Las harinas (maíz y trigo), grasas visibles y azúcar concentraron 42,9 % de la compra semanal de alimentos, varió entre 45,4 y 40,3% en niveles bajo y alto, hubo diferencias en calidad y tipos de alimentos. Los pobres compran alimentos calóricamente más densos, más baratos, subsidiados en las redes públicas de distribución. La leche, lácteos y leguminosas están disminuidos en todos, el huevo desapareció en los hogares pobres y los vegetales y frutas, sólo aparecen en el nivel alto. El 11,3% comen sólo dos o menos veces al día, de estos, 39% son pobres. Alimentar a la familia genera estrés, 80% en general y 88,7% de los más pobres, perciben que sus ingresos no alcanzan para la compra semanal. Factores protectores de enfermedades crónicas, alimentación equilibrada y variada, frutas y vegetales, tres comidas al día y actividad física moderada e intensa, están presentes sólo en el estrato alto. Los encuestados reconocen enfermedades básicamente infecciosas gastrointestinales como las asociadas al consumo de alimentos. Cada vez más, políticas erradas, han provocado la falta de alimentos indispensables en la dieta tradicional venezolana, hecho que incita, situaciones de violencia alimentaria, desnutrición, malnutrición y hambre, alta vulnerabilidad social, inseguridad alimentaria y violación al derecho a una alimentación saludable, prevista en la Constitución Nacional.(AU)


The National Standard Living Conditions Survey (ENCOVI-2014) was conducted by the Catholic University Andres Bello (UCAB), Simon Bolivar University (USB), Central University of Venezuela (UCV) and Bengoa Foundation (FB), and aims to contribute with information on some factors affecting food and nutrition of Venezuelans. A structured survey, qualitative was performed in 1459 representatives of households.This is a descriptive cross sectional study with Stratified sampling, and random quota. Flour (corn and wheat), visible fat and sugar concentrated 42.9% of the weekly grocery shopping, which varied between 45.4 and 40.3% from low and high socioeconomic levels, and showed differences in quality and types of food. The poorest buy, cheaper, dense foods at subsidized public distribution networks. The intention of buying milk, dairy products and legumes is decreased in SES, eggs disappeared from poor households and the vegetables and fruits appear only on the high SES level. 11.3% of the sample eat only two or fewer times a day, of these, 39% are poor. Feeding the family is stresfull, 80% overall and 88.7% of the poorest perceive that their income is not enough for the weekly shopping. Protective factors for chronic diseases, balanced and varied diet, fruits and vegetables, consumption, having three meals a day and doing moderate to intense physical activity, are present only in the upper SES. Gastrointestinal infectious diseases appear as the major diseases associated to food consumption. Misguided policies have caused the lack of essential food in the traditional Venezuelan diet, a fact that promotes a situation of food violence, undernutrition, malnutrition and hunger, high social vulnerability, food insecurity and violation of the right to a healthy diet. established in the National Constitution(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Poverty , Social Conditions , Diet , Nutrition Surveys , Nutrition for Vulnerable Groups , Malnutrition , Diet, Food, and Nutrition
11.
Medisan ; 17(6): 920-927, jun. 2013.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-679057

ABSTRACT

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal durante el 2010, de 5 936 personas de 15 años y más como muestra representativa del país, con muestreo por conglomerado en varias etapas, con vistas a determinar la calidad de vida relativa a salud en la población urbana de Cuba. Las variables sociodemográficas utilizadas resultaron ser: edad, sexo y color de la piel; las del cuestionario genérico EuroQol: movilidad, cuidado personal, actividades cotidianas, dolor/malestar y ansiedad/depresión. La mayoría de las personas presentaron movilidad, cuidado personal y actividades cotidianas conservadas. Se concluye que los mestizos del sexo masculino menores de 45 años, mostraron mayor calidad de vida relativa a salud y que dicho cuestionario puede ser válido para describir este indicador en la citada población.


A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted during 2010, in 5 936 people aged 15 years and over as a representative sample of the country, with several stage cluster sampling, in order to determine the quality of life related to health in the urban population from Cuba. The sociodemographic variables used were age, sex and skin color, and those of the generic questionnaire EuroQol: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Most of people had mobility, self-care and usual activities preserved. It is concluded that male mestizos younger than 45 years showed a higher quality of life related to health and the questionnaire can be valid to describe this indicator in that population.

12.
Univ. psychol ; 12(1): 31-40, jan. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-680542

ABSTRACT

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la asociación entre el nivel educativo alcanzado con el bienestar emocional y la salud mental de los españoles. Un total de 29.478 personas adultas participaron en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de España 2006, encontrándose que un nivel educativo bajo se asocia con peor salud mental (OR 1.65 hombres y OR 2.36 mujeres), valoración mala o muy mala de la salud (OR 2.10 hombres y OR 2.53 mujeres), menor apoyo social (OR 1.31 hombres y OR 1.66 mujeres) y sedentarismo (OR 2.09 hombres y OR 1.80 mujeres). En la muestra estudiada, el nivel educativo es un factor asociado a diferentes dimensiones de la salud relacionadas con el bienestar subjetivo y la salud mental.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the educational level with the perceived emotional well-being and the mental health of the Spanish population. In a total of 29,478 adults, participating in the Spanish National Health Survey 2006, we found that low education level is related with poor mental health (OR 1.65 in men and OR 2.36 in women), poor or very poor self-perceived health (OR 2.10 OR 2.53 for men and women), less social support (OR 1.31 OR 1.66 for men and women) and inactivity (OR 2.09 OR 1.80 for men and women). In the Spanish population the educational level is an associated factor related with different health dimensions and to the subjective well-being and mental health perceptions.


Subject(s)
Quality of Life , Social Support , Spain
13.
Rev. cuba. med. trop ; 64(1): 15-21, ene.-abr. 2012.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-615574

ABSTRACT

Introducción: en Cuba las parasitosis intestinales continúan siendo endémicas, con una mayor frecuencia en zonas rurales y montañosas. Después de haber transcurrido casi 25 años desde la última encuesta nacional, se hizo necesario hacer una nueva encuesta para conocer los índices de prevalencia de las parasitosis intestinales y comparar los resultados obtenidos entre ambos estudios. Tal conocimiento resultaría de gran valor para elaborar estrategias de salud y el diseño de programas de control de las infecciones parasitarias intestinales. Objetivo: determinar los índices actuales de prevalencia de las parasitosis intestinales, y comparar los resultados con los de la encuesta anterior luego de haber transcurrido 25 años. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte trasversal durante los meses de mayo a agosto de 2009 en una muestra de la población cubana. A cada uno se le recogió una muestra de heces que fue analizada por el método de examen directo, la técnica de concentración de Willis y el examen de Kato-Katz; también se le llenó un cuestionario. Resultados: al comparar los resultados de las encuestas nacionales de infecciones parasitarias intestinales realizadas en 1984 y 2009, se encontró que en general disminuyeron las infecciones por parásitos, tanto los helmintos como los protozoos patógenos, aunque los infectados con comensales aumentaron su frecuencia en la de 2009. También se produjo una disminución de las frecuencias de infecciones por todas las especies de geohelmintos, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, ancylostomídeos, y Strongyloides stercoralis, así como por los protozoos patógenos Giardia lamblia y Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, y los comensales: Endolimax nana y Entamoeba coli en 2009. La única especie de parásito intestinal que aumentó su frecuencia con respecto a la encuesta de 1984 fue Enterobius vermicularis. En ambos estudios la frecuencia de infección con parásitos o comensales fue mayor en el grupo de 5 a 14 años (edad escolar). Conclusiones: al comparar los resultados de las encuestas nacionales de infecciones parasitarias intestinales realizadas en 1984 y 2009, se encontró que en general disminuyeron las frecuencias de infecciones con parásitos intestinales. El hallazgo en ambos estudios de una frecuencia mayor de infección con parásitos o comensales en el grupo de 5 a 14 años (edad escolar), respalda la recomendación de poner énfasis en los programas de control para las parasitosis intestinales en este grupo de edad.


Introduction: the intestinal parasitic infections are still endemic in Cuba, with a higher frequency in rural and mountain regions. Twenty five years after the last national survey, it deemed necessary to carry out a new national survey in order to know the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and to compare the obtained results between both studies. That knowledge would be valuable to work out strategies of health and to design a control program for intestinal parasitic infections in Cuba. Objective: to determine the current prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Cuba and to compare these results with those obtained from the previous survey after a 25 year-period. Methods: a cross sectional study was conducted from May to August of 2009 in a sample of Cuban population. A stool sample was collected from each individual, which was analyzed by direct examination, Willis' brine flotation method and the Kato-Katz thick smear technique. Additionally, a questionnaire was administered. Results: the comparison between 1984 and 2009 surveys showed a general decrease of frequencies of intestinal parasitic infections caused by both helminths and pathogenic protozoa; however, the percentage of infections with commensal protozoa increased in 2009. In this last survey, there was observed decline of frequencies of infections with soil transmitted species, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and Strongyloides stercoralis and the pathogenic protozoa: Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, and the commensals: Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli. The intestinal parasite Enterobius vermicularis was the only parasitic species that increased the frequency of infections with respect to the 1984 survey. The frequencies of parasitic and commensal infections in both studies were higher in the 5-14 y age group (school age). Conclusions: the comparison between the intestinal parasitic infections surveys of 1984 and 2009 showed a reduction in the frequencies of intestinal parasitic infections in the last survey. The finding in both studies of a higher frequency of pathogenic parasitic infections and commensal infections in the 5-14 y age group (school age) supports the recommendation of making emphasis on the control programs for intestinal parasitic infections in this age group.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cuba/epidemiology , Health Surveys , Prevalence
14.
Rev. argent. cir. cardiovasc. (Impresa) ; 10(1): 21-30, ene-abr. 2012. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-730172

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: conocer la prevalencia de la enfermedad vascular periférica (Enfermedad Arterial Periféricay Enfermedad Cerebro Vascular extra craneana) en distintos puntos de la República Argentina, a través de una encuesta a representantes del CACCVE (Colegio Argentino de CirujanosCardiovasculares y Endovasculares).Material y métodos: mediante una encuesta que se detalla a continuación, se solicitó conocer en porcentajes distintos aspectos de los pacientes atendidos en 2009-2010 a distintos centros de atención vascular: Edad; Sexo; Grupo Étnico (Blanca, Mestiza, Criolla, Aborigen, etc.); Hábitos(Tabaquismo, Sedentarismo, Personalidad); Factores de Riesgo Asociados (Hipertensión Arterial,Diabetes, Dislipidemia, Coronariopatías, Insuficiencia Renal Crónica, Enfermedades Broncopulmonares);Estudios solicitados (Análisis Clínicos, Ecodoppler, Índice Tobillo-Brazo); Medicación (Vasodilatadores, anti agregantes, anti neuríticos y analgésicos); Estadificación (Fontaine, Rutherford, TASC, TASC II); Enfermedad Carotidea (ACAS, NASCET). Resultados: se evaluaron 9500 consultas de pacientes con patología arterial, en CABA, Pcia. Bs. As., Córdoba Capital, Ciudad de Tucumán, Ciudad de Bariloche (Río Negro) y Ciudad de Río Grande (Tierra del Fuego) Se observan diferencias con respecto a la metodología diagnóstica, manejo de factores de riesgo asociados y tratamiento médico con respecto a Guías Internacionales. Se discute sobre grupo etario sobre el que basamos nuestros tratamientos. Conclusión: en muchos aspectos se aplican guías de procedimiento internacionales, sin evaluar previamente sobre nuestras realidades, intentamos mostrar la prevalencia de la Enfermedad ArterialPeriférica considerándolo esencial para optimizar los programas de atención primaria tanto como el tratamiento médico y quirúrgico para esta enfermedad.


Objetivo: conhecer a prevalência da doença vascular periférica (Doença Arterial Periférica e Doença Cérebro Vascular extra craneana) em diferentes pontos da República Argentina, a travésde uma pesquisa realizada com representantes do CACCVE (Colégio Argentino de Cirurgiões Cardiovasculares e Endovasculares).Material e métodos: Utilizando uma pesquisa apresentada em detalhes em continuação, solicitou-se conhecer em porcentagens, diversos aspectos dos pacientes atendidos no período 2009-2010 em diferentes centros de atendimento vascular: Idade; Sexo; Grupo Étnico (Branco, Preto, Pardo, Indígena, etc.); Hábitos (Tabaquismo, Sedentarismo, Personalidade ); Fatores de Risco Associados (Hipertensão Arterial, Diabetes, Dislipidemia, Coronariopatias, Insuficiência RenalCrônica, Doenças Broncopulmonares); Exames solicitados (Análises Clínicas, Ecodoppler, Índice Tornozelo Braquial); Medicação (Vasodilatadores, antiagregantes, anti neuríticos e analgésicos); Classificação (Fontaine, Rutherford, TASC, TASC II); Doença Carotídea (ACAS, NASCET). Resultados: Avaliaram-se 9500 consultas de pacientes com patología arterial, em CABA, Província de Bs. As., Córdoba Capital, Cidade de Tucumán, Cidade de Bariloche (Rio Negro) e Cidade de Rio Grande (Terra do Fogo). Observam-se diferenças relacionadas à metodologia diagnóstica, manejo de fatores de risco associados e tratamento médico com respeito a Guias Internacionais.Discute-se sobre grupo etário no qual baseamos nossos tratamentos. Conclusão: Em muitos aspectos aplicam-se guias de procedimento internacionais, sem avaliar previamente sobre nossas realidades. Tentamos mostrar a prevalência da Doença Arterial Periféricaconsiderando-a essencial para otimizar os programas de atendimento primário como também o tratamento médico e cirúrgico para esta doença.


Objective: to collect information on the prevalence of peripheral vascular disease (Peripheral Arterial Disease and Extra-cranial Cerebrovascular Disease) in different regions of Argentina through a survey of CACCVE (Colegio Argentino de Cirujanos Cardiovasculares y Endovasculares) representatives.Material and Methods: the following survey was distributed to know the percentage of certain different criteria in the patients followed-up between 2009-2010 at different vascular centers: age; gender; ethnic group (Caucasian, Mestizos, Creole, Indigenous, etc.); Habits (Smoking,Sedentarism, Personality ); Associated Risk Factors (Arterial Hypertension, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Coronary Disease, Chronic Renal Failure, Bronchopulmonary Disease); Tests indicated (Clinical Laboratory, Ecodoppler, Ankle Arm Index); Medication ( vasodilators, antiagreggants, antineuritics and pain medication); Staging (Fontaine, Rutherford, TASC, TASC II); Carotiddisease (ACAS, NASCET). Results: 9,500 patients with arterial disease were followed in the city of Buenos Aires, the province of Buenos Aires, the capital city of Cordoba, city of Tucumán, City of Bariloche (Rio Negro) andCity of Rio Grande (Tierra del Fuego). Differences are seen in the diagnostic methodology, management of concomitant risk factors and medical treatment according to the internationalguidelines. Also the age group for treatment indication is taken into consideration. Conclusion: In many cases international operating guidelines are applied disregarding the local reality, we tried to indicate the prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease as we consider this information to be essential in order to optimize primary care programs both for the medical and surgical treatment of this disease.


Subject(s)
Humans , Health Surveys , Peripheral Arterial Disease/epidemiology , Argentina/epidemiology , Carotid Artery Diseases , Prevalence
15.
Salud pública Méx ; 52(supl.1): S4-S10, 2010. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-549136

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe: a) the methods used to quantify biochemical indicators of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), and other cardiovascular risk indicators in the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006 (ENSANUT 2006) and b) compare the sub-sample with the non-selected participants in diverse socio-demographic, anthropometric and health characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A sub-sample of 6 021 fasting adult participants was randomly selected from the total fasting participants (n=39 425). We compared diverse socio-demographic, anthropometric and health parameters between this sub-sample and the rest of the participants. RESULTS: No differences were found in sociodemographics characteristics, except age, between the sub-sample and from the rest of the fasting adults. In addition no difference were found between prevalences of overweight and obesity, central obesity, and previously diagnosed high blood pressure, T2D or hypertrigliceridemia. CONCLUSIONS: The randomly selected sub-sample was not essentially different from the rest of the fasting subjects. Thus, no bias is expected in the interpretation of cardiovascular risk indicators derived from these data.


OBJETIVO: Describir: a) los métodos usados para definir Diabetes tipo 2 (T2D), y otros indicadores de riesgo cardiovascular en la submuestra de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2006 (ENSANUT 2006) y b) comparar en características sociodemográficas, antropométricas y otros determinantes de salud a los participantes de la submuestra con los no seleccionados. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Una submuestra de 6 021 adultos fue seleccionada aleatoriamente de la totalidad de participantes en ayuno (n= 39 425). Se compararon parámetros sociodemográficos, antropométricos y de salud entre la submuestra y el resto de los participantes. RESULTADOS: No se encontraron diferencias en ninguna de las variables sociodemográficas, a excepción de la edad; ni en la prevalencia de sobrepeso, obesidad abdominal, diagnóstico previo de hipertensión, T2D, hipercolestrolemia e hipertrigliceridemia entre los adultos de la submuestra y los no seleccionados. CONCLUSIONES: La submuestra no fue estadísticamente diferente del resto de los sujetos no seleccionados. Por ello, no se espera un sesgo en la interpretación de los indicadores de riesgo cardiovascular derivados del análisis de estos datos.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , /epidemiology , Health Surveys , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Nutrition Surveys , Data Collection/methods , Fasting/blood , Hypertension/epidemiology , Hypertriglyceridemia/epidemiology , Mexico/epidemiology , Obesity/epidemiology , Overweight/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Sampling Studies , Selection Bias , Socioeconomic Factors , Young Adult
16.
Salud pública Méx ; 51(supl.2): s345-s349, 2009. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-509413

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Presentar una síntesis de los resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Reproductiva 2003 sobre la práctica de revisión y examen clínico de los senos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Por medio de estadísticas descriptivas y modelos de regresión múltiple se identificaron las principales características sociodemográficas y sitios de información sobre la práctica de revisión y el examen clínico de los senos en cerca de 20 000 mujeres, de 15 a 49 años, residentes en áreas rurales y urbanas del país. RESULTADOS: Las mujeres jóvenes con menor escolaridad y estrato socioeconómico, residentes de áreas urbanas, informaron un práctica significativamente baja tanto de la revisión como del examen clínico de los senos. La frecuencia de mujeres con cáncer de mama (CaMa) fue mayor en el área rural respecto de la urbana. CONCLUSIONES: Es necesario establecer medidas para la estandarización y control de la calidad del examen clínico de los senos y coadyuvar a la prevención y control del CaMa en México.


OBJECTIVE: To present a summary of the results of the National Survey of Reproductive Health 2003 regarding the practice of self and clinical breast examination. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The main sociodemographic characteristics and site of information about self and clinical breast examination, in 20 000 women 15 to 49 years of age residing in rural and urban areas, were identified by simple statistics and logistic regression models. RESULTS: Younger women with lower scholarity and socioeconomical status residing in rural areas informed a statistically lower self and clinical breast examination. A higher frequency of breast cancer was found in rural vs. urban area. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies for standardization and quality control for the clinical breast examination are needed to contribute in the prevention and control of breast cancer in Mexico.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis , Health Surveys , Mexico , Physical Examination , Reproductive Medicine , Young Adult
17.
Salud pública Méx ; 49(supl.3): s370-s376, 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-459385

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Analizar la distribución y frecuencia de anticuerpos protectores contra sarampión en una muestra representativa estatal en niños de 1-9 años, así como contribuir a la evaluación de los programas de vacunación contra este agente. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se estudió la presencia de anticuerpos contra el virus del sarampión en una muestra de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2000. Los sueros se recolectaron de noviembre de 1999 a junio de 2000. La muestra consta de 6 270 niños y se utilizó la técnica de reducción de placas por neutralización. RESULTADOS: La seropositividad (>120 UI/L) de los niños de 1-4 años fue menor que la de los niños de 5-9 años, 98.3 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 97.7-98.8) contra 99.4 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 99.2-99.6, p<0.001). Los niveles de seropositividad se incrementaron con el número de dosis de vacuna de sarampión o sarampión-rubeola-parotiditis y no dependen de género, residencia o nivel socioeconómico. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados muestran que existe una cobertura adecuada en la vacunación; sin embargo, al expandir los datos se observó que existen 417 000 niños que presentaron títulos negativos de anticuerpos, por lo que son susceptibles de adquirir, transmitir el virus y contribuir a la generación de brotes de la enfermedad.


OBJECTIVE: To analyze the frequency and distribution of protective antibodies against measles in a sample of children from 1-9 years old representative of each of the 32 states in Mexico; to contribute to the evaluation of the measles vaccination programs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Measles antibodies (plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) assay) were studied in 6 270 sera selected from the 24 232 sera from children 1-9 years of age, collected by the 2000 National Health Survey (ENSA 2000) that was conducted from November 1999 to June 2000. RESULTS: Proportion of seropositive samples (>120 IU/L) among 1-4 year-old children (98.3 percent [95 percentCI: 97.7-98.8]) was less than that of 5-9 year-old children (99.4 percent [95 percentCI: 99.2-99.6]; p<0.001). Seropositivity was associated with the number of measles and/or measles-rubella-mumps vaccine doses and was not associated with gender, place of residence or socio-economic status. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that there is adequate vaccination coverage. However, the expansion of data revealed that there are 417 000 children with negative antibody titers who are susceptible to acquiring the disease, transmitting the virus and causing outbreaks.

18.
Salud pública Méx ; 49(supl.3): s421-s426, 2007. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-459391

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To report the comparative results of the sub-sample of fasting adults selected for the biochemical measurement of cardiovascular risk factors and the rest of the Mexican Health Survey (MHS) (2000) participants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The nationally representative, cross-sectional Mexican Health Survey (2000) was analyzed. Survey participants reporting a fasting state period of 9- to 12-h were included in a sub-sample (n= 2 535) and compared with all other participants (n= 41 126). Prevalence and 95 percent confidence intervals (95 percentCI) were calculated for socio-demographic, anthropometric, health and personal background characteristics and compared between groups using Pearson chi2 to determine significant differences. Mean and 95 percentCI and a T-test were calculated to analyze continuous variables. RESULTS: From the 45 294 adults participating in the MHS, 5.59 percent were at fasting state. The fasting sub-sample (FS) had a higher male-to-female ratio and was on average 3.5 years younger than the non-fasting participants (NF) and had a 1.5cm wider average waist circumference. No differences were found in location, country region, socio-economic status, indigenous population, or literacy. Also, no differences were found in weight, height, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, prevalence of diabetes mellitus, previous medical diagnosis of dislypidemias, or tobacco or alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION: This paper documents the characteristics of the fasting sub-sample from the Mexican Health Survey (MHS). Overall, the non-fasting participants had no relevant differences that can contribute to generate biased results in the analysis of biochemical indicators of cardiovascular risk.


OBJETIVO: Reportar los resultados comparativos de la sub-muestra de adultos en ayuno, seleccionados para la medición bioquímica de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y el resto de los participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENSA) 2000. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizó la ENSA, una encuesta transversal y representativa a nivel nacional. Los participantes que reportaron un período de ayuno de 9- a 12-h se incluyeron en la submuestra (n= 2,535) y se compararon con el resto de los participantes (n= 41,126). Se calculó la prevalencia e intervalo de confianza del 95 por ciento (IC95 por ciento) para las características sociodemográficas, antropométricas, de salud y antecedentes personales, y se compararon entre los grupos utilizando ² de Pearson para determinar diferencias significativas. Asimismo, se calcularon medianas con su IC95 por ciento y prueba de T para analizar las variables continuas. RESULTADOS: De los 45 294 adultos que participaron en la ENSA, 5.59 por ciento estuvieron en ayuno. La submuestra de ayuno (SA) tuvo una razón hombre-mujer más alta y fue en promedio 3.5 años más joven que el resto de los participantes (NA). Asimismo, tuvieron una cintura promedio 1.5cm más grande. No se encontraron diferencias en localidad, región, nivel socioeconómico, población indígena o educación. Tampoco se encontraron diferencias en peso, talla, IMC, presión sistólica ni diastólica, prevalencia de diabetes mellitus, diagnóstico previo de dislipidemias, y consumo de tabaco y alcohol. CONCLUSION: Esta comunicación documenta las características de la muestra de ayuno de la ENSA. En general, los participantes en ayuno no tuvieron diferencias relevantes que puedan contribuir a generar resultados sesgados en el análisis de indicadores bioquímicos de riesgo cardiovascular.

19.
Salud ment ; 29(6): 57-64, nov.-dic. 2006.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-985986

ABSTRACT

resumen está disponible en el texto completo


Abstract: Introduction Violence is recognized as a Public Health problem around the world. In the specific case of Intímate Partner Abuse, which occurs at home, women are particularly vulnerable to be abused by their partners. In Mexico, as in other countries in Latin America, the systematic study of violence towards women is incipient. However, it is a highly predominant problem, which has a big impact on women's health, and represents a significant challenge to the Health System demanding health care due to intentional injuries. This paper analyzed information generated by the first National Survey of violence against women in 2003 (ENVIM, by his name in Spanish). Objective The main objective is to identify the factors associated with the health services utilization by women, because of partner abuse. Methodology A cross-sectional design was used, including women users of health care services on public institutions all over the country in 2003. Intimate partner abuse was defined as "the repetitive event of abuse from the male partner side towards the woman, that is characterized by coercive conducts that could include physical, emotional or sexual violence". It was measure in a scale of 27 items, using the Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA) and the Severity of Violence against Women Scale (SVAWS). Both indexes were vali-dated previously in Mexican population. A factorial analysis was used and the factors that explain the variability were obtained. The selection of women to be interviewed was done using a probabilistic stratify biethapic sample. For the first one, medical unites were selected, and for the second, women over 14 years old who went to those medical unities to demand any kind of health care services. The ethic considerations were resolved using the next procedures: participants received information about the research objectives and signed an informant consent letter endorsed by the ethical committee of the Institution. They also received a brochure with information about the local institutions where they can go in case of abuse. Interviewers trained in technical areas as well as abuse management using a questionnaire on private spaces did the data collection. The answer rate was of 98%. The analyzed variables were Socio demographic, search of support on the health staff or reasons for not doing this. An index of socio-economic level categorized as very low, medium and high. Type of institution and services used. The dependent variable was utilization of the health services to attend the injuries due to a partner abuse event, during the last 12 months. The analysis used was simple and bivariate using chi square, and binary logistic regression model. The final model included the variables that in the binary showed a value of p<0.25. We ad-justed the model using the Goodness of Fit Test of Pearson. Results From 24,958 women that utilized public health services 21% reported to have had a partner abuse event in the last year. From these, only 7.3% utilized health services. The more important variables were: age between 25 to 34 years old, elementary schooling and women having a job. Of the sample 94% belong to the very low and medium socio-economic levels; almost half of them (47%) do not have health insurance. More than 80% have a partner at present; 7.6% reported severe violence. From those who had injuries, 72% declared to have had just one minor injury (bruises, body aches), 25.5% reported more than one type of injuries, from which 10.8% were severe and required surgery or hospitalization. The type of injuries that demand more utilization of health services were those subsequent to sexual abuse as genital infection and genital bleeding. Only 45% of the women users' report to have medical insurance. Less than 6% of abused women talked with the health staff about their abuse situation and the main reason was the lack of trust. The factors associated to the utilization of health services were ages over 24 years(ORA 1.57, CI 95% 1.9 - 2.06) alcohol intake by the women (ORA =1.66 CI 95% 1.57-1.75) High Socio economic status (ORA =1.29 CI95% 1.07-1.54). The model was adjusted by severity index and to having medical insurance. There were not significative interactions (p>0.15) and the global adjusted model was p= 0.23. Discussion and conclusions There is a low percentage of abused women injured that utilize formal medical care. This is a very important result for the identification of prevention and control strategies of the partner abuse problem in the health services. The study shows the existence of different types of injuries or medical problems such as genital infections and bleedings, fainting spells, body aches that provoked on one hand that women did not seek medical attention immediately and on the other that the health staff could not identify this kind of health problems with intimate partner abuse. There is a group of more vulnerable women who do not use health services to take care of the consequences of abuse, because they are uninsured. This inequality reveals that it is urgent to provide support services to poor women in the country. The finding about the difficulty for battered women to report their injuries to the health staff because of their lack of trust, agrees with different studies that report the different obstacles found by abused women in facing the health services. The last situation reveals the obstacles to be solved for the NOM implementation too. It is important to mention the study limitations related with the design utilized, and the selection bias due to the inclusion only of users of services. This situation leaves at one side women with less resources, who confront big obstacles for the utilization of health services, and at the other, women from high socio-economic levels, who utilize private health services; therefore there is no accuracy the point out differences. The way in which the question about the utilization of health services was made, makes it difficult to know the number of times these were used. This variable must be explored in future studies. The information generated by the ENVIM allows the Health Sector to define identification-attention strategies of battered women and provides information about the importance of training the health staff to generate trust among in partner-abused women.

20.
Arch. cardiol. Méx ; 75(1): 96-111, ene.-mar. 2005. graf, mapas, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-631864

ABSTRACT

Propósito: A través de una Re-encuesta Nacional sobre Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica (HTAS) y Factores de Riesgo Cardiovascular, en población adulta con HTAS identificada en encuestas nacionales de salud del año 2000; Determinar: 1) Las tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad. 2) La incidencia e interrelación en el tiempo con otros factores de riesgo, tales como Obesidad, Dislipidemia, Diabetes y Tabaquismo. 3) Los principales factores de riesgo asociados a HTAS que influencian la aparición de complicaciones, necesidad y numero de días de hospitalización. 4) El grado de adherencia y tipo de medicación usada por el paciente hipertenso. Métodos: La Re-encuesta Nacional de Hipertensión (RENAHTA) fue realizada en el periodo 2003-2004. La encuesta es tipo III del método paso a paso descrito por la OMS. La población estudiada correspondió en su mayoría (73%) a individuos detectados en encuestas nacionales previas. El muestreo fue ponderado a priori tomando en cuenta una prevalencia nacional promedio de HTAS de 30.05% y su correspondiente para cada estado de la República. Error máximo permisible en la estimación = 0.28, Efecto de diseño = 4.5; y, Tasa de respuesta esperada (0.70). Resultados: De 14 567 como muestra inicial, 1165 (8%) sujetos fueron considerados como no hipertensos o falsos positivos en el año 2000. De los 13,402 pacientes restantes se informaron 335 muertes ocurridas en los primeros 2 años de seguimiento (2000-2002), lo que implicó una mortalidad anual de ˜1.15% en la población hipertensa. Así, 13,067 sobrevivientes, fueron sujetos a análisis. La edad al momento de la re-encuesta fue 45.6 ± 12.6. El (40.5%) fueron hombres (n=5,295), hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la talla, pero no en el peso entre ambos géneros. El control de la HTAS subió de 14.6% en el 2000 a 19.2% en el 2004. Se duplicó la cifra de diabéticos de 16% a 30% (p < .001). El 54% de la población estudiada requirió de hospitalización al menos ...


Objective: Based on a National Re-survey on Hypertension (HTA) and other cardiovascular risk factors performed in Mexico during 2003 and 2004 in the adult population with HTA, as identified in the 2000 National Survey of Health, this study was planed to determine: 1) morbidity and mortality rates; 2) the incidence and interrelation with other risk factors, such as overweight, obesity, dyslipidemia, nephropathy and diabetes; 3) the main risk factors associated to HTA involved in its complications, need for hospitalization and number of days; and, 4) the degree of therapeutical adhesion and the type of antihypertensive drugs used. Methods: The survey was of type III using the step by step method described by WHO. Sampling was weighed a priori taking into account a national prevalence average of HTA of 30.05% and its corresponding rate for each federal state. Permissible maximum error in the estimation = 0.28. Effect of design = 4.5; and, Rate of awaited answer (0.70). Results: From the initial 14,567 interviewed patients, 1,165 (8%) subjects were considered non-hypertensive or false positives at the 2000 survey. From the 13,402 remaining patients, 335 died during the first 2 years of pursuit, which implies an annual mortality of ˜1.15% in the hypertensive population. Thus, 13,067 survivors were subjected to the final analysis. The mean age at the re-survey was 45.6 ± 12.6; 40.5% were men (n = 5,295). There was a statistically significant difference in height, but not in weight between both genders. The control HTAwas raised 14.6% in the year 2000 and 19.2% in 2004. The prevalence of diabetes was duplicated from 16% to 30% (< .001). Fifty four percent of the whole population required hospitalization at least once during the period of study. The rates of overweight, obesity, and dyslipidemia rose significantly (p < 0.05) independently from age, federal state, and gender. Conclusion: RENAHTA shows the impact of hypertension on the morbidity and mortality during the 3.1 ± 1.5 years of follow-up in Mexico. It alerts us on the need to reinforce the strategies of attention and prevention of this crucial risk factor and of screening the dynamic nonlinear interaction between the main cardiovascular risk factors in Mexico. New hypotheses are proposed forthe metabolic syndrome.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Hypertension/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Health Surveys , Hypertension/complications , Mexico/epidemiology , Prevalence , Risk Factors
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