ABSTRACT
Se analizaron los datos de accidentes por serpientes, registrados en las estadísticas de morbilidad de la Dirección de Epidemiología y Análisis Estratégico del Ministerio de Sanidad y Desarrollo Social. En Venezuela, entre los años 1996-2004, se registraron 53.792 mordeduras de serpientes (5.976 casos, en promedio, por año); con mayor incidencia en 2004 (7.486 incidentes). De todos los estados, Zulia reportó la mayor frecuencia (5.975 casos); mientras que la región Centro-Occidental, constituida por los estados Lara, Portuguesa, Falcón y Yaracuy, tuvo mayor morbilidad por mordeduras con 13.426. La mayor tasa por ofidismo, distribuida por estados, se registró en Cojedes, en el año 2001, con 228,72 casos por 100.000 habitantes. Cuando se determinó por regiones la mayor se ubicó, en 2004, en los Llanos, con 63,81 por 100.000 habitantes. La mediana de la tasa de incidencia para Venezuela en el periodo fue de 24,46 accidentes por 100.000 habitantes. La clasificación de las áreas de endemicidad por ofidismo, según los percentiles 25, 50, 75 y 90, ordenó al país en: (a) estados y regiones de muy alta endemicidad, (b) alta endemicidad, (c) mediana, (d) baja y (e) muy baja endemicidad. Las cifras indicaron que los accidentes causados por serpientes constituyen un problema de salud colectiva en Venezuela.
The data of accidents caused by snakebites in Venezuela, registered at the morbidity statistics of the Direction of Epidemiology and Strategic Analysis of the Ministry of Health and Social Development were analyzed. During the years of 1996-2004, 53,792 snakebites were registered in Venezuela (5,976 cases average per year), with a higher incidence during the year 2004 (7,486 incidents). Zulia reported the highest frequency of all the states (5,975 cases); meanwhile the Midwestern region, constituted by Lara, Portuguesa, Falcón and Yaracuy states, had a higher morbidity for snake bites. The highest incidence, distributed per states was registered in Cojedes, during the year 2001, with 228.72 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. When it was determined by regions, the highest incidence occurred during the year 2004 at los Llanos with 63.81 per 100,000 inhabitants. The median of the incidence rate for Venezuela during the period was of 21.46 accidents per 100,000 inhabitants. The classification of the endemic areas for ophidism, according to the percentiles 23, 50, 75 and 90, organized the country in: (a) states and regions of very high endemicity, (b) high endemicity, (c) middle, (d) low and (e) very low endemicity. These epidemiological data indicated that the accidents caused by snakes constitute a collective health problem in Venezuela.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Snake Bites/epidemiology , Endemic Diseases , Geographic Mapping , Incidence , Venezuela/epidemiologyABSTRACT
INTRODUÇÃO: A esquistossomose se constitui em grande problema de saúde pública, sendo que estimativas apontam para 200 milhões de pessoas infectadas no mundo. No Brasil atinge 19 unidades federadas, apresentando áreas de alta e média endemicidade e, em uma grande extensão, áreas de baixa endemicidade. O município de Barra Mansa, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, apresenta uma prevalência estimada de 1%. As áreas de baixa endemicidade (ABE) representam um novo desafio para o controle dessa helmintose, pois cerca de 75% dos indivíduos infectados são assintomáticos e cursam com infecções de baixa carga parasitária (<100 ovos por grama de fezes), ocorrendo uma diminuição da sensibilidade das técnicas parasitológicas de fezes, que são referência para o diagnóstico laboratorial dessa helmintose. OBJETIVO: Comparar o desempenho das técnicas de Kato-Katz (KK) e Hoffman, Pons e Janer (HH), do ensaio de ELISA-IgG e ELISA-IgM, da técnica de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI), da técnica de qPCR TaqMan® em amostras de fezes e de soro (qPCR-fezes e qPCR-soro), tendo como referência a Reação Periovular (RPO), por meio de inquérito epidemiológico para obtenção de amostras de fezes e soro de indivíduos randomizados residentes nos bairros de Cantagalo, Nova Esperança, Santa Clara, São Luiz e Siderlândia, Barra Mansa/RJ. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal, no período de abril a dezembro de 2011, de amostragem probabilística, sendo coletadas 610 amostras de fezes e 612 amostras de soro. As técnicas de investigação diagnóstica laboratorial foram: KK e HH, ELISA-IgG e ELISA-IgM, RIFI-IgM, RPO, qPCR-fezes e qPCR-soro. RESULTADOS: Observaram-se os seguintes resultados, obtidos das diferentes técnicas diagnósticas: KK e HH, 0,8% (n=5); ELISA-IgG, 11,6% (n=71); ELISA-IgM, 21,4% (n=131); RIFI-IgM, 15,8 (n=97); RPO, 5,4% (n=33); qPCR-fezes, 9,8% (n=60);...
INTRODUCTION: Schistosomiasis constitutes a major public health problem, and estimates suggest that 200 million people are infected worldwide. In Brazil, it is reported in 19 federal units, showing areas of high and medium endemicity and a wide range of areas of low endemicity. Barra Mansa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has an estimated prevalence of 1%. Areas of low endemicity (ALE) represent a new challenge for the helminth control because about 75% of infected individuals are asymptomatic and infections occur with low parasite load (< 100 eggs per gram of feces), causing a decrease in sensitivity of stool parasitological techniques, which are a reference for the laboratory diagnosis of this helminth. OBJECTIVE: To compare the performance of the techniques of Kato-Katz (KK), Hoffman, Pons and Janer (HH), ELISA-IgG and ELISA-IgM, the Indirect Immunofluorescence Technique (IFT) and the qPCR technique in samples of serum and stool (qPCR in feces and serum) using the Circumoval Precipitin Test (COPT) as reference, and epidemiological survey to obtain stool samples and sera from randomized residents in the neighborhoods of Cantagalo, Nova Esperança, Santa Clara, São Luiz and Siderlândia, Barra Mansa/RJ. METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted from April to December 2011, using a probabilistic sampling that collected 610 fecal samples and 612 serum samples. The laboratory diagnostic techniques used were: KK and HH, ELISA-IgG and ELISA-IgM, IFA-IgM, COPT, qPCR-stool and qPCR-serum. RESULTS: We obtained the following results from different diagnostic techniques: KK and HH, 0.8% (n=5); ELISA-IgG, 11.6% (n=71); ELISA-IgM, 21.4% (n=131); IFA-IgM 15.8 (n=97); RPO 5.4% (n=33); qPCR-stools, 9.8% (n=60) and qPCR-serum, 1 5% (n=9). ELISA-IgM (21.4%) presented the highest positivity while the techniques of HH and KK were the least sensitive to indicate the presence of infection (0.8%). In comparison with COPT, except for qPCR-serum, all other techniques showed a...