Nuevos registros de Puya (Bromeliaceae) en el departamento de Lambayeque, Perú / New records of Puya (Bromeliaceae) in the department of Lambayeque, Peru

Resumen Este estudio proporciona una lista comentada de las especies de Puya (Bromeliaceae) registradas en el departamento de Lambayeque, Perú. Se reportan un total de cinco especies, de las cuales cuatro se registran por primera vez y una de ellas se confirma como endemismo de los Andes del Departamento. Las ecorregiones donde se encuentran corresponden al Bosque Seco estacional (BSe), la transición Matorral Desértico-Bosque Seco (MD-BS) y Jalca (JA). Se presenta una clave para las especies reportadas y se discuten las razones de los endemismos, amenazas y sus criterios de categorización.

Abstract This study provides an annotated checklist of the Puya (Bromeliaceae) species registered from Lambayeque Department; Peru. A total of five species are reported, four are registered for the first time and one of them is confirmed as endemism of Lambayeque Andes. Species were from the seasonal Dry Forest (BSe), Desert Scrub-Dry Forest transition (MD-BS) and Jalca (JA) ecoregions. A key for the Puya reported species is presented and the reasons for endemisms, threats and their categorization criteria are discussed.

Distribution of freshwater fish from the Southern Neotropics reveals three new areas of endemism and show diffuse limits among freshwater ecoregions

Ecoregions and areas of endemism are central concepts in biogeography. Based on collection records and the Endemic Analyses implemented with NDM/VNDM method we analyzed fish areas of endemism in the junction of three freshwater ecoregions related to the Rio de la Plata estuary (Lower Parana, Lower Uruguay, Laguna dos Patos) in Southern Neotropical region. Using two grid cell sizes, results obtained showed the same general patterns. Areas of endemism recovered were mainly associated either to Lower Uruguay or to Laguna dos Patos. In both ecoregions nested areas of endemism were identified within larger patterns of endemism. Noteworthy, one area recovered occurred across Lower Uruguay and Laguna dos Patos limits. Our results also suggest a revision of the Lower Uruguay and Lower Parana ecoregion limits, and highlight the relevance of the Rio de la Plata estuary as a barrier and corridor for freshwater fishes in the area.(AU)

Las ecorregiones y áreas de endemismo son conceptos centrales en biogeografía. Basados en registros de colecciones y el análisis de endemismo implementado en NDM/VNDM, analizamos áreas de endemismo de peces en el sur de la región Neotropical, en la conjunción de tres ecorregiones de agua dulce relacionadas al estuario del Río de la Plata (Bajo Paraná, Bajo Uruguay, Laguna de los Patos). Usando dos tamaños de grilla, los resultados obtenidos mostraron los mismos patrones generales. Las áreas de endemismo obtenidas estuvieron principalmente asociadas tanto a la ecorregión Bajo Uruguay como a la Laguna de los Patos. En los dos casos, fueron identificadas áreas de endemismo anidadas dentro de los grandes patrones de endemismo. Además, se destacó un área que atravesó los límites de ambas ecorregiones. Nuestros resultados también sugieren que es necesaria una revisión de los límites entre Bajo Uruguay y Bajo Paraná y resaltan la relevancia del estuario del Río de la Plata como barrera y corredor para los peces de agua dulce de esta región.(AU)

El género Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) en el departamento de Lambayeque, Perú / The genus Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) in the department of Lambayeque, Peru

Resumen Se presentan 26 taxones de Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) que ocurren en el departamento de Lambayeque, Perú, de los cuales 12 se registran por primera vez, ocupando distintas ecoregiones y formaciones vegetales, desde el tillandsial de poca elevación hasta la Jalca. Se presentan claves dicotómicas para la determinación de los subgéneros, especies y variedades y además se proporcionan datos actualizados de distribución geográfica, rango altitudinal, usos y de conservación.

Abstract There are 26 taxa of Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) that occur in the department of Lambayeque, Peru, of which 12 are registered for the first time, occupying different ecoregions and plant formations, from the low tillandsial to the Jalca. Dichotomous keys for the determination of subgenera, species and varieties are presented and updated data on geographical distribution, altitudinal range, uses and conservation are also provided.

Evaluación de análisis de endemicidad y PAE para identificar trazos generalizados, a partir de las serpientes del estado de Hidalgo, México / Evaluation of PAE and endemicity analysis for identifying generalized tracks using snakes in Hidalgo, Mexico

Resumen:Uno de los conceptos centrales en la Panbiogeografía es el trazo generalizado, el cual representa una biota ancestral que se ha fragmentado por eventos geológicos y puede recuperarse a través de distintos métodos, que incluyen el análisis de simplicidad de endemismos (PAE) y el análisis de endemicidad (AE). El PAE es un método frecuentemente utilizado para la identificación de trazos generalizados, mientras que el AE fue diseñado para encontrar áreas de endemismo, pero recientemente se ha usado también para identificar trazos generalizados. En este trabajo se evaluaron ambos métodos para la identificación de los trazos generalizados a partir de los datos de 84 serpientes distribuidas en el estado de Hidalgo, México. Con el PAE se obtuvo un trazo generalizado formado por tres trazos individuales (Agkistrodon taylori, Crotalus totonacus y Pliocercus elapoides), que corresponden a sinapomorfías que apoyan al clado principal. La prueba de robustez estadística mostró un soporte del 89 %, mientras que con el AE se identificaron dos áreas de endemismo con valores del índice de endemicidad de 2.71-2.96 y 2.84- 3.09 respectivamente, las cuales fueron transformadas a trazos generalizados; el primero formado por tres trazos individuales (Micrurus bernadi, Rhadinaea marcellae y R. quinquelineata) y el segundo formado por dos trazos individuales (Geophis mutitorques y Thamnophis sumichrasti). Estos trazos generalizados pueden considerarse un solo patrón de distribución, dada la cercanía geográfica y su topología. Al compararse los métodos se observó que ambos son útiles para la identificación de trazos generalizados, y aunque son independientes, se sugiere su uso de manera complementaria. Sin embargo, para una correcta aplicación e interpretación de los resultados, es necesario considerar las bases teóricas de cada método, así como la correcta elección del tamaño de las unidades de estudio. En el caso particular del AE si se utilizan tamaños de celda pequeños éstos pueden resultar ideales para la búsqueda de patrones biogeográficos a través de límites geopolíticos y esta información puede favorecer la realización de pro- puestas de conservación a nivel estatal que consideren a las especies con distribuciones restringidas, pues la pérdida de éstas representaría la extinción de linajes únicos.

Abstract:One of the most important concepts in Panbiogeography is the generalized track, which represents an ancestral biota fragmented by geological events that can be recovered through several methods, including Parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) and endemicity analysis (EA). PAE has been frequently used to identify generalized tracks, while EA is primarily designed to find areas of endemicity, but has been recently proposed for identifying generalized tracks as well. In this study we evaluated these methods to find generalized tracks using the distribution of the 84 snake species of Hidalgo. PAE found one generalized track from three individual tracks (Agkistrodon taylori, Crotalus totonacus and Pliocercus elapoides), supported by 89 % of Bootstrap, and EA identified two generalized tracks, with endemicity index values of 2.71-2.96 and 2.84-3.09, respectively. Those areas were transformed to generalized tracks. The first generalized track was retrieved from three individual tracks (Micrurus bernadi, Rhadinaea marcellae and R. quinquelineata), and the second was recovered from two individual tracks (Geophis mutitorques and Thamnophis sumichrasti). These generalized tracks can be considered a unique distribution pattern, because they resembled each other and agreed in shape. When comparing both methods, we noted that both are useful for identifying generalized tracks, and although they can be used independently, we suggest their complementary use. Nevertheless, to obtain accurate results, it is useful to consider theoretical bases of both methods, along with an appropriate choice of the size of the area. Results using small-grid size in EA are ideal for searching biogeographical patterns within geopolitical limits. Furthermore, they can be used for conservation proposals at state level where endemic species become irreplaceable, and where losing them would imply the extinction of unique lineages. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (4): 1611-1624. Epub 2016 December 01.

Distribution and conservation of three important bird groups of the Atlantic Forest in north-east Brazil / Distribuição e conservação de três importantes grupos de aves na Floresta Atlântica do Nordeste do Brazil

Abstract The Pernambuco Endemism Center in north-east Brazil has the most fragmented forest cover and the largest number of threatened birds of the whole Atlantic Forest. We analyzed the distribution of three groups of bird species: forest-dependent, endemic and/or threatened using the interpolation method of Inverse Distance Weighting. We also checked the concentration of these birds in protected and unprotected areas, suggesting new sites that need to be protected. The richness concentration of forest-dependent, endemic and/or threatened birds in 123 sites were analysed. There was a greater concentration of the three groups in north Alagoas, south and north Pernambuco, and north and west Paraíba. The distribution of the three groups was almost regular in different vegetation types, although a lower concentration was found in the pioneer formation. There was a greater concentration of birds from all three groups between Pernambuco and Alagoas, and this must be due to the presence of more forest fragments with better structure and vegetation heterogeneity. The protected and unprotected areas hosted important records of endemic and/or threatened birds. We suggested some important places for implementation of new protected areas due to the larger concentrations of the target birds and because they are located within the boundaries of the Important Bird Areas.

Resumo O Centro de Endemismo Pernambuco, situado no Nordeste do Brasil, é o setor mais fragmentado e com o maior número de aves ameaçadas de extinção de toda a Mata Atlântica. Foram analisadas as distribuições das aves florestais, endêmicas e/ou ameaçadas de extinção através do método da interpolação ‘Inverse Distance Weighting’. Também foi verificada a concentração dessas aves em áreas protegidas e não protegidas, sugerindo novas áreas que necessitam ser protegidas. Foi verificada a concentração da riqueza das espécies de aves florestais, endêmicas e ameaçadas em 123 locais. Houve uma maior concentração dos três grupos no norte de Alagoas, sul e norte de Pernambuco, e norte e oeste da Paraíba. A distribuição dos três grupos foi regular nos distintos tipos vegetacionais, apesar de uma menor concentração nas áreas de formação pioneira. Houve maior concentração das aves dos três grupos entre Pernambuco e Alagoas, devido, provavelmente a presença de uma maior quantidade de fragmentos florestais com melhor estrutura e heterogeneidade vegetal. Tanto as áreas protegidas como as não protegidas possuem importantes registros de aves endêmicas e ameaçadas. Sugerimos alguns locais importantes para a implementação de novas áreas protegidas, tendo como base as áreas com maiores concentrações dos três grupos de aves e dentro dos limites das Important Bird Areas.

Regionalización biogeográfica de la mastofauna de los bosques tropicales perennifolios de Mesoamérica / Biogeographic regionalization of the mammals of tropical evergreen forests in Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica is a biologically complex zone that expands from Southern Mexico to extreme Northern Colombia. The biogeographical patterns and relationships of the mammalian fauna associated to the Mesoamerican Tropical Evergreen Forest (MTEF) are poorly understood, in spite of the wide distribution of this kind of habitat in the region. We compiled a complete georeferenced database of mammalian species distributed in the MTEF of specimens from museum collections and scientific literature. This database was used to create potential distribution maps through the use of environmental niche models (ENMs) by using the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-Set Production (GARP) using 22 climatic and topographic layers. Each map was used as a representation of the geographic distribution of the species and all available maps were summed to obtain general patterns of species richness in the region. Also, the maps were used to construct a presence-absence matrix in a grid of squares of 0.5 degrees of side, that was analyzed in a Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE), which resulted in a hypothesis of the biogeographic scheme in the region. We compiled a total of 41 527 records of 233 species of mammals associated to the MTEF. The maximum concentration of species richness (104-138 species) is located in the areas around the isthmus of Tehuantepec, Northeastern Chiapas-Western Guatemala, Western Honduras, Central Nicaragua to Northwestern Costa Rica and Western Panama. The proposed regionalization indicates that mammalian faunas associated to these forests are composed of two main groups that are divided by the isthmus of Tehuantepec in Oaxaca in: a) a Northern group that includes Sierra Madre of Chiapas-Guatemala and Yucatan Peninsula; and b) an austral group, that contains the Pacific slope of Chiapas towards the South including Central America. Some individual phylogenetic studies of mammal species in the region support the relationships between the areas of endemism proposed, which suggest a common biogeographical history. in spite that Mesoamerica is considered one of the most important hotspots for biological conservation, the poor knowledge of the biogeographic patterns, the scarcity of protected areas, and the high rate of habitat transformation due to human activities, make prioritary the development of conservation strategies that include patterns of species richness, endemism, and mammalian associations.

Este trabajo presenta una propuesta de regionalización biogeográfica de los bosques tropicales perennifolios de Mesoamérica, resultado de un análisis de parsimonia de endemismos (PAE), utilizando modelos de nicho ecológico (GARP) con mamíferos terrestres, usando 41 527 registros para las 233 especies de mamíferos reconocidas. La regionalización propuesta muestra que los bosques tropicales perennifolios de Mesoamérica se dividen por el istmo de Tehuantepec en Oaxaca en: a) un grupo septentrional que comprende la Sierra Madre de Chiapas-Guatemala y la Península de Yucatán, y b) un grupo austral, que contiene la vertiente pacífica hacia el sur incluyendo Centroamérica. Además se encontró congruencia con trabajos filogenéticos, lo que sugiere una historia biogeográfica común.

The shallow-water fish assemblage of Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica: structure and patterns in an isolated, predator-dominated ecosystem / El conjunto de peces de aguas poco profundas del Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, Costa Rica: estructura y patrones en un ecosistema aislado dominado por depredadores

Fishes at Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica, were surveyed as part of a larger scientific expedition to the area in September 2009. The average total biomass of nearshore fishes was 7.8 tonnes per ha, among the largest observed in the tropics, with apex predators such as sharks, jacks, and groupers accounting for nearly 40% of the total biomass. The abundance of reef and pelagic sharks, particularly large aggregations of threatened species such as the scalloped hammerhead shark (up to 42 hammerheads ha-1) and large schools of jacks and snappers show the capacity for high biomass in unfished ecosystems in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. However, the abundance of hammerhead and reef whitetip sharks appears to have been declining since the late 1990s, and likely causes may include increasing fishing pressure on sharks in the region and illegal fishing inside the Park. One Galapagos shark tagged on September 20, 2009 in the Isla del Coco National Park moved 255km southeast towards Malpelo Island in Colombia, when it stopped transmitting. These results contribute to the evidence that sharks conduct large-scale movements between marine protected areas (Isla del Coco, Malpelo, Galápagos) in the Eastern tropical Pacific and emphasize the need for regional-scale management. More than half of the species and 90% of the individuals observed were endemic to the tropical eastern Pacific. These high biomass and endemicity values highlight the uniqueness of the fish assemblage at Isla del Coco and its importance as a global biodiversity hotspot.

La biomasa promedio de peces costeros en el Parque Nacional Isla del Coco en septiembre de 2010 fue de 7,8 toneladas por hectárea, entre las más elevadas halladas jamás en zonas tropicales. Los grandes depredadores representaron el 40% de la biomasa total. La abundancia de tiburones costeros y pelágicos, particularmente las enormes agregaciones de tiburón martillo (hasta 42 individuos por hectárea) y los extensos bancos de carángidos y lutjánidos, muestran la capacidad que tienen los ecosistemas marinos no pescados para albergar elevadas biomasas de peces, y hacen de la Isla del Coco un lugar único en el mundo. No obstante, la abundancia de tiburones parece estar decreciendo desde 1999, probablemente a causa de la creciente presión pesquera en la región y la pesca ilegal en el interior del Parque. Un tiburón de Galápagos marcado se dirigió 255km en dirección a la Isla de Malpelo, Colombia. Estos resultados sugieren que los tiburones realizan importantes movimientos entre áreas marinas protegidas (Isla del Coco, Malpelo, Galápagos) en el Pacífico Tropical Oriental y remarcan la necesidad de una gestión regional de estos animales. Más del 50% de las especies y el 90% de individuos observados en los contajes eran endémicos del Pacífico Tropical Oriental.

Flora vascular de las lomas de Villa María y Amancaes, Lima, Perú

En el presente trabajo se informa sobre el inventario de la flora vascular de las lomas de Villa María y Aman-caes, Lima. Las expediciones para inventariar ambas localidades se realizaron en setiembre y octubre del 2011. En ambos lugares fueron registradas 121 especies, agrupadas en 41 familias y 99 géneros. Las familias más diversas fueron Asteraceae y Boraginaceae con 17 y 8 especies respectivamente. En las lomas de Villa María se registraron 112 especies agrupadas en 99 géneros y 39 familias, de las cuales 20 fueron endémicas; siendo una de las lomas más diversas de Lima después de Lachay y Carabayllo. En las lomas de Amancaes se registraron 51 especies agrupadas en 43 géneros y 28 familias, de las cuales 9 fueron endémicas. El bajo número de especies en Amancaes se debe a la reducción del área que ocupa producto del crecimiento urbano. En ambas localidades, la vegetación es predominantemente herbácea, con el 77% de las especies en Villa María y 86% en Amancaes. Ambas lomas están sometidas un gran impacto por la expansión urbana, lo que ha reducido el tamaño de sus áreas y ha contribuido a su contaminación, principalmente con los residuos sólidos.

This paper reports the inventory of vascular flora of Villa Maria and Amancaes Lomas, Lima, Peru. The expeditions for inventorying both locations were conducted in September and October 2011. We registered 121 species in both localities, belonging to 99 genera and 41 families. The most diverse families were Asteraceae and Boraginaceae with 17 and 8 species respectively. Villa Maria lomas 112 species in 99 genera and 39 families were registered, of which 20 are endemic. Villa Maria lomas is one of the most diverse lomas in Lima after Lachay and Carabayllo. In Amancaes lomas, 51 species in 43 genera and 28 families were registered, of which 9 are endemic. The low number of species in Amancaes lomas is due to the reduction of the area occupied, caused by urban growth. In both localities, the vegetation is predominantly herbaceous, with 77% of the species in Villa Maria and 86% in Amancaes. Both lomas are having a high impact by the urban expansion, which has reduced their area size and contributed to their pollution, mainly with solid waste.

Efecto de la explotación forestal sobre la estructura, diversidad y composición florística de los palmitales de la Selva Atlántica en Misiones, Argentina

The effect of forest exploitation on structure, diversity, and floristic composition of palmitodominated Atlantic forests at Misiones, Argentina. The effect of forest exploitation - timber and palmito (Euterpe edulis, Palmae) extraction -on structure, diversity, and floristic composition of forests known as palmitals of the Atlantic Forest of Argentina was analyzed. These palmitals are located in Misiones (54 °13’ W and 25°41´ S). Three 1 ha permanent plots were established: two in the "intangible" zone of the Iguazu National Park (PNI), and another in an exploited forest site bordering the PNI. Three 0.2 ha non-permanent plots were also measured. One was located in the PNI reserve zone where illegal palmito extraction occurs. The other two were in logged forest. All trees and palmitos with DBH> 10 cm were identified and DBH and height were measured. For each of the six sites, richness and diversity of tree species, floristic composition, number of endemic species, and density of harvestable tree species were estimated. The harvest of E. edulis increases density of other tree species, diminishing palmito density. Forest explotation (logging and palmito harvest) is accompanied by an increase in diversity and density of heliophilic species, which have greater timber value in the region. However, this explotation also diminishes the density of palmito, of endemic species which normally grow in low densities, and of species found on the IUCN Red List. Results suggest that forest structure may be managed for timber and palmito production. The "intangible" zone of the PNI has the greatest conservation value in the Atlantic Forest, since a greater number of endemisms and endangered species are found here. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (2): 721-738. Epub 2008 June 30.

Se analizó el efecto del aprovechamiento forestal (maderero y de la extracción de palmitos; Euterpe edulis, Palmae), sobre la estructura, diversidad y composición florística de los bosques denominados palmitales de la Selva Atlántica Argentina (54 °13’ W, 25°41´ S), en la provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Se establecieron 3 ha de parcelas permanentes, dos ubicadas en la zona intangible del Parque Nacional Iguazú (PNI) y otra en un sitio aprovechado forestalmente lindante. Se midieron tres parcelas no permanentes cada una de 0.2 ha. Una se ubicó en la zona de reserva del PNI donde hay extracciones ilegales de palmito. Las otras dos estaban en sitios con aprovechamiento forestal. Todos los árboles y palmitos DAP> 10 cm fueron identificados y se les midió DAP y altura. Para cada uno de los 6 sitios se estimó riqueza y diversidad de especies arbóreas, composición específica, número de especies endémicas y densidad de árboles de especies aprovechables forestalmente. La riqueza y diversidad de especies se correlacionó con la densidad de palmito. Los índices de Shannon de los sitios se compararon con la prueba t y la corrección de Bonferroni. Las estructuras diamétricas considerando todos lo árboles y solo las especies maderables se compararon con la prueba de Duncan. El aprovechamiento de E. edulis aumenta la densidad de otras especies arbóreas, disminuyendo la densidad de palmitos. El aprovechamiento forestal va acompañado de un aumento en la diversidad y en la densidad de especies heliofilas que son las que tienen mayor valor maderero en la región. Este aprovechamiento disminuye la densidad de palmitos, de especies endémicas que normalmente ocurren en bajas densidades y de especies que se encuentran en la lista roja de la UICN. Los resultados sugieren que se puede manejar la estructura del bosque para la producción de maderera y de palmito. La zona intangible del PNI es la que tiene mayor valor para la conservación de la Selva Atlántica ya que en él se encuentran mayor número de endemismos y las especies en peligro de extinción.