A primary study of endoscopic closure of acute gastric perforation using twin grasper combined with endoloops in a porcine survival model / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of twin grasper combined with endoloops on closing acute stomach perforation.Methods Two experimental porcines of stomach perforation underwent endoscopic closure by twin grasper combined with endoloops.Survival conditions and closure of perforating were observed.Results Mild infection and abdominal adhesions were observed in one week after operation.The nylon rope fell off and an ulcer-like lesion was presented in the closed position.The methylene blue leak test was negative.Histologic examination revealed chronic inflammatory cells infiltration,granulation,fibroplasias,and regenerative mucous membrane crawling toward the center of perforation.Conclusion The technique of twin grasper combined with nylon ropes in closing the acute stomach perforation is feasible and effective.

Endoscopic closure of gastric full-thickness defects by application of metallic clips combined with a new type of endoloop / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective To evaluate a new type of endoloop for closure of full-thickness gastric defects left by EFR.Methods A total of 32 patients who underwent EFR at our hospital between October 2014 and February 2015 with gastric fundus submucosal tumors were retrospectively analyzed.After the resection,LeCampTM endoloops and Olympus endoloops were used respectively to close the gastric defect in the study group (n =14) and the control group(n =18).The closure success rates,closure time,complications and the healing rates were compared.Results All lesions were removed by using EFR technique.The closure success rates of the two groups were both 100％.The closure time were 13.86 ± 4.62 minutes and 18.28 ± 6.48 minutes in study group and control group respectively with significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).9.43 ±4.09 metallic clips and 1.00 ±0.00 endoloops were used in study group and 9.67 ± 3.61 metallic clips and 1.06 ± 0.24 endoloops were used in control group (P ＞ 0.05).One patient in study group and 2 patients in control group received abdominal puncture for relieving the pneumoperitoneum during the operation (P ＞ 0.05).No complications such as subcutaneous emphysema,pneumothorax,pneumomediastinum,delayed bleeding,or abdominal infection were found after the operations in either group.The wounds healed in all patients in 2 months after the procedure.Conclusion The use of novel endoloop and metallic clips is a relatively safe,easy,and feasible method for repairing large gastric post-EFR defects,which is of good clinical application value.

Endoloop hecho en casa / Homemade Endoloop

La polipectomía es un procedimiento muy común en endoscopia que no está exento de complicaciones; la más frecuente es el sangrado posterior al procedimiento por lo que se han desarrollado para su prevención numerosas estrategias; una de ellas es el uso de endoloop que ha mostrado buenos resultados para pólipos de pedículo muy largo o grueso. Sin embargo, los kits comerciales para realizar este procedimiento son muy costosos y poco disponibles, lo que hace que en nuestro medio se use muy poco. Aquí presentamos un diseño artesanal de bajo costo diseñado (por el grupo del doctor Sakai en Sao Pablo, Brasil) y la experiencia en nuestro servicio con este.

Although polypectomies are very common procedures in endoscopy, they are not without complications. The most common complication is bleeding following the procedure. Numerous strategies have been developed to prevent bleeding. One of these, the use of an endoloop, has had good results for polyps with very long or thick pedicles. Nevertheless, since commercial endoloop kits for this procedure are very expensive and in short supply, they are not widely used in Colombia. In this article we present a low cost design developed by Dr. Sakai in Sao Paul Brazil for an endoloop that can be made in house, and we present our experience with this tool.

Hemorragia digestiva alta causada por pólipo gástrico hiperplásico: relato de caso / Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage caused by hyperplastic polyp: case report

Conceitualmente, hemorragia digestiva alta (EDA) é definida como qualquer sangramento de localização proximal ao ângulo de Treitz na prática originária do esôfago, estômago e duodeno. Apesar dos avanços, tanto na área diagnóstica quanto terapêutica, a hemorragia digestiva continua sendo uma importante causa de morbimortalidade, com alta incidência e de grande impacto econômico. Mesmo com novas técnicas endoscópicas, a mortalidade permanece elevada com o passar dos anos. No presente artigo, relatamos o caso de uma paciente de 80 anos de idade que deu entrada em nosso serviço, referindo 2 episódios de hematêmeses nas 12 horas que antecederam à admissão hospitalar. Após estabilização hemodinâmica, foi submetida à EDA que revelou grande pólipo gástrico, sem sinais de sangramento ativo. Optou-se por terapia mecânica hemostática combinada (endoloop e hemoclips), com sucesso. Porém houve ressangramento da lesão, com instabilidade hemodinâmica, e a segunda tentativa de hemostasia mecânica foi associada à correção do INR com plasma, já que a paciente fazia uso crônico de warfarin devido à fibrilação atrial crônica. Paciente evoluiu bem, tendo alta após 3 dias da segunda abordagem endoscópica. Estudos recentes evidenciam que a terapia combinada é mais efetiva do que a monoterapia no controle das hemorragias digestivas altas. No presente caso, optamos por dois métodos mecânicos, com êxito somente após a segunda abordagem. Neste caso, a coagulopatia foi o principal fator predisponente na ocorrência do ressagramento. Portanto sempre se deve atentar para sua correção em casos em que se acredite que a alteração possa influenciar negativamente no prognóstico.

Conceptually, upper gastrointestinal bleeding is defined as any bleeding located proximal to the angle of Treitz, originating from the esophagus, stomach and duodenum. Despite advances in the diagnostic and therapeutic methods, gastrointestinal bleeding remains a important cause of morbidity and mortality, with high incidence and economic impact. Even with new endoscopic techniques, mortality remains high over the years. In this article, we report a case of a 80-year-old woman who was admitted in our hospital, referring 2 episodes of hematemeses, 12 hrs before the admission. After hemodynamic stabilization, we submit de patient to a EGD that revealed a large gastric polyp with no signs of active bleeding. We chose a combined therapy, mechanical and haemostatic (end loop and hem clips), successfully. But after this, there was rebreeding, hemodynamic instability, and a second attempt was tried. In the second approach we associated mechanical therapy to correction of INR with plasma, since the patient had chronic use of warfare due to chronic atria fibrillation. Patient recovered well and was discharged three days after the second endoscopic approach. Recent studies show that combined therapy is more effective than monoterapia in controlling high digestive bleeding. In this case we chose two mechanical methods, successfully only after the second approach. In this case the coagulopathy was the main predisposing factor in the rebleeding occurrence. Therefore we must always be attentive to its correction in cases where we believe that it can negatively influence the prognosis.

Study on the Feasibility and the Safety of Hem-o-lok Clipping for Complicated Acute Appendicitis during Laparoscopic Appendectomy

PURPOSE: The objective of this retrospective study is to evaluate the practical feasibility and safety of applying hem-o-lok clips for the closure of the appendiceal stump in complicated appendicitis. METHODS: From January 2009 to April 2010, 267 patients who underwent laparoscopic appendectomies at the Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital were included in this study. Of these patients, 161 were diagnosed by computed tomography as having complicated acute appendicitis. In 107 patients, the appendiceal stump was closed with hem-o-lok clips, whereas in the remaining 160 patients, it was closed with endoloops. These two groups were compared for clinicopathologic data and procedural cost-effectiveness. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of age, sex, hospital stay, or blood loss. Furthermore, postoperative complications were similar and highly acceptable in both groups. However, operation times were significantly shorter and hospital cost was lower for the hem-o-lok group. CONCLUSION: The hem-o-lok clips has advantages such as simplicity of application, a shorter operation time, and lower hospital cost when used as a means of securing the base of the appendix in relation to the endoloop procedure.

Comparison of Clinical Outcomes between the Hem-o-lok Clip and Endoloop Ligature in Securing the Base of the Appendix

PURPOSE: There are various techniques for securing the base of the appendix during performance of laparoscopic appendectomy. Many studies have reported that Endo-GIA is useful for securing the base of the appendix; however, it is costly. Many hospitals now use Endoloop ligature (ELL) for securing the base of the appendix. Many studies have demonstrated the many advantages of the Hem-o-lok clip (HLC) for securing the base of the appendix. The aim of this study is to compare the surgical outcomes of securing the base of the appendix between HLC and ELL during performance of laparoscopic appendectomy. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted for comparison between HLC and ELL for securing the base during performance of laparoscopic appendectomy. From May 2008 to October 2011, 102 patients underwent laparoscopic appendectomy performed by a single surgeon. Thirty one patients were excluded for various reasons. In 38 patients, the base of the appendix was secured by HLC, and in 33 patients, ELL was applied. Data included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), cost of materials, preoperative white blood count (preoperative WBC), preoperative c-reactive protein (preoperative CRP), preoperative fever, operation time, hospital days, diameter of the appendiceal base, number of perforated appendicitis, and intraoperative or postoperative complication. RESULTS: HLC was used in 38 patients, with a meanage of 36.4 years old. ELL was applied in 33 patients, with a meanage of 19.3 years old. Significant difference in age of patients was observed between the groups (p<0.001). The groups were comparable with regard to sex, BMI, preoperative WBC, preoperative CRP, preoperative fever, operation time, hospital stay, diameter of the appendiceal base, perforated appendicitis, and intraoperative or postoperative complication. The cost of six HLCs was 32,940 won, and that for one ELL was 29,610 won, therefore, there was no significant difference in the cost of material between the tw o groups of patients. CONCLUSION: Except for age, no difference was observed between the two groups. If a single HLC set is available for securing the base of the appendix, there will be a significant difference of the material cost between the two groups. ELL is more useful for securing the appendiceal base, with a larger diameter, which is inappropriate for use of HLC.

Uso de endoloop no comercial en el tratamiento de neoplasias pediculadas de colon / Non-factory endoloop in management of colonic pedunculated neoplasms

Introducción: las neoplasias pediculadas del colon comprenden lesiones epiteliales y no epiteliales, dependiendo de su crecimiento pueden presentar un pedículo largo y grueso. El tratamiento endoscópico de estas lesiones representa un reto para el endoscopista, por lo que se han descrito diversas técnicas para minimizar las complicaciones. Objetivo: evaluar el uso de un endoloop de fabricación no comercial en el tratamiento endoscópico de las neoplasias pediculadas del colon. Pacientes y métodos: entre enero y abril de 2012 se escogieron pacientes sometidos a colonoscopia de rutina que presentaron neoplasias con pedículos grandes y largos para realizar resección endoscópica previa ligadura de la base con endoloop de fabricación no comercial (elaborado con asa de polipectomía y lazo de nylon con nudo corredizo). Se evaluó tiempo del procedimiento, tipo de neoplasia, ubicación, complicaciones inmediatas y tardías. Resultados: se seleccionaron 4 pacientes de un total de 110 sometidos a colonoscopia de rutina (3,6 %), media de edad: 53,25 años, todos del sexo masculino, el tipo de neoplasia más frecuente: pólipo adenomatoso pediculado, la ubicación más frecuente fue colon sigmoides, se realizó resección completa de las lesiones, no se encontraron complicaciones inmediatas ni tardías. Conclusión: el endoloop de fabricación no comercial es una herramienta útil para el control de la base en lesiones neoplásicas con pedículos grandes y largos, incluso en aquellas de tipo no epitelial.

Introduction: Pedunculated colonic neoplasms include epithelial and non-epithelial lesions, depending on their growth may to have a large and long pedicle. Management of this lesions represent a challenge for the endoscopist, due this, many techniques have been described to minimize complications. Objective: This trial aims to evaluate the use of a non-factory endoloop in the endoscopic treatment of pedunculated neoplasms of the colon. Methods: Between January and April 2012 patients undergoing routine colonoscopy who had tumors with large and long pedicle were selected to perform endoscopic resection after base ligation with non-factory endoloop (made Cook Medical AcuSnare G22629 detachable standard oval and nylon loop with roeder's knot). Procedure time was evaluated, tumor type, location, immediate and late complications. Results: 4 patients were selected from a total of 110 undergoing routine colonoscopy (3.6 %), the mean age was 53.25 years, all males, the most common type of tumor was pedunculated adenomatous polyp, the most common location was the sigmoid colon, complete resection of the lesion was performed, there was no immediate or late complications. Conclusion: non-factory endoloop is a useful tool for the base control of neoplasm with large and long pedicle, including those non-epithelial.

Polipectomía y manejo endoscópico de lesión gigante gástrica / Polypectomy and endoscopic management of a giant gastric polyp

Los pólipos gástricos suelen ser hiperplásicos y benignos en su gran mayoría. Se asocian entre otras a factores idiosincráticos, genéticos o al uso prolongado de bloqueadores de bomba. Si bien su grado de malignización es bajo se recomienda su remoción. La mayoría se encuentran incidentalmente en procedimientos de rutina. Cuando superan los 10 mm (pueden incluso llegan a medir varios centímetros) suelen causas dispepsia, pueden sangrar u obstruir el píloro si son ubicados en antro. Reportamos la remoción de un pólipo gástrico gigante con método combinado de inyección, elevación, uso de asa desprendible o endoloop, complementado con aplicación de argón plasma (APC).

Gastric polyps are mainly hyperplastic and benign. They are associated with idiosinchratic factors, genetic or associated to chronic use of pump inhibitors. Endoscopic resection is recommended eventhough the rate of malignant transformation is very low. The vast majority are encountered as incidental findings in routine endoscopy. When they grow beyond 10mm (they may reach several centimetres in diamater) gastric polyps are a cause of dyspepsia, bleeding or gastric outlet obstruction, if located in the antrum. We report a safe endoscopic resection of a giant gastric polyp combining injection, elevation, endoloop and argon plasma coagulation (APC).

Needle Knife-assisted Endoscopic Polypectomy for a Large Inflammatory Fibroid Colon Polyp by Making Its Stalk into an Omega Shape Using an Endoloop

Colonic inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP) is an uncommon benign polypoid lesion, which is composed of fibroblasts, numerous small vessels and edematous connective tissue with marked eosinophilic inflammatory cell infiltration. This condition is frequently detected in the stomach and small intestine, but uncommon in the colon. Although IFP is a benign lesion, surgical resections are performed in most colonic cases because the polyps are usually too large to resect endoscopically. Only three patients underwent endoscopic polypectomy in our literature reviews. Here, we present a case of IFP in the descending colon successful endoscopically resected using a novel technique of trapping its stalk with an endoloop, forming the stalk into an omega shape, and then dissecting the stalk with a needle knife.