ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: This study aimed to explore the effects of a single moderate-intensity aerobic endurance running program on the morphological characteristics of normal-weighted and overweighted female adolescents and whether effects differ between individuals of different nutritional statuses. A total of 47 adolescent girls participated in this randomized controlled trial. Before and after 12 weeks of intervention, measurements were obtained for body height, body mass, BMI, triceps, subscapular, abdominal, thigh, and calf skinfolds, and chest, abdominal, thigh, and calf circumference. The total duration of the program was 12 weeks, with a frequency of 2 hours/week (24 sessions). The individual session lasted 60 minutes, and the intensity ranged from 60 % HRmax to 80 %. The findings from the present study suggest that the 12-week aerobic endurance running program induced changes in morphological characteristics of female adolescents. The significant reductions in body mass and BMI were small for normal-weight adolescents (-2,64 % and -3,48 %) and moderate for overweight adolescents (-4,14 % and -4,36 %) following the experimental program. The magnitude of reductions in the skinfold thickness was small for both groups (triceps, subscapular, abdominal, and calf) and moderate for thigh skinfold and a sum of skinfolds in the overweight group. The reductions in the magnitude of all circular measures were small for both groups. It ranged from - 1.59 % to -2.59 % for normal-weight and from -2.54 % to -3.92 % for overweight adolescents, respectively. Additionally, the effects of the applied program seem more favorable to overweight than normal-weight adolescents. This study's current findings indicate that the 12-week aerobic endurance running program is effective due to improvements in morphological characteristics, body mass, and BMI of female adolescents. Additionally, this study's findings show that applied aerobic endurance running program proved more effective for overweight adolescents.
RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar los efectos de un programa único de carrera de resistencia aeróbica de intensidad moderada sobre las características morfológicas de mujeres adolescentes con peso normal y con sobrepeso y si los efectos difieren entre individuos con diferentes estados nutricionales. Un total de 47 niñas adolescentes participaron en este ensayo controlado aleatorio. Antes y después de 12 semanas de intervención, se obtuvieron mediciones de altura corporal, masa corporal, IMC, tríceps, pliegues cutáneos subescapular, abdominal, muslo y pantorrilla, y circunferencia torácica, abdominal, muslo y pantorrilla. La duración total del programa fue de12 semanas, con una frecuencia de 2 horas/semana (24 sesiones). La sesión individual tuvo una duración de 60 minutos y la intensidad osciló entre el 60 % y el 80 % de la FCmáx. Los hallazgos del presente estudio sugieren que el programa de carrera de resistencia aeróbica de 12 semanas indujo cambios en las características morfológicas de las adolescentes. Las reducciones significativas en la masa corporal y el IMC fueron menores para los adolescentes con peso normal (-2,64 % y -3,48 %) y moderadas para los adolescentes con sobrepeso (-4,14 % y -4,36 %) después del programa experimental. La magnitud de las reducciones en el grosor del pliegue cutáneo fue pequeña para ambos grupos (tríceps, subescapular, abdominal y pantorrilla) y moderada para el pliegue cutáneo del muslo y la suma de los pliegues cutáneos en el grupo con sobrepeso. Las reducciones en la magnitud de todas las medidas circulares fueron pequeñas para ambos grupos. Osciló entre -1,59 % y -2,59 % para normopeso y entre -2,54 % y -3,92 % para adolescentes con sobrepeso, respectivamente. Además, los efectos del programa aplicado parecen más favorables para los adolescentes con sobrepeso que para aquellos de peso normal. Los hallazgos actuales de este estudio indican que el programa de carreras de resistencia aeróbica de 12 semanas es eficaz, debido a las mejoras en las características morfológicas, la masa corporal y el IMC de las adolescentes. Además, los hallazgos de este estudio muestran que el programa de carrera de resistencia aeróbica aplicada demostró ser más efectivo para los adolescentes con sobrepeso.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Physical Endurance/physiology , Running/physiology , Nutritional Status , Body Weight , Exercise , Body Mass IndexABSTRACT
Abstract Aims: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of a backward running (BR) training program prescribed by the peak backward running velocity (Vpeak_BR) on physiological variables and a 3 km forward running (FR) performance. Methods: Eight untrained running male adults in running took place in the study. All the participants underwent five weeks of BR training prescribed based on Vpeak_BR. They performed a maximal incremental test on the treadmill to determine the maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and the velocity associated with V̇O2max (vV̇O2max). The participants were also tested on the track field to determine the Vpeak_BR and undertook a 3 km FR performance. All initial assessments were also performed after the training period. Results: The results showed statistically significant improvements in 3 km FR performance (14.2 ± 1.2 min vs. 13.5 ± 1.0 min) and Vpeak_BR (8.0 ± 0.8 km·h−1 vs. 8.5 ± 0.5 km·h−1) after the training period. Conclusion: BR training effectively improved 3 km FR performance and Vpeak_BR, demonstrating that Vpeak_BR determined according to the protocol proposed in this study can be used for the prescription of BR training. Further, BR training represents an effective training method that can be inserted into an FR running training program.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Running , Walking Speed/physiology , Physical Functional Performance , Physical Endurance/physiology , Pilot Projects , Exercise TestABSTRACT
Os objetivos deste estudo foram: determinar e comparar índices fisiológicos obtidos em teste de laboratório e pista (teste de pista da Universidade de Montreal - UMTT) em corredores de endurance; analisar a capacidade de predição do VO2max, vVO2max e LAn determinados no laboratório e no UMTT para a performance nas distâncias de 1.500 m, 5.000 m e 10.000 m; analisar os efeitos da distância da prova na relação entre os índices fisiológicos VO2max, vVO2max e LAn com a performance. Participaram deste estudo, 10 corredores moderadamente treinados que realizaram os seguintes testes: provas simuladas nas distâncias de 10.000 m, 5.000 m e 1.500 m; dois testes incrementais máximos (laboratório e pista) para determinar os índices VO2max, vVO2max e LAn. Não houve diferenças significativas entre o VO2max, vVO2max e LAn determinados em ambos os protocolos. De acordo com a análise de regressão múltipla, referente ao teste de laboratório, a vVO2max foi a única variável selecionada para explicar a performance nas provas de 1.500 e 5.000 m (62 e 35%, respectivamente). Do mesmo modo, dentre as variáveis determinadas no UMTT, somente a vVO2max explicou a performance nestas distâncias (78 e 66%, respectivamente). Por outro lado, o LAn determinado no laboratório e no UMTT explicou 38 e 52% da performance nos 10.000 m, respectivamente. Pode-se concluir que a predição da performance aeróbia de corredores de endurance moderadamente treinados, a partir do VO2max, vVO2max e LAn, determinados em laboratório e no UMTT, é dependente da distância da prova analisada.
The objectives of this study were: 1) determine and compare physiological indexes from laboratory and track tests (Université de Montréal Track Test - UMTT) in endurance runners; 2) analyze the predictive capacity of VO2max, vVO2max and AT with the running performance at 1,500 m, 5,000 m and 10,000 m time trials; 3) analyze the effects of running distance on the relationship between the physiological indexes with aerobic performance. The study included 10 moderately trained endurance runners who performed the following series of tests on different days: 10,000 m, 5,000 m, and 1,500 m time trials on a 400 m track; two maximal incremental tests (laboratory and track) to determine the VO2max, vVO2max, and AT. There were no significant differences between VO2max, vVO2max and AT determined in both protocols. The multiple regression analysis revealed that vVO2max was the only index from laboratory associated with running performance at 1,500 and 5,000 m (62 and 35%, respectively). In addition, vVO2max from UMTT explained the running performance for the same previous distance (78 and 66%, respectively). On the other hand, the AT determined in both incremental tests explained 38 and 52% of performance at 10,000 m time trial, respectively. Thus, the prediction of endurance performance of long distance runners using VO2max, vVO2max and AT determined in the laboratory and UMTT tests depends on the running distance.
ABSTRACT
To investigate the effect of intense exercise on immunological factors in saliva, we measured secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), lactoferrin and fibronectin. We used a reliable saliva collection method that has already been reported. Timed saliva samples were obtained from 16 healthy young males. Samples were collected before, immediately after, 1 day after and 5 days after endurance running (42.195 km) . The concentrations (μg/ml) of sIgA, lactoferrin and fibronectin were measured by ELISA, and the secretion rates (μg/min) of each were calculated. Immediately after the exercise, the concentration of total protein in saliva increased significantly, but the sIgA secretion rate decreased to 53%. The secretion rates of both lactoferrin and fibronectin did not change significantly. The local immune system plays an important role in mucosal surface defense against upper respiratory tract infection. The sIgA level in the oral cavity was temporarily decreased after intense exercise. A decreased sIgA secretion rate might partly explain the increased susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infection after endurance exercise.
ABSTRACT
Nutritional profiles in middle-aged trained and untrained women were compared both before and after menopause. Subjects were assigned to one of four groups : (1) pre-menopausal trained (Pre-T: n=14, aged 43±5 years, running distance 56±27 km/week, Vo<SUB>2</SUB>max 49±4m<I>l</I>/ kg/min, mean±SD), (2) pre-menopausal untrained (Pre-UT: n=25, 42±5 years, 34±5 m<I>l</I>/kg/ min), (3) post-menopausal trained (Post-T: n=19, 53±3 years, 49±17 km/week, 42±6 m<I>l</I>/ kg/min), (4) post-menopausal untrained (Post-UT: n=26, 54±3 years, 31±3 ml/kg/min) . There were no significant differences in hematocrit (range 38.7 to 39.3%), hemoglobin (12.8 to 13.1 g/d<I>l</I>) and total protein (6.9 to 7.1 g/d<I>l</I>) among the four groups. Serum iron concentrations in the post-menopausal women (Post-T: 97±30μg/d<I>l</I>, Post-UT: 106±29μg/d<I>l</I>) were relatively higher than in the pre-menopausals (Pre-T: 85±35 pg/d<I>l</I>, Pre-UT: 78±33 pg/d<I>l</I>) . Mean total iron binding capacity in Post-UT (326 pg/d<I>l</I>) was lower than other groups (352 to 361 pg/d<I>l</I>) . Higher serum ferritin levels were observed in the post-menopausal women (Post-T : 35.8±27.5 ng/m<I>l</I>, Post-UT : 60.4±47.1 ng/m<I>l</I>) than the pre-menopausals (Pre-T: 18.3±13.1 ng/m<I>l</I>, Pre-UT: 16.6±10.7ng/m<I>l</I>) . Intake levels of the four groups with regard to the major nutrients were sufficient as compared with the recommended dietary allowance appropriate for age, sex and physical activity level. Intakes of calcium, iron and vitamins B<SUB>1</SUB>, B<SUB>2</SUB> and niacin were higher in the trained groups than in the untrained. Regularly performed endurance exercise resulted in higher protein and iron intakes associated with higher energy intakes both before and after menopause. These results suggest that nutritional status of middle-aged women who regularly perform vigorous endurance running could be adequate for maintaining their health in a good state.