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1.
Medellín; s.n; 2020. tab, illus.
Thesis in Spanish | LILACS, BDENF, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1128269

ABSTRACT

En esta investigación se preguntó por la vida cotidiana de las personas con Enfermedad de Huntington (EH), una enfermedad genética, neurodegenerativa que se desarrolla en la vida adulta joven y que se caracteriza por la triada de alteraciones de la conducta, motoras y cognitivas, lleva a la muerte en un proceso crónico de 10 a 20 años y aún no existe para ella tratamiento curativo, es considerada enfermedad huérfana debido a que se presenta en menos de 1 en 5000 personas en Colombia. El objetivo fue comprender cómo viven la vida cotidiana las personas con dicha enfermedad. Se utilizó como referente metodológico el paradigma comprensivo, siguiente los postulados de la teoría fundamentada de Strauss y Corbin. Los datos se construyeron a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas y en conversación informal, en visita familiar a personas afectadas o a riesgo, es decir, hijos de las afectadas. Fueron 33 participantes de diferentes regiones del país, como Bogotá, Medellín, Santa Marta y Chocó y principalmente Juan de Acostas en el Atlántico paradigmático por ser la segunda región del mundo con mayor número de afectados después de Venezuela; se complementó la información con entrevistas a familiares, cuidadores, líderes de asociaciones y personas expertas en el tema; se realizó revisión documental, observación participante y se elaboró diario de campo. El análisis y la recolección fueron concurrentes, se hicieron preguntas y comparaciones a los datos, de donde surgió la categoría central perderse de sí mismo hasta la muerte, para explicar la vida cotidiana de las personas con EH a partir de un esquema explicativo que se compone de cuatro categorías, el contexto que involucra las subcategorías el micro-contexto de las regiones, el sistema de salud, la situación económica y las intervenciones del estado y las asociaciones y fundaciones; la otra categoría tiene que ver con perderse de sí mismo, se compone de las subcategorías: lo que sabíamos de la enfermedad, reconocerse a riesgo, no darse cuenta, tener consciencia de la enfermedad, los cambios y las pérdidas; la dependencia y la pérdida del yo hasta la muerte y las consecuencias para los que cuidan. La otra categoría fue nombrada las relaciones de amores y amarguras apoyos y desafíos que se compone de los arreglos familiares, las relaciones difíciles distantes y dolorosas y las relaciones con los amigos y vecinos y la cuarta categoría, la vida cotidiana que se compone de organizar el tiempo, las mismas rutinas, el cuidado y la muerte. Las personas desarrollan la vida en un contexto de pobreza y precariedad, la cual se incrementa con la enfermedad que los empobrece más, al perder el empleo los pocos que lo tenían de manera formal, no logran la pensión de invalidez y la enfermedad incrementa los gastos con nuevas necesidades. La relación con el sistema de salud es difícil y no se compadece con la legislación que existe en nuestro Estado social de derecho; frente a estas condiciones en algunas regiones existen recursos del Estado para atender a aquellos que llegan a la vulnerabilidad psicosocial y desafiliación como la condición de calle. Las asociaciones y fundaciones emprenden acciones que no logran ser suficientes en medio de tanta precariedad. En esta complejidad de pobreza y enfermedad, las relaciones familiares aunque en muchos casos se des-configuran hasta el abandono, en otras se reconfiguran en arreglos familiares y apoyos solidarios en los que se comparte la pobreza. Las alteraciones de la salud mental de los afectados son un desafío para la convivencia. Cuando inician los síntomas muchos de los afectados no se dan cuenta de ello, lo que dificulta la atención y los pone en riesgo, al igual que a otros por su quehacer en la vida cotidiana. La enfermedad pasa por un proceso de cambios, pérdidas y deterioro tanto del cuerpo como de la mente, que además de llevar a la pérdida del yo, estigmatiza, sobre todo por los movimientos y las alteraciones de la conducta. Las personas van perdiendo lo que eran hasta llegar a requerir de un cuidador del cual llegan a ser dependientes al perder entre tantas otras cosas, el lenguaje, la deglución y la movilidad. En esta condición de cautiverio en su propio ser sin salida, se estructuró de los datos la teoría sustantiva sobre la vida cotidiana de las personas con enfermedad de Huntington: La inversión del mito de la caverna, de la alegoría de Platón que expresa que los habitantes de la caverna nacieron prisioneros y solo podían ver las sombras reflejadas por la hoguera en la pared; las personas afectadas por la EH, nacieron libres, al iniciar la enfermedad ingresan a la caverna, la cual los limita, los encoge, los reduce, los deja prisioneros en su propio cuerpo y del exterior solo tienen las sombras, los recuerdos. No hay salida de la caverna, la salida es la muerte. Conclusión: La vida de las personas con EH es de gran adversidad y precariedad, presentan necesidades especiales con relación a la población general por lo que su intervención, por la complejidad, requiere atención interdisciplinaria e intersectorial en la cual el cuidado de enfermería tiene importancia para ofrecer educación y liderar programas en todos los niveles de prevención. Las acciones de cuidado requieren enfermeros competentes con estructura en los patrones de conocimiento de Carper: empírico, personal, ético, estético y los de Chinn y Kramer sociopolítico y emancipatorio. (AU)


This research examined about people with Huntington's Disease daily life (HD), is a genetic, neurodegenerative disease that develops in young adult life and is characterized by triad alteration from behavioral, motor and cognitive disorders, It leads to death in a chronic process from 10 to 20 years and there is not curative treatment for it yet, it is considered an orphan disease because it occurs in less than 1 in 5000 people in Colombia. Its objective was to understand daily life from those people with this disease. A comprehensive paradigm was used as a methodological reference, following Strauss and Corbin's e postulates from grounded theory Data were constructed from semi-structured interviews and in informal conversation, in family visits to affected or at-risk people, that is, children of those affected. There were 33 participants from different regions of our country, such as Bogotá, Medellin, Santa Marta and Chocó and mainly Juan de Acosta in the Atlantic, paradigmatic for the reason that it is the second region in the world with the highest number of affected people after Venezuela; the information was complemented with interviews with family members, caregivers, association leaders and experts in this subject; Documentary review, participant observation and field diary was prepared. The analysis and collection were concurrent, questions and comparisons were made to the data, from which the central category arose from losing itself to death, to explain the daily life of people with HD from an explanatory scheme that is composed of four categories, the context involves the subcategories micro-context from regions, health system, the economic situation and the state's interventions and the associations and foundations; the other category has to do with losing oneself, it is made up by subcategories: what we knew about the disease, recognizing oneself at risk, not realizing it, being aware of the disease, changes and losses; dependence and loss of self until death and them consequences for those who care. The other category about family relationship was named the relationships of love and bitterness, supports and challenges that is made up, difficult distant and painful relationships and relationships with friends and neighbors and the fourth category, the daily life that is made up of organizing the time, the same routines, care and death. Due to poverty and precariousness's context in which people develop their life, it increases with this disease that impoverishes them, moreover, when they lost their employment: the few who had it formally lose their jobs, they do not obtain a disability benefits and the disease increases expenses with new essentials. Their relationship with the health system is difficult and does not concordance with our legislation that exists in our law at social state level; In the face of these conditions in some regions there are some resources from our state to meet those who reach psychosocial vulnerability and disaffiliation as the street condition. The associations and foundations undertake actions that cannot be enough in the midst of such precariousness. In this complexity of poverty and disease, family relationships, although in many cases they are family breakdown until abandonment, in others they are reconfigured into family arrangements and solidarity support in which poverty is shared. Mental health alterations from those suffered are challenge for a peaceable living. When those symptoms begin many of those affected do not realize it, which makes attention difficult and puts them at risk, as well as others for their daily life's work the disease goes through a process of changes, losses and deterioration of both the body and the mind, which in addition to leading to the loss of the self, stigmatizes, especially the movements and alterations of behavior. People lose what they were until they came to require a caregiver that they become dependent upon losing, among many other things, language, swallowing and mobility. In this captivity condition in his/her own dead-end being, the substantive theory about the daily life of people with Huntington's disease was structured from data: Cave myth, inversion is a Plato's allegory that expresses that the inhabitants Prisoners were born from the cave and could only see the shadows reflected by the fire on the wall; people affected by HD, were born free, at the beginning of the disease they enter into a cave, which limits them, shrinks them, reduces them, leaves them prisoners in their own bodies and from the outside they only have shadows, memories. There is no exit from this cave, his/her exit is death. Conclusion: Daily life from people with HD is of great adversity and precariousness, they have special essentials in relation to general population, so their intervention, due to the complexity, requires interdisciplinary and intersectoral assistance in which nursing care is important for offer education and lead programs at all levels of prevention and include palliative care at the end of life. Care actions require competent nurses with structure in Carper's knowledge patterns: empirical, personal, ethical, aesthetic and those of socio-political and emancipatory Chinn and Kramer. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Chronic Disease , Huntington Disease , Activities of Daily Living , Rare Diseases , Family Relations , Life Change Events , Nursing Care
2.
Interdisciplinaria ; 34(1): 125-140, June 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-893322

ABSTRACT

El papel del psicólogo clínico en el contexto del consejo genético incluye brindar apoyo a los sujetos en riesgo en el proceso de toma de decisiones, independientemente de la decisión adoptada por el sujeto (conociendo o no el resultado de las pruebas genéticas). El estudio que se informa aborda la motivación para realizar las pruebas pre-sintomáticas (PPS) de sujetos en situación de riesgo para tres enfermedades: polineuropatía amiloide familiar (PAF), la enfermedad de Huntington (EH) y la enfermedad de Machado-Joseph (EMJ) y comparar con la motivación para realizar las PPS para hemocromatosis (HH). La muestra consistió en 213 sujetos portugueses que tenían riesgo genético para contraer las tres enfermedades y 31 sujetos en situación de riesgo genético para contraer hemocromatosis. Ellos fueron evaluados con una entrevista para obtener datos sociodemográficos y debían responder a una pregunta sobre la motivación para llevar a cabo las pruebas pre-sintomáticas. Se obtuvieron siete categorías principales y las siguientes son las más significativas para PAF, EH y EMJ: razones relacionadas con el futuro, razones relacionadas con los demás y razones relacionadas con la curiosidad y la necesidad de conocer. Para hemocromatosis, las más importantes resultaron ser razones relacionadas con los demás y las relacionadas con las características de la enfermedad. La motivación para realizar el test pre-sintomático (PST) de la PAF, EH y EMJ es externa y sin relación con la enfermedad, mientras que la motivación de los sujetos en situación de riesgo para la HH está relacionada con la enfermedad. Las razones relacionadas con los demás es una motivación común en ambos grupos. A los sujetos también les preocupa la posibilidad de transmitir la enfermedad a sus hijos.


The role of the clinical psychologist in the context of genetic counseling includes support for the process of decision-making for subjects at-risk, regardless of the decision that was made. For this, it is important to know the motivations behind these decisions. What may be considered advant-ageous and justifiable reasons to perform the PST for genetic diseases from the medical and public point of view, i.e., planning for the future, helping in the choice of a profession, family planning, improving quality of life and contributing to health, may not be recognized as such by the individual seeking the PST. This study addresses the motivation to perform the presymptomatic testing (PST) of subjects at-risk for three diseases, Familial Amyloid Polyneuro pathy (FAP), Huntington's disease (HD), and Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), compared with the motivation to perform the PST for Hemochromatosis (HH). FAP, HD and MJD are three genetic (monogenic) autosomal dominant late-onset diseases (LON-Ds) with no cure. FAP is a progressive sensorimotor and autonomic neuropathy of adult hood. HD is characterized by a triad of clinical symptoms of chorea (motor, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms), emotional distress and cognitive decline. MJD is characterized by slowly progressive clumsiness in the arms and legs, a staggering lurching gait, sometimes mistaken for drunkenness, difficulty with speech and swallowing, involuntary eye movements, and may be accompanied by double vision or bulging eyes, and lower limb spasticity. HH is a disease in which too much iron accumulates in parenchymal organs, leading to iron overload and subsequent organ toxicity and failure. The study participants consisted in 213 subjects at genetic risk for FAP, HD, and MJD and 31 subjects at genetic risk for HH, that were assessed through an interview to obtain sociodemographic data and the answer to one question about motivation to perform PST: "Which were the reasons that led you to perform the predictive test? "This study was carried out in Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Porto (Portugal). This research used a mixed-method, since qualitative and quantitative techniques of data analysis were used. Before deciding to seek genetic counseling and to know their genetic status, subjects at-risk have naturally considered their motives and it was probably the pro-counseling reasons the ones dictating the motivation to perform the PST. This may suggest that in fact there is a prior self-selection to the test, i.e. only those considering to have emotional skills to go through the process, performing the test. Seven major categories were obtained. The most significant ones for FAP, HD and MJD were reasons related to the future, reasons related to others and reasons related to curiosity and to the need to know. For HH, the most important ones were reasons related to others and reasons related to the characteristics of the disease. The motivation of subjects at-risk to perform the PST for FAP, HD and MJD is external and unrelated to the disease, while the motivation of subjects at-risk to perform the PST for HH is related to the disease. Reasons related to others area common motivation: as subjects at-risk for FAP, HD and MJD, subjects at-risk for HH also chose reasons related to others as one of the most important motivations to carry out the PST. These subjects also care about the fact that they can transmit the disease to their children and care about other family members which are already ill. The category reasons related to others includes sub-categories that identify the person and the situation that led to the decision to perform a PST. Subjects at-risk are also concerned about the fact that they have to decide whether or not to have children and its economic implications.

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