ABSTRACT
La prevalencia de trastornos psiquiátricos en niños y adolescentes es alta en nuestro país. La mayoría de los afectados inicialmente suelen tener un primer contacto con el médico de atención primaria, sea este pediatra o médico familiar, de ser necesario, posteriormente estos realizan una derivación al especialista en salud mental. La entrevista y el registro de un examen mental son herramientas que ayudan al clínico a realizar una evaluación psiquiátrica en profundidad. En este contexto clínico, contar con habilidades comunicacionales y tener conocimientos teóricos de cómo llevar a cabo una entrevista psiquiátrica es de suma importancia. La evaluación psiquiátrica de niños y adolescentes, por características propias del desarrollo mental de los afectados, requiere de consideraciones especiales y habilidades particulares que todo evaluador debe tomar en consideración. El propósito de este artículo es revisar desde una perspectiva clínica, integrando los aspectos individuales y relacionales, en qué consiste una evaluación psiquiátrica integral infanto-juvenil y analizar sus complejidades. Pensamos que el artículo puede ser un aporte como material de conocimiento para aquellos que se están formando en la especialidad de psiquiatría infantil, como también para profesionales de la salud mental que trabajan con niños y adolescentes, y que necesitan aprender o perfeccionarse en entrevistas clínicas.(AU)
In Chile there is a high prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. In most cases, they have their first encounters with a primary care physician, such as a pediatrician or a family doctor who refer these patients to mental health specialists when needed. The psychiatric interview and the registration of a mental state examination are skills that aid the clinician to perform a psychiatric assessment in depth. In the clinical context, counting on communication abilities and having a theoretical background about how to perform a psychiatric interview are extremely relevant. Because of the characteristics of mental development in children and adolescents, the psychiatric assessment requires special skills and considerations that every clinician should bare in mind. Acquiring knowledge on how to perform a better psychiatric assessment with our clients brings us closer to determine whether there is or not presence of psychopathology and therefore, a psychiatric diagnosis, which is the aim of the integral psychiatric assessment. The aim of this article is to review from a clinical perspective the aspects of the psychiatric clinical interview applied to children and adolescents and analyze its complexities. We believe this article may be used as a support for those who are training in this speciality as it may be useful for other mental health professionals working with children and adolescents and who seek to improve in clinical interview.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Psychiatry , Child , Adolescent , Parents , Interview , Mental Status and Dementia TestsABSTRACT
Introducción: La simulación se ha empleado como herramienta de aprendizaje en diferentes disciplinas y profesiones, como la medicina y sus especialidades. Su utilidad está directamente relacionada con la integración a los objetivos, contenidos, metodologías y recursos específicos en cada área del conocimiento. Objetivo: Describir el desarrollo de una experiencia pedagógica implementada en la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali con los estudiantes de Conducta Humana II del programa de Medicina entre 2012 y 2013. Dicha experiencia se apoyó en la participación de pacientes simulados por actores del grupo representativo Altergesto, que fueron entrevistados por los estudiantes con la supervisión de los psiquiatras docentes de la materia, utilizando el Hospital Simulado de la Universidad. Métodos: Recuento histórico del desarrollo de la secuencia didáctica desde el primer semestre de 2012 hasta el segundo semestre de 2013, planteamiento de los objetivos pedagógicos y descripción de la estrategia de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Resultados: Se realizaron 158 entrevistas en un periodo de 2 años, en el transcurso de los cuales fue necesario plantear soluciones metodológicas para adaptar la secuencia pedagógica a los contenidos y los objetivos de la materia. Conclusiones: La simulación de alta fidelidad, integrando a actores que representan a los pacientes psiquiátricos y la tecnología del Hospital Simulado, resultó útil para lograr el cumplimiento de los objetivos propuestos en el curso de Conducta Humana II del programa de Medicina de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali. Paralelamente, la construcción de la experiencia como un proyecto interdisciplinario y el enfoque práctico de esta estrategia pueden impactar en las dimensiones cognitivas, emocionales y conductuales de los significativo. Es necesario construir una base de datos de fácil acceso con el material recopilado y estudiar los efectos de esta estrategia en la formación de los estudiantes a largo plazo.
Introduction: Simulation has been used as a learning tool in different disciplines and pro-Simulation scenario fessions, including medicine and its specialties. Its usefulness is directly related to the Psychiatric interview integration of objectives, contents, methodologies and specific resources in each area of Simulated patient actor knowledge. Objective: To describe the development of an educational experience implemented in the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali (Cali, Colombia) with medical students of Human Behavior II program, between 2012 and 2013. This experience was performed with simulated patients played by actors of the Altergesto theater group, that were interviewed by students under the supervision of psychiatrists and teachers of the subject, using the Simulated Hospital of the University. Methods: A historical development recall of the teaching sequence was made from the first half of 2012 to the second half of 2013, a statement of pedagogical objectives, and a description of the teaching-learning strategies. Results: 158 interviews were conducted over a period of two years during which it was necessary to raise methodological solutions to adapt this teaching sequence to the content and objectives of the subject. Conclusions: The high-fidelity simulation, integrating actors who represent psychiatric patients mixed with the technology of a Simulated Hospital was useful to achieve compliance with the objectives proposed in the course of Human Behavior II, as a part of the program of Medicine at the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali. In parallel, the construction of experience as an interdisciplinary project and the practical approach of this strategy may impact on cognitive, emotional, behavioral dimensions of the participants, encouraging meaningful learning. An easy access database for the collected material and the study of the effects of this strategy in the formation of long-term students is needed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Students, Medical , Simulation Exercise , Learning , Occupational Groups , Organization and Administration , Patients , Psychiatry , Teaching , Technology , Health Strategies , Knowledge , MethodsABSTRACT
Antecedentes: Segundo as projeções da Organização Mundial de Saúde para o século XXI, as doenças não comunicáveis (DNT) serão responsáveis pelas maiores cargas das doenças no globo. As doenças cardiovasculares e os transtornos neuropsiquiátricos destacam-se como os dois principais grupos de agravos de saúde entre as DNT. O sobrepeso e a obesidade são considerados precursores e fatores agravantes de doenças cardiovasculares, cuja prevalência tem crescido ao redor do mundo, demandando esforços públicos para deter o seu crescimento e minimizar os seus efeitos deletérios. Os transtornos mentais, por sua vez, representam quase um terço das cargas da incapacitação resultante entre todas as DNT. O objetivo do presente trabalho é estimar a frequência de transtornos mentais numa amostra de indivíduos obesos que procuraram um hospital universitário com o intuito de se submeter à cirurgia bariátrica para controlar ou reduzir o excesso do peso corporal. Objetivo: Estimar, por meio de entrevista padronizada, a frequência de transtornos mentais e fatores correlacionados entre os pacientes obesos que procuram a cirurgia bariátrica. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 393 pacientes obesos grau III, candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica. Foram recrutados a partir de um centro universitário de cirurgia bariátrica. Clínicos treinados avaliaram os participantes por meio da Entrevista Clínica Estruturada para o DSM-IV Axis I Diagnóstico (SCID-I/P) e as seguintes escalas de avaliação: HCL (Manic Symptoms Checklist), MDQ (Mood Disorders Questionnarie), MADRS (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale), M-A QoLII (Moorehead-Ardelt Quality of Life Questionnaire II). A amostra foi composta por 79,1% de mulheres; média de idade 43 anos e média de IMC: 47,8 kg/m². Resultados: A frequência de alguns transtornos mentais ao longo da vida foi 80,9% (81,7% homens e 80,7% mulheres). A taxa de frequência de transtornos mentais no momento da entrevista foi 57,8% (57,6% homens e 58,5%...
Background: According to the World Health Organization's projections for the 21st. century, non-communicable diseases (NCD) will account for the largest burden of diseases in the world. Cardiovascular diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders stand out as the two main groups of health problems among the NCD. Overweight and obesity are considered precursors and aggravating factors of cardiovascular disease, whose prevalence has grown around the world, claiming for public efforts to stop its growth and minimize its harmful effects. Mental disorders, in turn, account for nearly one-third of the burden of disability resulting from all NCD. The aim of the present investigation is to estimate the frequency of mental disorders in a sample of obese individuals who sought a university hospital in order to undergo bariatric surgery to control or reduce the excess of body weight. Objective: To estimate, through a standardized interview, the frequency of mental disorders and correlated factors among obese patients seeking bariatric surgery. Methods: The sample was composed of 393 treatment-seeking obese patients (79.1% women; mean age 43.0 years, mean BMI: 47.8 kg/m2), who were recruited from a university-based bariatric center. Trained clinicians assessed the participants through the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Diagnosis (SCID-I/P). HCL (Manic Symptoms Cheklist), MDQ (Mood Disorders Questionnarie), MADRS (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale), M-A QoLII (Moorehead-Ardelt Quality of Life Questionnaire II). Results: The lifetime rate of any mental disorders was 80.9% (81.7% men vs. 80.7% women). Lifetime affective disorders were the most frequent diagnosis (total 64.9%, bipolar disorders 35.6%, and depressive disorders 29.3%). Among those respondents presenting any lifetime mental disorders, about half of the sample presented 3 or more concurrent disorders. The rate of current frequency of any mental disorders was 57.8% (57.6% men vs. 58.5% women)....
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Bariatric Surgery , Feeding and Eating Disorders , Mental Disorders , Mental Status Schedule , Obesity , Obesity, Morbid , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Quality of LifeABSTRACT
El incesto es un tema lleno de mitos y es importante conocer la transcendencia en el ámbito emocional de los menores, niños y niñas, que son víctimas de abuso sexual por parte de un pariente cercano y los motivos que llevan al resto de la familia a callar estos sucesos. Conocer características de las posibles víctimas y de los posibles agresores nos permitirán evaluar las circunstancias en que se da el abuso sexual y sus secuelas a corto y largo plazo...
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child Abuse, Sexual , Child Psychiatry , Community Psychiatry , Domestic Violence , Family , Forensic Medicine , Forensic Psychiatry , Incest , Interview, Psychological , PsychiatryABSTRACT
Objetivos: Avaliar as características sociodemográficas e a prevalência de transtornos mentais em pacientes com sobrepeso e obesidade.Métodos: Este estudo transversal foi realizado no Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, sendo incluídos pacientes com índice de massa corporal ?25 kg/m2, atendidos no ambulatório de endocrinologia entre 2008 e 2010. Utilizou-se instrumento estruturado para o diagnóstico psiquiátrico e critérios da Organização Mundial de Saúde na definição de índice da massa corporal e circunferência de cintura.Resultados: Foram entrevistados 153 pacientes, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (86,9%). Observou-se sobrepeso em 38,6% dos casos, obesidade em 46,4% e obesidade grave em 15%. Transtornos de ansiedade ocorreram em 49,2% dos pacientes com sobrepeso e em 67% dos obesos (p<0,05). Transtornos depressivos ocorreram em 22,7% dos pacientes com circunferência da cintura aumentada e em 49,6% dos que tinham circunferência da cintura muito aumentada (p<0,05). Obesidade grave associou-se com risco para fobia social (p=0,001, OR=4,8 IC95% 1,7-13,5), perturbação de pânico atual com agorafobia (p=0,02, OR=3,7 IC95% 1,1-12,4) e distimia (p=0,006, OR=6,6 IC95% 1,5-28,7).Conclusões: Transtornos ansiosos foram mais prevalentes em pacientes obesos quando comparados aos pacientes com sobrepeso, alguns transtornos psíquicos associaram-se a obesidade grave e transtornos depressivos foram mais prevalentes em pacientes com circunferência da cintura muito aumentada. Estes resultados reafirmam a importância de considerar a abordagem psiquiátrica no manejo clínico da obesidade.
Aims: To assess the sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of mental disorders in patients with overweight and obesity.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, and included patients with body mass index ? 25 kg/m2, attended at the endocrinology outpatient clinic between 2008 and 2010. We used a structured instrument for the psychiatric diagnosis and criteria of the World Health Organization definition of body mass index and waist circumference.Results: There were 153 respondents, the majority being female (86.9%). Overweight was observed in 38.6% of cases, obesity and severe obesity 46.4% 15%. Anxiety disorders occurred in 49.2% of overweight patients and 67% of obese subjects (p <0.05). Depressive disorders occurred in 22.7% of patients with increased waist circumference and 49.6% of those who had greatly increased waist circumference (p <0.05). Severe obesity was associated with risk for social phobia (p=0.001, OR=4.8, 95%CI 1.7-13.5), current panic disorder with agoraphobia (p=0.02, OR=3.7, 95%CI 1.1-12.4) and dysthymia (p=0.006, OR=6.6, 95%CI 1.5-28.7).Conclusions: Anxiety disorders were more prevalent in obese patients when compared to overweight patients, some mental disorders were associated with severe obesity, and depressive disorders were more prevalent in patients with severely increased waist circumference. These results reaffirm the importance of considering the psychiatric approach in the clinical management of obesity.
Subject(s)
Abdominal Circumference , Mental Status Schedule , Cross-Sectional Studies , Obesity , Prevalence , Overweight , Mental DisordersABSTRACT
Doenças infecciosas crônicas podem causar ou agravar transtornos mentaisem decorrência de efeitos diretos no sistema nervoso central, como respostaindividual ao adoecimento, alteração da imunidade com surgimento de infecçõesoportunistas ou em função de efeitos colaterais do tratamento específico. O objetivodo presente estudo foi avaliar as características clínicas, sociodemográficas, o perfilde comorbidade psiquiátrica e de alterações cognitivas em pacientes ambulatoriaiscom diagnóstico de infecção pelo HIV, HTLV e doença de Chagas do Instituto dePesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas (IPEC) da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Trata-se deum estudo seccional com uma amostra consecutiva de 125 pacientes encaminhadosao ambulatório de psiquiatria no período de fevereiro a dezembro de 2010. A coletade dados foi realizada por meio de fichas padronizadas incluindo informações sobrecaracterísticas sociodemográficas e clínicas e aplicação dos instrumentos MiniInternational Neuropsychiatric Interview- versão Plus (MINI-Plus 5.0) paradiagnósticos psiquiátricos e Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) para rastreio dedéficit cognitivo, ambos validados para a língua portuguesa do Brasil. Foi realizadauma análise descritiva com frequências simples e medidas de dispersão de variáveissociodemográficas e clínicas, dos diagnósticos obtidos pelo MINI-Plus e alteraçãocognitiva detectada pelo MEEM segundo o ponto de corte proposto pela SociedadeBrasileira de Neurologia. A associação entre as variáveis categóricassociodemográficas / clínicas e os transtornos mentais mais prevalentes e a alteraçãodo MEEM, foi avaliada utilizando-se os testes qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher eteste t de Student ou Mann-Whitney para variáveis contínuas. Foram estimadas asrazões de chance (OR) com respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%)...
Chronic infectious diseases can cause or exacerbate mental disorders due todirect effects on the central nervous system, as individual response to illness,changes in immunity and onset of opportunistic infections or because of treatmentside effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical, sociodemographicprofile of psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment in HIV-infected, HTLVinfected,and Chagas disease patients from the Evandro Chagas Clinical ResearchInstitute (IPEC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. This is a cross-sectional study with aconsecutive sample of 125 patients referred to psychiatric outpatient clinic fromFebruary to December 2010. Data collection was performed using standardizedforms including information on clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. MiniInternational Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus (MINI-Plus 5.0) and Mini Mental StateExamination (MMSE) were administered to assess psychiatric diagnoses andcognitive impairment screening, respectively. Both instruments were validated forPortuguese language. A descriptive analysis was performed with simple frequenciesand measures of dispersion of demographic and clinical variables, diagnosesobtained by the MINI-Plus and cognitive impairment detected by MMSE according toa cutoff point proposed by the Brazilian Society of Neurology. The associationbetween categorical variables and demographic / clinical and mental disorder andchanges in MMSE was assessed using the chi-square or Fisher exact test, andStudent t test or Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables...
Subject(s)
Chagas Disease/transmission , HIV , Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Alcoholic Neuropathy , Arrhythmias, Cardiac , Cardiomyopathies , Comorbidity , Dyslipidemias , Hepatitis C, Chronic , Hypertension , Lipodystrophy , Migraine Disorders , Obesity , PolyneuropathiesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The Schedule for the Assessment of Insight - Expanded Version consists of 11 items that encompass: awareness of having a mental illness, ability to rename psychotic phenomena as abnormal, and compliance with treatment. The objective of the study was to evaluate the inter-rater reliability and to study the factorial structure of the Brazilian version of the instrument. METHOD: The Brazilian version of the Schedule for the Assessment of Insight - Expanded Version was used for the assessment of insight of 109 psychotic inpatients, 60 of whom had the interview tape-recorded in order to be scored by an independent evaluator. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was adopted as the inter-rater reliability coefficient. In the factor analysis, principal components analysis and Varimax rotation were adopted. RESULTS: Inter-rater reliability coefficients from good to excellent were found for the individual items of the Schedule for the Assessment of Insight - Expanded Version with ICC values ranging from 0.54 to 0.82. Regarding the total score, inter-rater reliability was excellent, with ICC = 0.90. A factorial structure similar to the one obtained by the original version of the Schedule for the Assessment of Insight - Expanded Version was found, with 3 factors accounting for 71.72 percent of variance. CONCLUSION: In the Brazilian context, the Schedule for the Assessment of Insight - Expanded Version presented good inter-rater reliability and factorial structure compatible to the insight dimensions that are intended to be evaluated.
OBJETIVOS: O Schedule for the Assessment of Insight - Expanded Version é constituído por 11 itens que abordam: reconhecimento de se ter um transtorno mental, capacidade de renomear fenômenos psicóticos como anormais e adesão ao tratamento. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a confiabilidade entre avaliadores e estudar a estrutura fatorial da versão brasileira do Schedule for the Assessment of Insight - Expanded Version. MÉTODO: A versão brasileira do Schedule for the Assessment of Insight - Expanded Version foi utilizada na avaliação de 109 pacientes psicóticos internados, dos quais 60 tiveram a entrevista gravada para atribuição de escores por avaliador independente. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC) foi utilizado na avaliação da confiabilidade entre avaliadores. Para a análise fatorial foram adotadas análise de componentes principais e rotação varimax. RESULTADOS: A confiabilidade entre avaliadores para os itens do Schedule for the Assessment of Insight - Expanded Version encontrada esteve entre boa e excelente, com ICC variando de 0,54 a 0,82; para o escore total foi excelente, com ICC = 0,90. Uma estrutura fatorial semelhante à obtida para a versão original do Schedule for the Assessment of Insight - Expanded Version foi encontrada, com três fatores explicando 71,72 por cento da variação. CONCLUSÃO: No contexto brasileiro, o Schedule for the Assessment of Insight - Expanded Version apresentou boa confiabilidade entre avaliadores e estrutura fatorial compatível com as dimensões do insight que pretende avaliar.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Awareness , Interview, Psychological/methods , Mental Status Schedule/standards , Psychotic Disorders/diagnosis , Psychotic Disorders/psychology , Analysis of Variance , Brazil , Interview, Psychological/standards , Language , Observer Variation , Patient Compliance , Psychometrics , Reproducibility of Results , Schizophrenia/diagnosis , TranslatingABSTRACT
Con la finalidad de estimar la prevalencia de transtornos mentales en estudios epidemiológicos en la comunidad, hemos desarrollado la Entrevista Psiquiátrica Modificada (EPM), un instrumento semiestructura derivado de la Standardized Psichiatric Interview de Goldberg y colaboradores, para ser aplicada por entrevistadores con experiencia clínica en el área de la salud mental. Este artículo tiene como finalidad evaluar el grado de acuerdo entre entrevistadores clínicos (utilizando un diseño entrevistador-observador), empleando la EPM en pacientes que asistieron a la consulta externa de un hospital general de la Secretaría de Salud, como parte de una investigación sobre prevalencia de transtornos mentales en un segundo nivel de atención médica. Se analizó el grado de acuerdo entre los entrevistadores en las diferentes secciones que comprenden el instrumento en base a tres estadísticos: correlación producto-momento de Pearson, estadístico de Kappa y el Coeficiente "Y" de Yule. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron un alto nivel de confiabilidad en cada una se las secciones de la EPM