Ecologia política: una lectura de cambios que promueve la educación ambiental no formal en Santiago de Cali -Colombia / Political ecology: a reading of changes promoted by nonformal environmental education in Santiago de Cali -Colombia / Ecologia política: uma leitura da mudança promovendo a educação ambiental não formal em Santiago de Cali -Colombia

RESUMEN Ante la presión antropogénica sobre el medio ambiente, es preponderante el rol de la educación ambiental para generar cambios que resignifiquen la relación ser humano-naturaleza en los territórios. Esta investigación cualitativa hermenêutica tuvo un enfoque descriptivo explicativo y en ella se estudiaron cambios culturales y socioambientales promovidos por procesos específicos de educación ambiental no formal realizados en Santiago de Cali - Colombia acerca de conservación de bienes ambientales y servicios ecosistémicos, embellecimiento del entorno, soberania alimentaria y preservación de la biodiversidad. Se identificaron indicadores de educación ambiental potenciales para valorar los cambios promovidos, se definieron indicadores específicos indagando experiencias, percepciones y motivaciones de actores sociales participantes y se contrastó su correspondencia desde la ecologia política y el pensamiento ambiental crítico. Se encontró que la definición de indicadores de educación ambiental presenta retos considerables y que, si bien los procesos educativos posibilitaron una mejor comprensión de las problemáticas medioambientales, los cambios culturales y socioambientales promovidos dependen de dinâmicas socioeconómicas, prácticas éticas, culturales y del ejercicio del poder político.

ABSTRACT In the face of anthropogenic pressure on the environment, the role of environmental education to generate changes that redefine the human-nature relationship in the territories is preponderant. This qualitative hermeneutic research had a descriptive explanatory approach and studied cultural and socio-environmental changes promoted by specific non-formal environmental education processes carried out in Santiago de Cali - Colombia regarding the conservation of environmental goods and ecosystem services, beautification of the environment, food sovereignty and preservation of biodiversity Potential environmental education indicators were identified to assess the changes promoted, specific indicators were defined by investigating experiences, perceptions and motivations of participating social actors and their correspondence was contrasted from political ecology and critical environmental thinking. It was found that the definition of environmental education indicators presents considerable challenges and that, although the educational processes enabled a better understanding of environmental issues, the cultural and socio-environmental changes promoted depend on socioeconomic dynamics, ethical and cultural practices and the exercise of political power.

RESUMO Diante da pressão antropogênica sobre o meio ambiente, o papel da educação ambiental na geração de mudanças que redefinem a relação homem-natureza nos territórios é preponderante. Esta pesquisa hermenêutica qualitativa teve uma abordagem explicativa descritiva e estudou as mudanças culturais e socioambientais promovidas por processos específicos de educação ambiental não-formal realizados em Santiago de Cali - Colombia sobre a conservação dos bens e serviços ambientais, o embelezamento do meio ambiente, a soberania alimentar e a preservação da biodiversidade. Indicadores potenciais de educação ambiental foram identificados para avaliar as mudanças promovidas, indicadores específicos foram definidos através de pesquisas sobre as experiências, percepções e motivações dos atores sociais participantes e sua correspondência foi contrastada a partir da perspectiva da ecologia politica e do pensamento ambiental crítico. Verificou-se que a definição de indicadores de educação ambiental apresenta desafios consideráveis e que, embora os processos educacionais tenham levado a uma melhor compreensão das questões ambientais, as mudanças culturais e socioambientais promovidas dependem da dinâmica socioeconòmica, das práticas éticas e culturais e do exercicio do poder politico.

Diversity and spatio-temporal variation of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) before and after the construction of the Jirau hydroelectric plant, state of Rondônia, Brazil

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the construction of the Jirau hydroelectric plant on the anopheline species, in Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil. For this, sampling was carried out in 23 locations in the pre (2004) and 23 after construction (2018) phases in the hydroelectric dam's coverage area, performed by human landing catch between 6:00 pm and 10:00 pm. We found 14 anopheline species. In the pre-construction phase, An. darlingi (73%) was the most abundant and after construction An. braziliensis (31.5%) was the most abundant. The T test indicated that there were no differences in the indexes - diversity (H '), richness (Sjack 1), equitability (J') and dominance (d) of anophelines species - evaluated between the phases (p > 0.05). The spatio-temporal distribution of An. darlingi proved to be wide, with the highest density values observed in March ( x ¯w = 27.1) in the pre-construction phase and in the months of May ( x ¯w = 4) and July ( x ¯w = 3.1), post-construction. Differences in hematophagic activity peaks were observed between species and between phases. According to the data obtained in this study, the construction of the hydroelectric plant had little influence on the composition of anopheline species, however changes were observed in the spatio-temporal distribution of the An. darlingi and in the pattern of hematophagic activity of the species, which directly influenced the dynamics of malaria in the region.

Culicidae fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) survey in urban, ecotonal and forested areas, from the Moreno municipality - Pernambuco State, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Mosquitoes are vectors of several pathogens in tropical regions. However, information on Culicidae in the northeast region of Brazil is scarce despite many municipalities having environmental conditions favorable for these insects. METHODS: We collected mosquitoes monthly for one year from urban, ecotonal, and ecological reserve areas in Moreno, Brazil, by using CDC Miniature light traps, aspiration, ovitraps, and liquid suction. RESULTS: We collected 1,401 insects in the Culicidae family. Fifteen species of seven genera of Culicidae were identified and five specimens were identified only at the genus level. CONCLUSIONS: There is a wide diversity of mosquito species in the sampled areas, some of which are important for human health.

Tendências em séries anuais de precipitação e temperaturas no Brasil / Trends in the annual rainfall and temperatures series in Brazil

RESUMO Nas últimas décadas, pesquisadores científicos e acadêmicos em todo o mundo têm se preocupado com a avaliação das tendências dos climas regional e global. A avaliação das alterações no clima é uma ferramenta para o planejamento da sociedade, pois permite considerar as possíveis consequências do aumento das temperaturas do ar e de mudanças no regime de precipitação que foram observadas ao redor do mundo. Sob a hipótese da presença de alterações climáticas no Brasil, o objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a existência de tendências climáticas em 243 séries anuais de temperaturas máxima, mínima e média do ar (T-Máx., T-Mín. e T-Méd.) e precipitação pluviométrica (Prec.) em cidades do Brasil. Foram empregados os testes estatísticos de Mann-Kendall (M-K.) e Pettitt (Pett.) para avaliação de tendências significativas. Para a visualização espacial das tendências observadas, foram elaborados mapas. Os resultados estatísticos mostram que, de todas as cidades estudadas, foram observadas tendências positivas na T-máx. em 35% das séries, negativas em 1% e ausência de tendência em 64%. Para a T-Mín., foram observadas tendências positivas em 30% dos casos, negativas em 8% e ausência de tendência em 63%. Na T-Méd., tendência positiva foi detectada em 35% das cidades analisadas, negativa em 3% e ausência de tendência em 62%. Por fim, na Prec., tendência positiva em 6% dos casos, negativa em 4% e ausência de tendência em 91%. As tendências observadas no presente estudo estão possivelmente relacionadas às atividades antrópicas em cada localidade, como o expansionismo urbano, o desenvolvimento industrial e o adensamento populacional.

ABSTRACT In recent decades, scientific and academic researchers around the world have been concerned with the assessment of regional and global climate trends. The assessment of changes in the climate system is a planning tool for society as it enables the consideration of possible consequences from the increasing air temperature and changes in precipitation that have been observed around the world. Under the hypothesis of climate change presence in Brazil, the aim of this study was to verify the presence of climate trends in 243 annual data from Brazilian cities of maximum, minimum and average air temperatures and rainfall. The Mann-Kendall (M-K.) and the Pettitt (Pett.) tests were applied in order to evaluate the presence of significant trends. Maps were developed for the spatial visualization of the observed trends. The statistical results show that, from all the studied cities, increasing trends in maximum temperature were observed in 35% of the series, decreasing in 1% and no trends were observed in 64%. For the minimum temperature, increasing trends were observed in 30% of the studied series, decreasing in 8% and no trends in 63%. For the average temperature, increasing trends were observed in 35%, decreasing in 3% and no trends in 62%. For rainfall, increasing trends were observed in 6%, decreasing in 4% and no trends in 91%. The observed trends may be related to the anthropic activities like urban expansion, industrial development and the increasing population density in each studied city.

Water temperature affects aggressive interactions in a Neotropical cichlid fish

Changes in water temperature may affect the aggressive behavior of aquatic organisms, such as fish, either by changing some physiological mechanisms or by increasing the probability of encounters between individuals as a result of variation in their swimming activity. In our study, we evaluated the influence of increasing and decreasing temperature on the aggressive behavior of the Neotropical cichlid fish Cichlasoma paranaense. Firstly, we tested the critical thermal maximum (CTMax) tolerated by this species. Then, we tested the effect of decreasing or increasing the water temperature in 6o C (starting at 27° C) on the aggressive interactions of fish under isolation or housed in groups. We found a CTMax value of 39° C for C. paranaense. We also observe that a 6° C decrease in water temperature lowers swimming activity and aggressive interactions in both isolated and group-housed fish, as expected. On the other hand, the increase in temperature had no effect on the fish's aggressive behavior, neither for isolated nor for grouped fish. We concluded that C. paranaense shows high tolerance to elevated temperatures and, in turn, it does not affect aggressive behavior. Nevertheless, we cannot dismiss possible effects of elevated temperatures on aggressive interactions over longer periods.(AU)

Mudanças na temperatura da água podem afetar o comportamento agressivo de organismos aquáticos, como peixes, seja alterando alguns mecanismos fisiológicos ou aumentando a probabilidade de encontros entre os indivíduos como um resultado da variação na sua atividade natatória. Em nosso estudo, nós avaliamos a influência do aumento e da diminuição da temperatura sobre o comportamento agressivo do peixe ciclídeo neotropical Cichlasoma paranaense. Primeiramente, nós testamos a temperatura crítica máxima (CTMax) tolerada por essa espécie. Depois disso, nós testamos o efeito de reduzir ou aumentar a temperatura da água em 6° C (a partir de 27° C) sobre as interações agressivas de peixes sob isolamento ou alojados em grupos. Nós encontramos um valor de CTMax de 39° C para C. paranaense. Nós também observamos que uma redução de 6° C na temperatura da água diminui a atividade natatória e as interações agressivas tanto em peixes isolados quanto agrupados, como esperado. Por outro lado, o aumento na temperatura não teve efeito no comportamento agressivo dos peixes nem isolados, nem agrupados. Nós concluímos que C. paranaense apresenta alta tolerância a temperaturas elevadas, e que isso, por sua vez, não afeta o comportamento agressivo. No entanto, nós não podemos descartar possíveis efeitos de temperaturas elevadas sobre interações agressivas durante longos períodos.(AU)

Effects of changes in the riparian forest on the butterfly community (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in Cerrado areas

ABSTRACT Preserved riparian vegetation usually has greater environmental complexity than the riparian vegetation modified by human actions. These systems may have a greater availability and diversity of food resources for the species. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of changes on the structure of the riparian forest on species richness, beta diversity and composition of butterfly species in the Cerrado of Mato Grosso. We tested the hypotheses that: (i) higher species richness and (ii) beta diversity would be recorded in more preserved environments; and (iii) species composition would be more homogeneous in disturbed habitats. For hypothesis testing, the riparian vegetation of eight streams were sampled in four periods of the year in a fixed transect of 100 m along the shores. The richness of butterfly species is lower in disturbed than in preserved areas. However, species richness is not affected by habitat integrity. Beta diversity differed among sites, such that preserved sites have greater beta diversity, showing greater variation in species composition. In addition, beta diversity was positively affected by environmental heterogeneity. A total of 23 of the 84 species sampled occurred only in the changed environment, 42 were exclusive to preserved sites and 19 occurred in both environments. The environmental change caused by riparian forest removal drastically affects the butterfly community. Therefore, riparian vegetation is extremely important for butterfly preservation in the Cerrado and may be a true biodiversity oasis, especially during the dry periods, when the biome undergoes water stress and resource supply is more limited.

Influence of Natural and Anthropogenic Processes in the Coastline Evolution at the Doce River Mouth (Espírito Santo, Brazil).

Aims and Place: The Doce River is one of the largest rivers of southeastern Brazil, and has been target of strong environmental impact in recent decades due to mining and farming activities. Influenced by lithological factors and human disturbance, the Doce River has brought changes on the vegetation of the deltaic plain and increased the local sediment load transported Methodology: Limnological analysis, textural characteristic of soils and sediments and TOC, TON and TP (ppm) were determined at the Doce River mouth during the dry and rainy seasons between 1993 and 2008. Cluster analysis, analysis of the sediment dynamic and bed topography of the mouth were applied to the results. Results and Conclusion: The river shows accelerated bank erosion, especially during the rainy season. Near the mouth, erosion processes are enhanced by sediment dynamics, obstructing the main channel and modifying the coastal landscape. This research aims to contribute to a better understanding of fluvial geomorphology near the mouth of the Doce River, from nutrients flow analyze and sediment dynamics, without discarding the anthropogenic influence in the region.

Use of food resuurces by detritivorous fish in floodplains: a syntheiis / El uso de los recursos alimenticios por peces detritívoros en planicies de inundación: una síntesis

The present review investigated the sources of energy for detritivorous fish species in floodplains. Recent studies have shown that environmental changes that alter the terrestrial vegetation affect essentially the resource base in these areas, such as the detritus. In aquatic environments, especially floodplains, a major part of metabolic processes is supported by terrestrial detritus, which accounts for maintaining the detritivorous food chain. Thus, one way to evaluate environments changes is through isotopic studies of organic matter, which allows acquiring information about the quantity and quality of organic matter. This approach is required for understanding the interactions between the organic matter dynamics and its ecological effects, allowing the monitoring of these resources. However, researches on the energy flow in food chains should also employ an approach that quantifies the magnitude of these food subsidies, as also the access routes of aquatic consumers, in watersheds of different sizes and in diverse land uses.

Esta revisión procuró investigar las fuentes de energía para las especies de peces detritívoras en la llanura de inundación. Los estudios han demostrado que las transformaciones ambientales que causan los cambios en la vegetación terrestre afectan principalmente la base de los recursos en estos planos inundables, tales como el detritus. En los ambientes acuáticos, especialmente las llanuras de inundación, la mayoría de los procesos metabólicos están sustentados por el detritus terrestre, y esta función es responsable de mantener las redes detritívoras. Una forma de evaluar estos cambios es a través de estudios isotópicos de la materia orgánica, los cuales permiten obtener información sobre su cantidad y su calidad mediante el análisis de la biomasa microbiana. Este enfoque es necesario para comprender las interacciones entre la dinámica de la materia orgánica y sus efectos ecológicos, lo que permite a su vez la valoración de estos recursos. Sin embargo, se concluye que los estudios futuros también deben cuantificar la magnitud de estos subsidios energéticos, asícomo las vías de acceso de los consumidores acuáticos, lo cual debe evaluarse en cuencas hidrográficas de diferentes tamaños y con diversos usos de la tierra.

Relação entre comportamento supersticioso e estímulo reforçador condicionado: uma replicação sistemática de Lee (1996) / The relationship between superstitious behavior and the conditioned reinforcing stimulus: a systematic replication of Lee (1996)

O objetivo foi verificar se um estímulo reforçador condicionado pode instalar comportamento supersticioso, replicando sistematicamente Lee (1996). A tarefa de doze participantes era mudar a disposição de cinco ícones dispostos no canto esquerdo da tela do computador, clicando o mouse; as mudanças não dependiam da localização do cursor na tela, quando os cliques ocorriam, mas sim do número de cliques. Na Fase 1, mudança na disposição dos ícones ocorria em um esquema de razão variável, as quatro primeiras mudanças apenas alteravam a disposição de cinco ícones diferentes e a quinta, produzia 5 ícones iguais. Pontos eram liberados, quando os ícones se igualavam. Na Fase 2, após alguns cliques no mouse (que podiam ser de 1 a 30), em que não produziam mudança nos ícones, os próximos quatro cliques produziam mudanças na disposição de cinco ícones diferentes e o quinto clique produzia a igualação dos ícones. Na Fase 3, a igualação ocorria diretamente, após "n" cliques. Dois tipos de respostas supersticiosas foram identificados: respostas de clicar sobre zonas de localização que continham ou não, os ícones e respostas de variar a localização dos cliques, após ausência de mudança ou de mudança nos ícones.

This study was conducted in order to ascertain if a conditioned reinforcing stimulus can give rise to superstitious behavior, using a systematic replication of Lee (1996). The task of the 12 participants was to change the icon display on the left side of the computer screen by clicking the mouse button. Icon changes did not depend on cursor location, but rather on the number of clicks. During phase 1, the icon display changed according to a variable ratio schedule, in which the first four changes referred to changes in the icon display only and the fifth change referred to an icon match. During phase 2, following a number of mouse clicks where icon change was not observed, the next four clicks changed the icon arrangement, although the icons remained the same, and the fifth click produced an icon match. In phase 3, icon match occurred immediately after "n" clicks. Two types of superstitious responses were identified: (1) clicking the mouse button on icons or in any other place on the screen that did not have icons and (2) location changes after an absence of change or following icon changes.

Impact of the construction of the harbor at pecém (Ceará, Brazil) upon reef fish communities in tide pools

This study aimed to assess the impact of harbor construction at Pecém (Brazil) upon the reef fish communities in tide pools. The monitoring was carried out through a visual census and sea water quality was evaluated by microbiological analyses. From March to December 2001, 1,425 individuals of 17 families and 25 species were registered. The most frequent species were Haemulon parra, Acanthurus chirurgus, Abudefduf saxatilis and Sparisoma axillare. The average species diversity for the whole period was 1.77 bits.ind -1. There was evidence that the tide pools gradually silted up, resulting in a reduction in species diversity and richness. The microbiological analyses indicated the presence of faecal coliforms in the water though not at significant levels. The present study could be useful as an early reference for future projects, using the fish communities as indicators for the impact upon the environment of the harbor construction and other human activities.

O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi estudar os possíveis impactos sobre as comunidades de peixes que vivem em poças de maré na praia de Pecém-CE. O método de censo visual foi utilizado para o registro dos peixes, e a análise microbiológica para verificar a qualidade das águas. No período de março a dezembro de 2001 foram observados 1.425 indivíduos pertencentes a 17 famílias e 25 espécies em três poças estudadas. As espécies mais freqüentes foram Haemulon parra, Acanthurus chirurgus, Abudefduf saxatilis e o Sparisoma axillare. A diversidade média de espécies no período foi de 1,77 bits.ind-1. Durante a pesquisa foi observado um processo crescente de assoreamento na área de estudo, em decorrência da construção do porto de Pecém. No que concerne à balneabilidade das águas dessa praia, a avaliação não mostrou sinais significativos de poluição microbiológica, embora tenha sido detectada a presença de coliformes fecais. Os resultados desta pesquisa poderão servir como referência pioneira para futuros projetos de monitoramento para áreas que venham a sofrer com atividades de construção portuária.

Paisajes alterados: retrospectiva del manejo eclógico social de la vertiente. cordillera central. eje cafetero Colombiano / Alterd landscapee: retrospective on te social ecological management of the central cordillera. Colombian coffee growing aeea

El presente análisis geográfico se orienta al aporte y esclarecimiento sobre la composición y estructuración del paisaje cultural cafetero, proceso de larga duración que contempla la metamorfosis de la naturaleza a un ambiente "humanizado" en las áreas de vertiente de los Andes centrales colombianos. Desde este enfoque, se enuncia una mirada retrospectiva general del proceso de construcción social de estos territorios andinos y las transformaciones ocurridas en ellos.

The present geographical analysis is geared towards clarifying the cultural coffee landscape composition and structure, long-term process which involves the metamorphosis of nature in a "humanized" environment in the mountainous areas of the central Colombian Andes. From this approach, the article announces a general retrospective focus on the social construction process of these Andean territories and the changes in them.

Cambios en las comunidades de peces de los arrecifes coralinos del Archipiélago Sabana-Camagüey, Cuba

Changes in fish communities of coral reefs at Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago, Cuba. A comparison of fish community structure in the Sabana-Camagüey Archipelago (1988-1989 and 2000) using visual census surveys (eight belt transects 2x50 m in each site) suggests a notable decrease on species richness, and a two thirds reduction in fish density and biomass on coral reefs. This decrease in fish populations may be related to the alarming decrease of scleractinian coral cover, and an enormous proliferation of algae, which currently covers 70-80% of the hard substrate, impeding the recovery of corals and other benthic organisms. High coral mortalities occurred between the study periods, which correlate with the high temperatures caused by the ENSO events of 1995, 1997 and 1998. These events caused massive bleaching of corals and subsequent algae overgrowth. Evidence of nutrient enrichment from the inner lagoons and overfishing are also present. Collectively, these effects have provoked a marked degradation of reef habitats. These changes appear to have affected the availability of refuges and food for fishes, and may be constraining individual growth potential and population size. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (2): 537-547. Epub 2007 June, 29.

Al comparar la estructura de las comunidades de peces en los arrecifes del Archipiélago Sabana-Camagüey entre 1988-89 y el año 2000, mediante iguales censos visuales (ocho transeptos lineales de 2x50 m en cada estación), se observó una notable disminución de la riqueza de especies y una reducción en dos tercios de la densidad y biomasa de peces. Tal disminución de las poblaciones de peces parece estar relacionada con la alarmante disminución de la cobertura de corales escleractínios y una gran proliferación de algas, las cuales actualmente cubren 7080% del sustrato duro, impidiendo la recuperación de los corales y otros organismos bénticos. Grandes mortalidades de corales ocurrieron entre los dos periodos de estudio, lo cual parece ser consecuencia de las altas temperaturas provocadas por los eventos ENOS de 1995, 1997 y 1998. Estos fenómenos climáticos provocaron el blanqueamiento masivo de los corales y como consecuencia se produjo una gran proliferación de las algas. Asimismo en el período entre ambos muestreos ocurrió el enriquecimiento de nutrientes desde las lagunas interiores y la sobreexplotación de los recursos pesqueros. El conjunto de estos factores provocaron una marcada degradación del hábitat en los arrecifes. Tales cambios parecen haber afectado la disponibilidad de refugios y la alimentación para los peces, limitando el crecimiento individual y el tamaño de las poblaciones.

New record of Amphisbaena fuliginosa (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) for the Cerrado Biome, in an area of extensive cattle ranching / Novo registro de Amphisbaena fuliginosa (Squamata, Amphisbaenidae) para o Bioma Cerrado, em uma área de criação extensiva de gado

Samples of Amphisbaena fuliginosa from the Cerrado biome are scarce and additional data are needed to clarify the geographic distribution and patterns of differentiation of this species. During field works at a cattle farm in the south of the state of Goiás, Central Brazil, we found an adult individual of A. fuliginosa. Our specimen represents the southernmost record for the species, extending its distribution 150 km. The color is similar to that described for other specimens from Goiás state, corroborating the uniform pattern observed for Cerrado populations. We suggest that the fossorial habits of A. fuliginosa may allow its occurrence in anthropogenic habitats by offering protection against the changes in natural vegetation.

Amostras de Amphisbaena fuliginosa do Bioma Cerrado são escassas e dados adicionais são necessários para esclarecer a distribuição geográfica e os padrões de diferenciação dessa espécie. Durante trabalhos de campo em uma fazenda de gado no sul de Goiás, Brasil central, nós encontramos um indivíduo adulto de A. fuliginosa. Nosso espécime representa o registro mais ao sul para a espécie, estendendo a sua distribuição 150 km. A coloração é similar àquela descrita para outros espécimes de Goiás, corroborando o padrão uniforme observado para as populações do Cerrado. Nós sugerimos que o hábito fossorial de A. fuliginosa pode permitir sua ocorrência em habitats antrópicos, por oferecer proteção contra as mudanças na vegetação natural.