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OBJECTIVE To study the repair effect of ephedrine on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced microglia function injury and its mechanism. METHODS Human microglia cells （HMC3） were used as research objects to investigate the effects of different concentrations of ephedrine （75， 150， 300， 600 μg/mL） on the viability and apoptosis of HMC3 cells. HMC3 cells were divided into control group （without drug intervention）， LPS group （1 μg/mL）， ephedrine group （1 μg/mL LPS+300 μg/mL ephedrine）， BAY11-7082 group [1 μg/mL LPS+5 μmol/L nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） pathway inhibitor BAY11-7082]， inhibitor group （1 μg/mL LPS+300 μg/mL ephedrine+5 μmol/L BAY11-7082） and activator group （1 μg/mL LPS+300 μg/mL ephedrine+1 μmol/L NF-κB pathway activator Prostratin）. After 24 hours of drug treatment， cell migration， the levels of soluble interleukin-6（sIL-6）， interleukin-10（IL-10）， superoxide dismutase（SOD）and malondialdehyde（MDA）， and the expressions of NF-κB pathway-related proteins were all detected. RESULTS The viability of HMC3 cells could be increased significantly by 300 μg/mL ephedrine， while the apoptotic rate was decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. Compared with the control group， the number of migrating cells was increased significantly in the LPS group； the levels of sIL-6 and MDA， the phosphorylation of NF-κB protein were increased significantly， while the levels of IL-10 and SOD were decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. Compared with the LPS group， the above indexes were reversed significantly in the ephedrine group and BAY11-7082 group （P＜0.05）. Compared with the ephedrine group， the number of migrating cells was decreased significantly in the inhibitor group； the levels of sIL-6 and MDA， the phosphorylation of NF-κB protein were decreased significantly， while the levels of IL-10 and SOD were increased significantly （P＜0.05）. The above indexes were reversed significantly in the activator group （P＜0.05）can repair cell injury by inhibiting LPS induced apoptosis， migration， inflammation and oxidant stress of HMC3 cells， the mechanism of which may be associated with inhibiting the activity of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Nos últimos anos, a obesidade vem aumentando consideravelmente entre adultos e crianças e, segundo a OMS, estima-se que em 2025 o número de obesos ultrapasse a 2,3 milhões em todo o mundo. O indivíduo obeso apresenta maiores riscos de desenvolver doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, como diabetes, doenças cardiovasculares, dislipidemias e ainda alguns tipos de cânceres. O tratamento para a obesidade é variado e inclui mudanças no estilo de vida como: hábitos alimentares e prática de atividade física, tratamento medicamentoso, cirurgia bariátrica e fitoterápicos com o potencial de auxiliar no tratamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica a fim de avaliar os benefícios da utilização de medicamentos fitoterápicos como auxiliar no tratamento da obesidade, seus principais ativos, mecanismos de ação e sua utilização popular. Dentre as plantas pesquisadas e que demonstraram potencial para atuar no tratamento da obesidade encontram-se Camelia sinensis, Citrus aurantium, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Coffea arabica, Ephedra sinica, Zingiber oficinale e Senna alexandrina. Os principais mecanismos de ação envolvidos no potencial anti-obesidade das plantas medicinais são a capacidade de controle do apetite e ingestão de energia, estímulo da termogênese, inibição da lipase pancreática e redução da absorção de gordura, diminuição da lipogênese e aumento da lipólise. Desta forma, conclui-se que as plantas selecionadas neste estudo apresentaram efeitos positivos nos parâmetros bioquímicos e físicos, podendo ser incluídas nos protocolos como coadjuvantes nos tratamentos de emagrecimento.
In recent years, obesity has increased considerably among adults and children and according to the WHO, it is estimated that in 2025 the number of obese people will exceed 2.3 million worldwide. The obese individual is at greater risk of developing non-communicable chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia and even some types of cancer. The treatment for obesity is varied, including changes in lifestyle such as eating habits and physical activity, drug treatment, bariatric surgery and phytotherapy with the potential to aid in the treatment. The objective of this work was to carry out a literature review, evaluating the benefits of using herbal medicines as an aid in the treatment of obesity, their main assets, mechanisms of action and their popular use. Among the plants researched and that have shown potential to act in the treatment of obesity are Camelia sinensis, Citrus aurantium, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Coffea arabica, Ephedra sinica, Zingiber officiale and Senna alexandrina. The main mechanisms of action involved in the antiobesity potential of medicinal plants are the ability to control appetite and energy intake, thermogenesis stimulation, pancreatic lipase inhibition and reduction of fat absorption, lipogenesis decrease and lipolysis increase. Thus, it is concluded that the plants selected in this study showed positive effects on biochemical and physical parameters, and can be included in the protocols as adjuvants in weight loss treatments.
En los últimos años, la obesidad ha aumentado considerablemente entre adultos y niños y, según la OMS, se estima que en 2025 el número de obesos superará los 2,3 millones en todo el mundo. Los individuos obesos tienen un mayor riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, como la diabetes, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, las dislipidemias e incluso algunos tipos de cáncer. El tratamiento de la obesidad es variado e incluye cambios en el estilo de vida como: hábitos alimenticios y práctica de actividad física, tratamiento farmacológico, cirugía bariátrica y medicamentos a base de hierbas con potencial para ayudar en el tratamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica para evaluar los beneficios del uso de las hierbas medicinales como ayuda en el tratamiento de la obesidad, sus principales activos, mecanismos de acción y su uso popular. Entre las plantas investigadas y que mostraron potencial para actuar en el tratamiento de la obesidad están Camelia sinensis, Citrus aurantium, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Coffea arabica, Ephedra sinica, Zingiber oficinale y Senna alexandrina. Los principales mecanismos de acción implicados en el potencial antiobesidad de las plantas medicinales son la capacidad de controlar el apetito y la ingesta de energía, estimular la termogénesis, inhibir la lipasa pancreática y reducir la absorción de grasas, disminuir la lipogénesis y aumentar la lipólisis. Por lo tanto, se concluye que las plantas seleccionadas en este estudio mostraron efectos positivos sobre los parámetros bioquímicos y físicos, y pueden ser incluidas en los protocolos como coadyuvantes en los tratamientos de pérdida de peso.
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Phytotherapeutic Drugs , Obesity/therapy , Plants, Medicinal/drug effects , Tea/drug effects , Weight Loss/drug effects , Citrus/drug effects , Zingiber officinale/drug effects , Overweight/therapyABSTRACT
Surgery in the lower abdomen can cause many adverse reactions in nervous system, metabolic and endocrine systems. Conventional intravenous anesthesia applied for lower abdominal surgery can cause the drop in blood pressure leading to hypoperfusion of vital organs. Hence, an ideal anesthesia state is required to make patients unconscious, unaware and have no postoperative memory during anesthesia. In this study, we investigated the effects of pre-injection of different pressors on the pressor response and bispectral index (BIS) of patients receiving lower abdominal surgery under total intravenous anesthesia. For this, 300 patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery under total intravenous anesthesia were divided into normal saline (Gr. A), ephedrine (Gr. B) and phenylephrine groups (Gr. C) (n=100). Hemodynamics indices were recorded before anesthesia induction (T0) and 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 min after drug injection (T1-T5, respectively). We observed the following reactions and recorded. BIS values at T0-T5 as well as the time points when the values rose to 65, 75, 85 and 95 and those for respiratory recovery, consciousness recovery and extubation after stopping target-controlled infusion were recorded. Compared with Gr. A, Gr. B had significantly higher systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and cardiac output (CO) at T1-T5 (P <0.05), and Gr. C had higher SBP, DBP, MAP and lower HR (P <0.05). Adverse reactions viz., intraoperative hypotension, hypertension, postoperative bradycardia, tachycardia, nausea and vomiting were also observed. The incidence rates of hypotension and total adverse reactions in groups B and C were significantly lower than those of Gr. A (P <0.05). Group B had significantly higher BIS values at T1-T5 than those of Gr. A (P <0.05). The time when BIS values recovered to 65 and 75 in group B was significantly shorter than that of Gr. A (P <0.05). Pre-injection of ephedrine and phenylephrine to patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery under total intravenous anesthesia elevated the blood pressure and reduced the incidence rate of adverse reactions without affecting the recovery time.
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OBJECTIVE To establish the method for the content determination of ephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in Shexiang zhuanggu plaster ，and to evaluate the quality of 222 batches of Shexiang zhuanggu plaster from 41 manufacturers. METHODS HPLC method was established. The determination was performed on Shimadzu Shim-pack GIS-C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile- 0.1％ phosphoric acid （3∶97，V/V）at the flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. The column temperature was set at 30 ℃，the detection wavelength was 210 nm，the sample size was 10 μL. Taking the content data of 222 batches of samples as index ，the cluster heatmap was drawn by Hiplot biomedical data visualization and analysis platform. RESULTS The results of the methodological investigation were in line with the requirements of the general principles stated in 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （part Ⅳ ）. The total contents of ephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in 222 batches of samples from 41 manufacturers were 0.646-6.325 μg/cm2. Results of cluster heatmap analysis showed that these samples of 41 manufacturers could be divided into 3 categories. The contents of components in samples from different manufacturers varied greatly ，and the contents of components in different batches of samples from the same manufacturers also varied greatly. If the proposed limit of this product was that the total amount of ephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride per 1 cm2 would not be less than 1.00 μg，23 of the 222 batches of samples were unqualified. CONCLUSIONS The established method for the content determination of ephedrine hydrochloride and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride in Shexiang zhuanggu plaster is accurate and precise ，and can be used for the quality control. Some manufacturers should pay attention to optimizing production process and strengthening quality control.
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Objective:To realize a fully automated synthesis of 11C-meta-hydroxyephedrine (mHED) and to perform imaging studies with it. Methods:11C-mHED was prepared by the 11CH 3-triflate method. The crude product was purified by semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) to obtain the final product. The radiochemical purity and specific activity were determined by radio-HPLC. The myocardial uptake and excretion process of the agent were monitored by microPET/CT imaging on 5 normal SD rats. The clinical imaging value was evaluated using PET/CT imaging in a patient (male, 42 years old) with myocardial infarction. Results:The automated synthesis of 11C-mHED was realized by a commercial synthesizer. The total synthesis time was about 30 min. The radiochemical yield was (15±2)% (non-decay corrected, n=10) and the radiochemical purity was greater than 98%. The specific activity was about 65 GBq/mmol. MicroPET/CT imaging in normal SD rats showed the myocardial uptake was highest at 10 min after the injection of imaging agent, and then the imaging agent was gradually excreted from the myocardium through the liver and gallbladder. PET/CT imaging of a patient with myocardial infarction showed an imaging agent defect near the apex in the inferior wall of the left ventricle, which was matched with results of ultrasound and electrocardiogram examination. Conclusions:11C-mHED can be successfully prepared automatically, with high radiochemical yield and specific activity. It can also highly concentrate in the myocardium, and the imaging effect with this agent is good in a patient with myocardial infarction.
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OBJECTIVE To establish the met hod for the purific ation of test sample of Banxialu granules ，and to determine the contents of 4 ephedrine components such as ephedrine ，pseudoephedrine，norpseudoephedrine and methylephedrine. METHODS Three batches of Banxialu granules were extracted with methanol（containing 1％formic acid ）and pretreated with QuEChERS method of N-propyl ethylenediamine adsorbent （PSA）and octadecyl bonded silica gel adsorbent （C18）. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry （UHPLC-MS/MS）was adopted. The separation was performed on an Agilent XDB-C 18 column with 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution （containing 0.1％ formic acid ）-acetonitrile as mobile phase（gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 0.40 mL/min. The column temperature was set at 30 ℃，and sample size was 2 μL. The electrospray ionization source was adopted ，and positive ion scanning was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The ion pairs used for quantitative analysis were m/z 166.2→148.1（ephedrine，pseudoephedrine），m/z 152.2→134.1（norpseudoephedrine）， m/z 180.2→162.2（methylephedrine）. RESULTS The solution obtained by QuEChERS purification method was clear and nearly colorless. The linear ranges of ephedrine ， pseudoephedrine， norpseudoephedrine and methylephedrine were 1.38-206.82， 1.41-212.13，1.29-19.34，1.99-59.83 ng/mL（r＞0.99）. The limits of detection were 0.41，0.42，0.39 and 0.60 ng/mL. The limits of quantitation were 1.38 ，1.41 ，1.29 and 1.99 ng/mL，respectively. RSDs of precision ，stability（48 h）and repeatability tests were all lower than 2％. The average recoveries were 95.75％-100.87％（RSD＜2％，n＝9）. The contents of above 4 ephedrine components were 20.62-26.02，20.96-24.90，2.26-2.63，5.36-6.32 μg/g， respectively. CONCLUSIONS Established method is simple ，rapid，sensitive and suitable for simultaneous determination of 4 ephedrine components in Banxialu granules.
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Objective: was to compare the two therapeutic modalities, fluid preloading and ephedrine, in the management of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. Methodology: Following ethical approval from Mayo hospital ethical committee and informed consent from patients study was started in Department of Anaesthesia. Duration of study was one year from November 2016 to October 2017. A total of 90 patients were enrolled through non probability consecutive sampling and randomly divided into two equal groups 45 patients in each. Group F for fluid preload patients and group E for ephedrine receiving patients. Required data was collected on preformed performa. Data information was entered in SPSS version 24 and analyzed for variables. Continuous variables were presented as mean and SD and categorical data was presented as numbers and percentages (%). Independent t-test was applied to see significance of results. P value equal or less than 0.05 was considered as significance. Results: Overall, 90 women were included in this study. The study consisted of two equal groups, 50% in each, i.e. F group and E group respectively. Mean trend of systolic blood pressure was shown in table 2. Higher means were observed in E group than in F group. The difference was statistically significant with regards to groups (P < 0.05). The mean trend of heart rate was shown in table 3. Higher means heart rates were observed in the E group as compare to the F group. The differences were statistically significant with regards to groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Results of our study revealed that use of ephedrine is superior to that of fluid preloading in managing hypotension after spinal anesthesia in cesarean section deliveries.
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Objective To investigate the effects of ephedrine on the expression levels of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and synapsin1 in PC12 cells, and to explore the mechanism of ephedrine cytotoxicity on PC12. Methods After PC12 cells were treated with different concentration of ephedrine, the cell survival rate was measured by the methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The morphology changes of PC12 cells were observed by an inverted microscope. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of BDNF, PSD95 and synapsin1 in PC12 cells. Results Ephedrine decreased the viability of PC12 cell in a concentration-dependent manner,with an IC25 and IC50 of 0.536 mmol and 2.8 mmol, respectively, for PC12 cell death. As ephedrine concentration increased, PC12 cells became smaller in size, with blurred boundary blurred, reduced synapses and shorter axon lengths. The expression levels of BDNF and PSD95 increased significantly. Meanwhile the expression level of synapsin1 decreased. Conclusion The mechanism of ephedrine cytotoxicity on PC12 may be related to the expression levels of BDNF, PSD95 and synapsin1.
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Background: During elective caesarean sections, post-spinal hypotension is a common problem. Prevention of this complication by sympathomimetic agents is of potential clinical significance. The objective of this study was to compare and evaluate the effects of ephedrine and phenylephrine on the fetal outcome when used in the treatment of maternal hypotension during spinal block in elective caesarean section.Methods: After fulfilling the inclusion criteria, hundred patients were enrolled in this study and were randomly allocated into two groups of fifty each. According to their group, patients received either ephedrine 6 mg (group E) or phenylephrine 75µg (group P) as vasopressor. For spinal anaesthesia lumber puncture was done in sitting position and 12.5mg, 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine was given intra-thecally to every patient. Throughout surgery, maternal and neonatal complications were controlled and recorded. During the study, Apgar scores on the 1st and 5th minutes, and blood gases of the umbilical cord blood were evaluated.Results: Ephedrine and phenylephrine were used in the mean doses of 6.72±1.97mg and 91.5±31.38µg respectively. There was no significant difference observed in total number of boluses used in treating post-spinal hypotension. The difference in the first- and fifth-minute Apgar scores was statistically insignificant between the group E and group P. There was a statistically significant difference observed in SaO2 and base excess in arterial gas sample between two studied groups. Similarly, a significant difference was observed in PCO2 of umbilical venous sample between two studied groups. However, none of the neonates had the true fetal acidosis.Conclusions: Intravenous phenylephrine 75µg and ephedrine 6 mg offer a comparable hypotensive control without any significant complication for mother or her fetus in elective caesarean section.
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Background: During caesarean section hypotension due to spinal block is secondary to the sympathetic blockade and aorto-caval compression by the uterus. It can have important consequences for the mother and may affect neonatal outcome. The present study was aimed to compare intravenous bolus doses of phenylephrine and ephedrine to treat maternal hypotension during spinal block for elective caesarean section.Methods: After fulfilling the inclusion criteria, 100 parturient were randomly allocated into two groups of fifty each. For spinal anesthesia lumber puncture was done and 12.5mg, 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine was given intra-thecally. In this observational study, patients who developed hypotension under spinal anesthesia were selected for the study. According to their group, patients received either ephedrine 6mg (Group E) or phenylephrine 75µg (Group P) as vasopressor. During the study, number of vasopressor boluses, hemodynamic response and time taken to recover from hypotension was noted.Results: Ephedrine and phenylephrine were used in the mean doses of 6.72±1.97mg and 91.5±31.38µg respectively. In 88% parturient single bolus dose of ephedrine was effective in treating hypotension while phenylephrine was effective in 78% parturient. There was no significant difference observed in total number of boluses used. No significant difference was seen in mean systolic blood pressure, mean diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure over a given period of time in Group E and Group P. Mean systolic BP was less than 20% when compared to baseline in both the groups at different time intervals. In Group P the mean heart rate was significantly lower as compared to the Group E (p<0.05).Conclusions: Intravenous phenylephrine and ephedrine are both similar in performance in treating hypotension after spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section and the hypotensive control offered is comparable.
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OBJECTIVE： To establish the method for simultaneous determination of ephedrine hydrochloride， pseudoephedrine hydrochloride， methamphetamine hydrochloride and paeoniflorin in Xiaoqinglong granule. METHODS： Micellar capillary electrophoresis （MCE） method was adopted. The optimum conditions for the separation were as follows as a fused silica capillary column as the separation channel， the buffer solution composed of 10 mmol/L borax-10 mmol/L SDS （95 ∶ 5， pH 10.5）， detection wavelength of 195 nm， separation voltage of 20 kV， capillary column temperature of 15 ℃，the sampling at a pressure for 0.5 psi×5 s. Two batches of Xiaoqinglong granules were collected from 2 manufacturers to determine the contents of ephedrine hydrochloride， pseudoephedrine hydrochloride， methamphetamine hydrochloride and paeoniflorin. The results of content determination were compared with the results determined by HPLC method stated in Chinese Pharmacopeia of 2015 edition. RESULTS： The linear range of ephedrine hydrochloride， pseudoephedrine hydrochloride， methamphetamine hydrochloride and paeoniflorin were 10-160， 10-160， 1-100， 10-500 μg/mL （r＝0.997 9-0.999 8）， respectively. RSDs of precision， reproducibility and stability tests were all ≤2.74％ （n＝5-6）. The average recoveries were 101.55％， 101.62％， 100.15％， 101.85％ （RSD≤3.94％， n＝6）， respectively. The contents of 4 components determined by micellar capillary electrophoresis were in accordance with the results of HPLC method. CONCLUSIONS： The established MCE method is simple， quick and sensitive， and can be used for simultaneous determination of 4 components mentioned above in Xiaoqinglong granule.
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The herbal formula, DF-02, consisting of Ephedra intermedia and Rheum palmatum are used for the treatment of the metabolic diseases such as obesity and liver fibrosis in Korean local clinics. We aimed to develop the simultaneous analytical conditions for four standards, (+)-pseudoephedrine (PSEP) and (−)-ephedrine (EP) for E. intermedia, and aloe-emodin (AE) and chrysophanol (CP) for R. palmatum using HPLC-UV techniques. The validated conditions yielded the high precision (relative standard deviation (RSD) 0.9994). As a result, four standards of DF-02 were simultaneously determined under the developed method, which will be utilized for the quality control or evaluation of DF-02 and many herbal preparations containing E. intermedia and R. palmatum.
Subject(s)
Calibration , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Ephedra , Liver Cirrhosis , Metabolic Diseases , Methods , Obesity , Plant Preparations , Quality Control , RheumABSTRACT
Objective:To obtain the information of alkaloids in Evodia rutaecarpa by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Method:Inter Sustain-C18 column (4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) was used with 0.2% formic acid water-acetonitrile as the mobile phase for gradient elution. The column temperature was 25℃,the volume flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1,and the sample volume is 5 μL. The detection wavelength was 245 nm,and the chromatographic effluent was detected and analyzed by using both positive and negative ions. Result:According to molecular ion peaks and secondary mass spectrometry characteristic fragment ions,as well as the mass spectrometry information of reference substances and relevant literature reports,more than 40 major peaks were analyzed,and 21 alkaloids were identified from the methanol extract of E. rutaecarpa, including 10 kinds of indole alkaloids,10 kinds of quinolone alkaloids,and 1 kind of ephedrine. Main types of alkaloids in E. rutaecarpa were basically clarified. And the research found that the alkaloids have a good response mainly in the positive mode. Conclusion:Based on HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technology, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation,mass spectrometry determination of molecular mass,pyrolysis data,literature analysis and retrieval were performed to quickly,accurately and comprehensively identify alkaloids in E. rutaecarpa, so as to provide a scientific basis for the further extraction and separation of the chemical constituents of E. rutaecarpa.
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Background: Maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section is a persistent problem which can result in adverse maternal and fetal outcome. Aim: Aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of IV bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for the maintenance of hemodynamic status and its effect on fetal outcome during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. Materials and Methods: We did prospective randomized double blind study in 60 patients. They were undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia and who developed hypotension after subarachnoid block. The patients were randomly divided into three groups of 20 each. Phenylephrine Group (Group P) received Inj. Phenylephrine 100 mcg IV, Group E received Inj. Ephedrine 6 mg IV and Group M received Inj. Mephentermine 6 mg IV bolus. Whenever hypotension occurred, patients received the study drug. After administration of drugs and their consistence Sneha Dokania, Renu Gurung, Ambuj Jain. Comparison of IV bolus phenylephrine, ephedrine and mephentermine for maintenance of hemodynamic status and its effect on fetal outcome during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section. IAIM, 2019; 6(9): 28-36. Page 29 maintenance till end of 60 minutes. Patients were compared with respect to age, weight, duration of surgery, Systolic BP, Diastolic BP, Mean Arterial Pressure and Heart Rate. Results: The rise of systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure in Group P was significantly high for first 4min of bolus dose as compared to Group E & Group M (P<0.05). APGAR scores were ≥7 in all the three groups. Conclusion: It was concluded that IV bolus Mephentermine is as effective as Phenylephrine and Ephedrine in maintenance of arterial blood pressure during spinal anesthesia in cesarean section with good neonatal outcome.
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Abstract Introduction Propofol and Ephedrine are commonly used during anesthesia maintenance, the former as a hypnotic agent and the later as a vasopressor. The addition of propofol to ephedrine or administration of ephedrine before propofol injection is useful for decreasing or preventing propofol related hemodynamic changes and vascular pain. This in vitro study evaluated the antibacterial effect on common hospital-acquired infection pathogens of ephedrine alone or combined with propofol. Material and method The study was performed in two stages. In the first, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of propofol and ephedrine alone and combined was calculated for Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and a clinical isolate of Acinetobacter spp. at 0, 6, 12 and 24 h, using the microdilution method. In the second stage, the same drugs and combination were used to determine their effect on bacterial growth. Bacterial solutions were prepared at 0.5 MacFarland in sterile 0.9% physiological saline and diluted at 1/100 concentration. Colony numbers were measured as colony forming units.mL-1 at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12th hours. Results Ephedrine either alone or combined with propofol did not have an antimicrobial effect on Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa and this was similar to propofol. However, ephedrine alone and combined with propofol was found to have an antimicrobial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter species at 512 mcg.mL-1 concentration and significantly decreased bacterial growth rate. Conclusion Ephedrine has an antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter species which were frequently encountered pathogens as a cause of nosocomial infections.
Resumo Introdução Propofol e efedrina são fármacos comumente usados durante a manutenção da anestesia, o primeiro como agente hipnótico e o segundo como vasopressor. A adição de propofol à efedrina ou a administração de efedrina antes da injeção de propofol é útil para diminuir ou prevenir alterações hemodinâmicas e dor vascular relacionadas ao propofol. Este estudo in vitro avaliou o efeito antibacteriano de efedrina, isolada ou em combinação com propofol, em patógenos comuns implicados em infecção hospitalar. Material e método O estudo foi feito em duas etapas. Na primeira, a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de propofol e de efedrina isolada e em combinação foi calculada para Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e um isolado clínico de Acinetobacter spp às 0, 6, 12 e 24 horas, com o método de microdiluição. Na segunda etapa, o mesmo fármaco e sua combinação foram usados para determinar seus efeitos no crescimento bacteriano. As soluções bacterianas foram preparadas em soro fisiológico a 0,9% em 0,5 McFarland e diluídas a uma concentração de 1/100. Os números das colônias foram medidos como ufc.mL-1 às 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 horas. Resultados Efedrina isolada ou em combinação com propofol não apresentou efeito antimicrobiano sobre E. coli, E. faecium ou P. aeruginosa, um resultado semelhante ao de propofol. Porém, efedrina isolada e em combinação com propofol apresentou efeito antimicrobiano sobre Staphylococcus aureus e Acinetobacter spp, em concentração de 512 mcg.mL-1, e redução significativa da taxa de crescimento bacteriano. Conclusão Efedrina tem atividade antimicrobiana em S. aureus e Acinetobacter spp, patógenos frequentemente identificados como causa de infecções nosocomiais.
Subject(s)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology , Acinetobacter/drug effects , Propofol/pharmacology , Enterococcus faecium/drug effects , Ephedrine/pharmacology , Hypnotics and Sedatives/pharmacology , Vasoconstrictor Agents/administration & dosage , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Propofol/administration & dosage , Ephedrine/administration & dosage , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial AgentsABSTRACT
Based on the nanofiltration mass transfer model, the enhanced separation behavior of ephedrine in organic solution was studied. In the experiment, the sensitive region of ethanol concentration and pH on the rejection of ephedrine was screened out by Box-Behnken central composite experiment design. Furthermore, to analyze the separation regularity of ephedrine and organic solution, the correlation between mass transfer coefficient and concentration of organic solvent was fitted with the changed organic solution by nanofiltration mass transfer mathematical model. Experiments showed the enhanced separation behavior, the decrease in the mass transfer coefficient while the increase in ethanol concentration from 20% to 40%, MWCO at 450 and pH 6.0. Under the same conditions, the enhanced separation behavior was appeared as the solvent changed into methanol and acetonitrile, the enhanced effect was positively correlated with the concentration of the three common organic solvents, and the effect order was acetonitrile>ethanol>methanol. This study took ephedrine as an example, and explored the mechanism of nanofiltration separation in the environment of organic solution, so as to provide references for nanofiltration separation for heat-sensitive traditional Chinese medicine of alkaloid.
Subject(s)
Ephedrine , Chemistry , Ethanol , Methanol , Molecular Weight , SolventsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the microbial contamination and investigate the bacteriostatic efficacy of compound balloonflowers and ephedrine syrup(Ⅱ). METHODS: The compound balloonflowers and ephedrine syrup(Ⅱ) was analyzed for the bacteriostatic efficacy, content of bacteriostatic agent and C18 column was adopted with gradient elution. The mobile phase consisted of 0.02 mol•L-1 ammonium acetate solution and methanol. The detective wavelength was set at 255 nm. The contaminating bacteria detected in the samples were identified by VITEK2 Campact, MALDI-TOF-MS and 16S rRNA sequencing, and homology analysis was conducted for the contaminating bacteria in the samples from the same enterprise. RESULTS: The bacteriostatic efficacy of the products of one enterprise did not meet the requirements of Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition). There were excessive and uneven contamination of microorganisms in the samples. The dosages of bacteriostatic agents in some enterprises did not conform to the standard requirements. CONCLUSION: Production enterprises should strictly control the dosages of bacteriostatic agents and the stability of the production process, and strengthen the monitoring of the sterilization effect of the whole production process to improve product quality.
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Objective To establish a method for detecting the chemical compositions of “decocted first and defoamed” of Ephedra Herba by UPLC-DAD-TOF/MS coupled with HPLC-UV, so as to clarify the difference of chemical constituents among them. Methods The analysis was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm ) by UPLC-DAD-TOF/MS with gradient elution. The mobile phase consists of methanol and 0.1% formic acid-water at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The column temperature was 40 ℃. The information of compounds was acquired on positive and negative mode. Similarly, HPLC-UV was applied for measuring the content of alkaloids respectively. The C18 column was used, the mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid (containing 0.05% triethylamine) (99 : 1) at the flow rate of 1 mL/min, the detective wavelength was set up at 210 nm, and the column temperature was 30 ℃. Results There were less content in the upper foam, and the chemical components in the lower liquid and the whole liquid were basically same. Five alkaloids and one carboxylic acid (4-hydroxy-7-methoxyl-2-quinoline carboxylic acid) was identified from all kinds of liquids. However, the content of alkaloids in the upper foam was very low, and the content of three alkaloids in the whole solution was slightly higher than that in the lower liquid. Conclusion The defoamed method may not be related to the chemical compositions of alkaloids, but it still needs further research and verification.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the difference of polysaccharides content, property characterization, and in vitro release between the original peach gum and improved peach gum, and to find the change rule, so as to provide the basis for its further application as the new delivery material. Methods The content of polysaccharides was measured by the phenol-sulfuric acid method combined with ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The pH value of liquid cement was measured by pH meter. The dynamic viscosity of liquid cement was measured by the Brookfield DV-Ⅱ Pro viscometer. The solubility and swelling ratio of rubber powder were measured by the weighing method. The moisture-absorption rate at different relative humidity of rubber powder was measured by the method of controlling humidity with the desiccator. With three index components (ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and scopolamine) as the standards, HPLC and the release test were applied to determine the accumulated release rate of Chuanping adhesive tablets (CAT). Results Original peach gum: In the three producing areas of Xishui in Guizhou Province, Xinfeng in Jiangxi Province, and Suixian in Hubei Province, the content of polysaccharides respectively was 84.30%, 81.52%, and 77.84%. The pH value of 1% liquid cement was 5.63, 5.60, and 5.88. The dynamic viscosity of 1% liquid cement was 30.8, 28.5, and 25.9 mPa∙s. The solubility of rubber powder was 6.08%, 5.75%, and 5.12%. The swelling ratio of rubber powder was 34.22%, 29.66%, and 26.25%. The 12 h moisture-absorption rate of the improved peach gum polysaccharose at RH of 43% was 28.19%, 27.02%, and 26.44%; and at RH of 81% was 38.22%, 35.26%, and 34.64%. The 2 h cumulative release amount in vitro of methamphetamine, pseudoephedrine, and scopolamine of Chuanping adhesive tablets were 95.41%—98.84%, 96.05%—97.11%, and 96.35%—98.21%. Improved peach gum: In the three producing areas of Xishui, Xinfeng, and Suixian, the content of polysaccharides respectively was 96.92%, 94.76%, and 93.35%. The pH of 1% liquid cement was 7.10, 7.08, and 7.12. The dynamic viscosity of 1% liquid cement was 318.4, 289.6, and 266.4 mPa∙s. The solubility of rubber powder was 17.82, 16.73, and 16.38 g. The swelling ratio of rubber powder was 84.98%, 81.55%, and 79.82%. The 12 h moisture-absorption rate of the improved peach gum polysaccharose at RH of 43% was 41.22%, 39.93%, and 39.20%; and at RH of 81% was 60.88%, 58.48%, and 57.17%. The 12 h cumulative release amount in vitro of methamphetamine, pseudoephedrine, and scopolamine of CAT were 97.88%—98.36%, 97.59%—98.56%, and 97.72%—98.12%. Conclusion Compared with the original peach each gum, the content of polysaccharides, dynamic viscosity, solubility, swelling ratio, and moisture-absorption rate, and sustained release property of the improved peach gum were all improved remarkably, and the solution was also neutral. These results show that the improved peach gum can be further developed and applied as a new sustained release material.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To develop a method of quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker(QAMS)for the determi-nation of five constituents(ephedrine hydrochloride,amygdalin,liquiritin, baicalin and ammonium glycyrrhizinate)in Xiao'er Magan granule. Methods:Amygdalin was used as the internal reference substance, and the relative correlation factors(RCF) of ephedrine hydrochloride,liquiritin,baicalin and ammonium glycyrrhizinate to amygdalin were calculated and evaluated. The contents of the five constituents were determined by the external standard method(ESM) and QAMS,respectively. The content results determined by the two methods were compared and the feasibility of QAMS method was verified. Results:The RCF between amygdalin and the other con-tents was 1.237,1.318,1.327 and 0.884,respectively. There were no significant differences in the results between QAMS and ESM with the relative errors less than 0.3%. Conclusion:The QAMS method is accurate and feasible for the simultaneous determination of Xiao'er Magan granule.