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ObjectiveTo describe the epidemic characteristics of COVID-19 after policy adjustment from “Category B notifiable disease with category A management” to “Category B notifiable disease with category B management”， and to explore the protective effect of previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 on common symptoms of reinfection. MethodsHealthcare workers infected with SARS-CoV-2 in a grade A tertiary hospital in Shanghai were included in the study from December 4， 2022 to January 11， 2023. Data on demographic characteristics， clinical symptoms， medical history， and COVID-19 vaccination history were collected. We determined the epidemiological curve and characteristics， and then compared the difference in the severity of clinical symptoms between primary and reinfection subjects. ResultsA total of 2 704 cases were included in the study， of which 45 had reinfection， 605 （22.4%）were males， 608 （22.5%）were doctors， 1 275 （47.2%） were nurses， and 2 351 （86.9%） received ≥3 doses of COVID-19 vaccination. The average age of these healthcare workers was （34.9±9.1） years old. The number of cases with mild/moderate illness， asymptomatic infection， fever， headache， dry cough， expectoration， and chest tightness were 2 704 （100.0%）， 92 （3.4%）， 2 385 （88.2%）， 2 066 （76.4%）， 1 642 （60.7%）， 1 807 （66.8%）， and 439 （16.2%）， respectively. Reinfection was a protective factor for fever （OR=0.161， P<0.001）， headache （OR=0.320， P<0.001）， and peak body temperature （β=-0.446， P<0.001）. ConclusionFollowing the COVID-19 policy adjustment as a category B notifiable disease， healthcare workers at a grade A tertiary hospital in Shanghai predominantly experiences mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms. Reinfection results in milder clinical manifestations， with a lower proportion of being asymptomatic.
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ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemic characteristics of dengue fever in Mengla County and provide basis for scientific prevention and control of dengue fever. MethodsWe collected the case information of dengue fever in Mengla County reported by the infectious disease reporting information system of China Center for Disease Control and prevention from January 1 to December 31， 2019 and the case field investigation records. The case data were analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method. ResultsIn 2019， Mengla County reported 369 cases of dengue fever， all of which were unclassified， including 354 clinically diagnosed cases， 15 confirmed cases， 6 severe cases， and there was no deaths. The annual incidence rate was 120.98/105. Mengla Town had the most cases （145 cases， 39.30%） followed by 63 cases （17.07%） in Mengpeng Town. The reported cases were mainly local cases （65.85%）. The ratio of male to female was 1.25∶1. The age distribution was mainly in the group of 21‒60 years old （82.38%）. Farmers （112 cases， 30.35%） and business service providers （85 cases， 23.04%） were the majority. The annual cases were distributed from May to November， of which the most were reported in September， and the number of cases reported from July to October accounts for 93.22% of all cases. ConclusionMengla County is still a high incidence area of dengue fever in Yunnan Province， and the vector Aedes is widespread. It is suggested to strengthen mosquito prevention and control in the epidemic season， actively carry out patriotic health campaign， carry out special rectification of the environment in rural areas， and conduct effective public education.
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Objective To understand the incidence characteristics and epidemic tendency of notifiable infectious diseases （NID） among children aged 0 to 6 years old in Hudong Community of Shanghai from 2011 to 2018， in order to provide a scientific basis for the accurate prevention and control measures. Methods Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the data of NID. Results A total of 1 401 cases of eight different NID were reported in children aged 0 to 6 from 2011 to 2018 in Hudong Community， with an average annual incidence rate of3 536.63/105， and there were no dead cases. The incidence rates of different years were statistically significant （P<0.001）. The top five diseases were hand， foot and mouth disease （HFMD）， chickenpox， mumps， influenza and scarlet fever， which accounted for 97.79% of all cases. The incidence of intestinal infectious diseases peaked during the months of May to September and November， and that of respiratory infectious diseases peaked from April to June and from November to January. The average incidence rate of males was 4 118.81/105， and that of females was 2 930.87/105. The gender ratio （male︰female） was 1.41∶1， with statistical significance （P<0.001）. The intestinal infectious diseases mainly occurred in children aged one to four years old， accounting for 79.09%， and the respiratory infectious diseases mainly occurred in children aged four to six years old， accounting for 63.46%. The incidence and spectrum of NID varied in different age groups. The main population affected was those children from kindergartens， which accounted for 55.46% of all cases. Conclusion Infectious diseases threatening the health of children aged 0~6 years old in Hudong Community are mainly intestinal infectious diseases， especially HFMD. The targeted prevention and control strategies should be carried out according to the epidemic features so as to prevent the occurrence of outbreaks and epidemics of infectious diseases.
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Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of road traffic injuries in Haishu District of Ningbo City and to provide evidence for effective prevention strategies. Methods Based on the "Ningbo Inpatient Injury Monitoring Report Card"， we analyzed the epidemiological characteristics and the influencing factors of hospitalization expenses using the road traffic injuries cases collected from 2015-2019 of Haishu District were analyzed. Results The ratio of male to female was 1.46∶1 among the 8 543 cases. Most cases were between 25 to 64 years old. There were 83.09% cases had junior high school education or below. The top three occupations in the cases were preschoolers， transportation workers， and retired people. Road traffic injuries occurred more frequently in spring for preschoolers and in summer vacation for school-age children. Motor vehicle accidents caused more serious injuries than non-motor vehicle accidents （χ 2=59.069， P<0.001）. The economic burden caused by the traffic injuries was heavy. The main influencing factors of hospitalization expenses for road traffic injuries were age， gender， severity of injury and the attribute of injury. The median hospitalization cost was 12 400 Yuan， and the interquartile distance was 23 400 Yuan. Conclusion Road traffic injury not only causes serious bodily injury， but also increases the economic burden of family and society directly or indirectly. Traffic safety education should be carried out for key groups to prevent the occurrence of road traffic injuries.
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Soil-transmitted nematodiasis was once widely prevalent in Jiangsu Province, which seriously threatened human health and hindered socioeconomic development. The control efforts over decades resulted in a remarkable decline in the prevalence of soil-transmitted nematode human infections in Jiangsu Province, with a reduction from 59.32% in 1989 to 0.12% in 2019, and the human prevalence remains at < 0.5% since 2013. Since 1987, an integrated strategy has been adopted for the control of soil-transmitted nematodiasis in Jiangsu Province; however, the core interventions varies at different stages, which mainly include deworming, water and sanitation service improvement, health education, and monitoring and assessment. The criteria of effective soil-transmitted nematodiasis control had been achieved in all epidemic counties (districts) of Jiangsu Province by 2019. Further actions to strengthen health education and monitoring and implement precision control measures are required to consolidate the achievements of soil-transmitted nematodiasis control and eliminate the harm of soil-transmitted nematodiasis to humans. This review summarizes the epidemiology, control progress and evolution of control strategy of soil-transmitted nematodiasis in Jiangsu Province.
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OBJECTIVES@#To explore and analyze the epidemic features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hunan Province from January 21, 2020 to March 14, 2020, as well as to investigate the COVID-19 epidemics in each city of Hunan Province.@*METHODS@#The epidemic data was obtained from the official website of Hunan Province's Health Commission. The data of each city of Hunan Province was analyzed separately. Spatial distribution of cumulative confirmed COVID-19 patients and the cumulative occurrence rate was drawn by ArcGIS software for each city in Hunan Province. Some regional indexes were also compared with that in the whole country.@*RESULTS@#The first patient was diagnosed in January 21, sustained patient growth reached its plateau in around February 17. Up to March 14, the cumulative confirmed COVID-19 patients stopped at 1 018. The cumulative occurrence rate of COVID-19 patients was 0.48 per 0.1 million person. The number of cumulative severe patients was 150 and the number of cumulative dead patients was 4. The mortality rate (0.39%) and the cure rate (99.6%) in Hunan Province was significantly lower and higher respectively than the corresponding average rate in the whole country (0.90% and 96.2%, Hubei excluded). The first 3 cities in numbers of the confirmed patients were Changsha, Yueyang, and Shaoyang. While sorted by the cumulative occurrence rate, the first 3 cities in incidence were Changsha, Yueyang, and Zhuzhou.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The epidemic of COVID-19 spread out smoothly in Hunan Province. The cities in Hunan Province implement anti-disease strategies based on specific situations on their own and keep the epidemic in the range of controllable.
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Humans , Betacoronavirus , China , Epidemiology , Cities , Epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections , Epidemiology , Mortality , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral , Epidemiology , MortalityABSTRACT
@#Objective To understand pathogenic distribution and epidemiological characteristics of diarrhea syndrome in Gansu Province． Methods Fecal specimens from diarrhea syndrome surveillance cases at sentinel hospitals in Gansu Province from 2009 to 2018 were collected，and virus nucleic acids were detected by real－time fluorescent chain reaction，and bacteria were detected by isolation culture． Ｒesults 1 547 positive cases were detected from 4 406 stool specimens with the positive rate of 35. 11%． Among the positive samples，1 281 cases were positive for virus with the positive rate of 47. 20%; 287 ca- ses were positive for bacteria with the positive rate of 8. 57%． Top five of pathogenic spectrum were rota- virus ( 46. 04%) ，astrovirus ( 13. 37%) ，norovirus ( 13. 15%) ，Shigella ( 9. 90%) and adenovirus ( 7. 81%) ． In different age groups，statistically significant differences were found in the positive rates of rotavirus，norovirus，astrovirus，Shigella and non typhoid Salmonella ( all P＜0. 05) ． The positive rate of virus was higher from November to March of next year，and the positive rate of bacteria was higher from June to August． The epidemic seasons of pathogens were different，of which rotavirus was dominating in four seasons． Conclusions The pathogenic spectrum of diarrhea is wide relatively in Gansu Province， and viral diarrhea is more common，with obvious seasonal peak． Continuous monitoring should be strengthened to grasp characteristics and epidemic trends of pathogens，and it is helpful to take targeted and seasonal preventive measures in population at high risk．
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis in Ordos City from 2005 to 2017 and to provide evidence for prevention and control of the disease.Methods The data (regional distribution,time distribution and population distribution) of human brucellosis were collected and analyzed using the descriptive analysis method in Ordos City from 2005 to 2017.Results A total of 2 789 brucellosis cases were reported in Ordos City from 2005 to 2017 with an average incidence of 12.34/100 000,which was increasing (x2trend =1 588.449,P＜ 0.05).The time of onset concentrated on March to August.Brucellosis occurred in 8 of 9 banners in Ordos City and most of them came from Hanggin Banner and Dalad Banner,which were 39.19％ (1 093/2 789) and 31.37％ (875/2 789),respectively.The majority of cases were in middle-aged people (the 40-59 age group),accounting for 58.30％ (1 626/2 789).The incidence of the male (13.42/100 000) was higher than that of the female (6.65/100 000).The occupation was dominated by farmers and herders,accounting for 61.42％ (1 713/2 789) and 18.11％ (505/2 789),respectively.Conclusions The number of cases of brucellosis in Ordos City is generally on the rise.The age of onset is mainly middle age,males are higher than females,occupations are mostly farmers and herders,and health education for key populations should be strengthened.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of malaria reported in the malaria surveillance system in Jinan City from 2012 to 2016,so as to provide the evidence for improving the ability of diagnosis,treatment,prevention and control of malaria.Methods The data of all reported malaria cases in the malaria surveillance system were retrospectively ana-lyzed.Results From 2012 to 2016,91 malaria cases were found in Jinan City,of which one patient died.All the cases were imported and 95.60%(87 cases)of them came from Africa(note:most of the people were Chinese residents who had been in Af-rica for the export of labor service and came back China).Falciparum malaria accounted for the most(82.42%,75 cases).All the cases were adult males,and were mainly migrant workers.The median time from onset to being confirmedly diagnosed was 5 days,and the median time from seeing a doctor to being diagnosed was 1 day.The medical institutions where the patients first visited were mainly municipal medical institutions(42 cases,46.15%).The misdiagnosis rate was 100% in village clinics and township health centers(8/8 and 2/2,respectively). The misdiagnosis rate was lowest in the municipal medical institutions (3/42,7.14%).There were 41 malaria patients(45.05%)with complications.Conclusions The situation of overseas imported malaria in Jinan City is becoming more and more serious.It is necessary to further strengthen the related professional training for doctors and strengthen the multi-sectoral cooperation for health education,etc.in order to find the cases in time and conduct the active standardized treatment,so as to prevent the second generation cases.
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Objective To study epidemiological characteristics of thelazjasis, in Zunyi and surrounding areas, morphology and 18S rRNA gene sequence of Thelazia callipaeda. Methods The Thelazia callipaeda was collected from several hospitals, including affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College and Zunyi Aerospace Hospital, in Zunyi region since 2011 to 2015. Clinical data of infected human thelaziasis, including the patients' gender, age, residence and pets such as cats or dogs, were analyzed to find out the factors influencing the incidence. Morphology characteristics of female and male Thelazia callipaeda were observed under microscope. 18S rRNA gene of Zunyi Thelazia callipaeda was amplified by PCR, and the evolutional relationship was analyzed through the software MEGA 7.01 based on neighbour-joining (NJ) method. Homology was campared with 18S rRNA gene from GenBank in National Center of Biotechnology. Results Totally 25 cases had been reported during the study, of which 22 cases had more details. Based on the cases, we found the thelaziasis was increasing year by year. For instance, 2 cases (9.1%) were reported in 2011, 1 case (4.5%) in 2012, 3 cases in 2013 (13.6%), 10 cases (45.5%) in 2014 and 6 cases (27.3%) in 2015 . During the five years , totally 15 cases were treated between August and November, when the human thelaziasis was in typical epidemic peaks. We analyzed characteristics of the total cases reported to date. Most of the cases occurred in rural areas (20 cases). Majority of patients lived in rural region. And most cases were between 30 to 60 years old, indicating no age limit, especially, there were two cases who were at the ages of 8.5 months and 77 years old, respectively. Moreover, more women suffered from the disease than that in men, of which, the case number was 16 in women and 6 in men, and there were 7 cases who had cats or dogs at home. Under light microscope, the edge of Thelazia callipaeda had serrated cuticle with transverse striations. And male worm had a sharp peak at the tail end of Thelazia callipaeda, which cured to the ventrite and had two copulatory spicules, long one and short one, respectively. While female worm had a blunt tail, containing numerous eggs and rounded first-stage larvaes in a single line in the distal area of the uterus, near the vulva. Sequences of Thelazia callipaeda 18S rRNA gene from Zunyi and Oita Japan (AB538282.1) were showed homology of 100%, and they were clustered in a same branch of Phylogenetic tree. Conclusions Human thelaziasis cases in Zunyi region are increasing each year, and most of the cases have occurred in rural areas. 18S rRNA gene has a high homology with sequence AB538282.1 in Thelazia callipaeda. Combining clinical data, analysis of epidemiological characteristics and the characteristics of 18S rRNA should be good for specie identification and epidemiological analysis.
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Objective To understand occurrence of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) in Wuchuan Gelao Miao Autonomous County(hereinafter referred to as Wuchuan Autonomous County), and provide scientific basis for making measures of prevention and control of HFMD epidemic.Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the occurrence of HFMD in Wuchuan Autonomous County in 2009-2014.Results In 2009-2014, a total of 912 cases of HFMD in Wuchuan Autonomous County were reported, reported average incidence was 33.74/100 000, reported annual incidence were 5.83/100 000-87.88/100 000,incidence increased year by year, which peaked in 2014;Durn Town had the highest incidence (88.75/100 000), followed by Bocun Town(59.19/100 000) and Zhennan Town (46.30/100 000).Cases mainly concentrated in April-June, incidence in male was higher than female, HFMD mostly occurred in children under 3 years old, EV71 virus was the main pathogen, accounting for 45.05% of the total monitored cases.Conclusion Incidence of HFMD increased year by year in Wuchuan Autonomous County, cases mainly occurred in summer, scattered children are high risk population of HFMD.
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Objective To understand the situation and epidemic characteristics of imported falciparum malaria in Huai'an City from 2010 to 2016,so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control strategies of imported falci-parum malaria in the city. Methods The epidemic data of imported falciparum malaria in Huai'an City from 2010 to 2016 were analyzed by using the descriptive epidemiological method. Results A total of 308 malaria cases were reported in Huai'an City from 2010 to 2016 with the average annual incidence of 0.88/105. A total of 240 imported falciparum malaria cases were report-ed,of which 18 cases(7.50%)developed into severe illness,and 2 severe patients died. The cases were reported in every coun-ty(district),and the incidence rates of Qingpu District and Huai'an District were higher than the city average level. The cases occurred every month,so there was no significant seasonal variation in the reporting time of the cases. Most of the patients were young men and aged 30-49 years. The occupational distribution revealed that the patients were mainly farmers,workers and mi-grant workers. The main source of infection was from African countries. The median interval from symptom appearing to definite diagnosis was 1 day,and the longest interval was 236 days. Twenty-nine cases were diagnosed within 24 hours,accounting for 12.08%. Conclusions The epidemic situation of imported falciparum malaria in Huai'an City is grim. In order to consolidate the achievements of malaria eradication,it is necessary to further improve the multi-sectoral cooperation mechanism,strengthen the management of floating population and take effective measures to reduce the risk of imported falciparum malaria.
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Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of AIDS, gonorrhea and syphilis from 1990 to 2013 in Huangpu District, Shanghai, and to evaluate the effects of prevention and control in this re-gard. Methods Ecology research method was used to analyze epidemic characteristics of sexually trans-mitted disease. Results From 1990 to 2013, the incidence of gonorrhea increased first and then de-creased in recent years, while that of syphilis had been increasing since 1994, among which latent syphilis was the most.AIDS cases occurred each year from 2006.The young male adults of 25-39 years old were the main population who had these three kinds of sexually transmitted diseases.The cases of AIDS and syphilis were mainly found in those engaged in housekeeping, housework and the unemployed, and gonor-rhea was mostly with workers. Conclusion The incidence of gonorrhea in Huangpu District has been de-creasing, while the prevention and control of AIDS and syphilis still needs to be strengthened.The inci-dence is influenced by the change of people’ s awareness and behavior.In future, we should focus on key groups like young males, housekeeping, unemployed and recurrent population.
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Objective Through the 2003 -2012 epidemic encephalitis B cases analysis ,to study the prevalence of epidemic en-cephalitis B in Shaoguan ,and to provide the scientific basis for the prevention and control epidemic encephalitis B .Methods Active surveillance of suspected cases ,retrospective analysis of laboratory confirmed cases related materials were done .Results There were 47 cases who suffered from epidemic encephalitis B in Shaoguan from 2003 to 2012 ,and 2 death cases occurred .Epidemic en-cephalitis B incidence in years was (0 -0 .531) /10 million .There was a morbidity peak in June and July ,which accounted for 87 .23% of the total incidence ,20 cases occurred in June(42 .55% )and 21 cases occurred in July(44 .68% ) .Men suspected cases in 130 cases ,31 laboratory confirmed cases .Women suspected cases in 86 cases ,16 laboratory confirmed cases .The positive cases of male was more than female .In 47 epidemic encephalitis B cases ,0- <4 years old 6 cases ,4- <7 years old 22 cases ,7- <20 years old 17 cases ,≥ 20 years old 2 cases .Most of the patients were preschool children and students ,accounting for 82 .97% .There were 32 cases with no or uncertain history of vaccination ,accounting for 68 .08% of the total cases .15 cases had history of immunity ,ac-counting for 31 .92% of the total cases .Conclusion Prevention of epidemic encephalitis B should pay more attention to epidemic en-cephalitis B vaccination .Mosquito control work of rural and peri-urban areas should be strengthened .
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Objective To explore the risk group,distribution and pathogen of nosocomial pneumonia.Methods All the in-patients from May 2004 to May 2005 admitted to Southwest hospital were involved for the investigation of nosocomial pneumonia.Results Among 61 404 cases investigated,454 cases were diagnosed as nosocomial pneumonia(0.74%),accounting for 31.33% of all nosocomial infection cases.According to prevalent characteristics,male and elderly patients had a higher incidence rate of nosocomial pneumonia,mainly occurred in ICU,department of thoracic surgery and department of oncology.The occurrence time within 7 days accounted for 31.72% and within 7 to 14 days for 35.09% after admission.Among the isolated pathogens,Candida was the top one(26.97%),then P.aeruginosa(18.96%),followed by S.aureus(5.20%).Conclusion Nosocomial pneumonia,which mainly occurred in the male and the elderly patients in 2 weeks after hospitalization,is still an important nosocomial disorder,and Candida is the most common pathogen.
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Objective:To analyze the epidemic trend and co-infections of HIV/AIDS in Chongqing in order to provide evidences for working out strategies for HIV/AIDS control and prevention.Methods:Epidemiological investigations were done among 54 HIV infected patients hospitalized in recent years.Rusults:The farmers accounted for 61.11% of 54 HIV infected people.66.67% of all infected persons were 30~49 years old.The leading mode of HIV/AIDS transmission was sexual transmission.Many kinds of co-infections happened,the main clinical forms included bacterial pneumonia,oral candidiasis,tuberculosis and so on.Conclusions:The main transmission route of HIV/AIDS in Chongqing is sexual contact.Migrant labourers should be included in the strategy of AIDS'prevention and therapy.In clinic,the examinations about HIV should be conventionally taken on patients with chronic diarrhea,lasting fever,progressive weight loss or uncured oral candidiasis.