ABSTRACT
El Colera es una diarrea infecciosa aguda producida por Vibrio cholerae. La transmision se produce predominantemente a traves de agua o alimentos contaminados. La administracion de antibioticos puede disminuir la severidad de los sintomas. A partir de 1977, se han caracterizado cepas de V.cholerae O1 con resistencia multiple a los antibioticos. Los determinantes de resistencia han sido reportados principalmente asociados a plasmidos e integrones. Historicamente, solo las cepas del serogrupo O1 habian sido asociadas con epidemias de Colera. En 1992, un nuevo serogrupo, O139, emergio como la cepa causante de un gran brote de Colera. La diarrea masiva es causada por la toxina colerica (CT). El operon que codifica CT forma parte del genoma de un bacteriofago lisogenizado en la bacteria el cual permite interconversion de cepas. Se ha demostrado que el "quorum-sensing" regula negativamente la expresion de los genes de viru len cia en V. cholerae. El genoma de V. cholerae El Tor consiste en dos cromosomas circulares y con una pronunciada asimetria en la distribucion de los genes, en el cual se han detectado varias islas patogenicas (PAIs). Se ha reportado la existencia de V.cholerae "viable no cultivable" en ambientes acuaticos. Este fenomeno representa una nueva perspectiva en la vision de la "sobrevivencia" de V.cholerae en el ambiente e incorpora nuevas implicaciones epidemiologicas. El Colera ha sido catalogado como una "enfermedad emergente y reemergente", que amenaza a los paises en desarrollo. Los resultados de distintos grupos de investigadores han establecido que la transferencia horizontal de genes tiene influencia en la patogenicidad y ha sido importante en la evolucion de V. cholerae. Todavia permanecen sin descifrar algunos misterios en el origen de las cepas patogenas, pero, con las nuevas tecnologias seguro se develaran datos significativos que puedan dar luces sobre el origen de la patogenicidad de este organismo, que fue en ...
The Cholera is an acute infectious diarrhea produced by Vibrio cholerae. Mainly the transmission takes place through contaminated water or foods. Antibiotic administration during the acute phase of the disease can reduce the severity of the symptoms. Since 1977, strains of V. cho lerae O1 with multiple antibiotic resistances have been characterized. The resistance determinants have been reported mainly associated to plasmids and integrones. Historically, the serogrupo O1 had been associated with epidemics of Cholera. In 1992, a new serogrupo, designated O139, emerged as the strain of cause from a big Cholera outbreak. The massive diarrhea is caused by the choleric toxin (CT). Operon ctxAB, that codifies the CT, is carried in lisogenic filamentous bacteriophage in the bacterium. "Quorum-sensing" negatively regulates the expression of the virulence genes in V.cholerae. The genome of V.cholerae El Tor consists of two circular chromosomes with a pronounced asymmetry in the distribution of the genes. Several patogenics islands (PAIs) have been detected in the genome of V.cholerae. In aquatic environments the existence of "viable but non cultivable" V.cholerae, has been reported. This phenomenon represents a new perspective in the role in survival in the natural environment with new epidemiological implications. The Cho lera has been catalogued as an "emergent, re-emergent disease" that threatens developing countries. The results of different investigators groups have established that horizontal transference of genes had influence in the pathogenicity and has been important in the evolution of V.cholerae. Several mysteries in the origin of the pathogenics clones still remain, but, the new technologies will reveal significant data about the origin of this pathogen, former an estuary innocuous bacterium.
ABSTRACT
Demonstração dos dados clínicos e epidemiológicos de um pequeno, mas representativo número de pacientes atendidos no ambulatório de Cardiologia do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (HU-CAS-UFJF), portadores de Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC), a fim de traçar um paralelo com os dados obtidos no DATASUS e na literatura mundial. Utilizou-se um questionário para definição das características clínicas: sintomas, classe funcional (CF), sexo, idade, raça, medicamentos em uso, resposta terapêutica e etiologia da IC. Todos os pacientes realizaram eletrocardiograma de repouso (ECG) e ecocardiograma bidimensional com doppler. No período de novembro de 2005 a maio de 2006, 35 pacientes com IC foram avaliados. Houve predominância do sexo masculino (60%), a idade variou de 20 a 87 anos e em 28 pacientes se observou excelente resposta terapêutica (CF I), com 3 pacientes em cada uma das CFs II e III, e apenas 1 na CF IV. O ECG mostrou bloqueio do ramo esquerdo (BRE) em 25,7%, fibrilação atrial (FA) em 20%, sobrecarga atrial esquerda (SAE) em 11,42% e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) em 11,42%. O ECG foi normal em 8,57%. A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) esteve reduzida em 28 pacientes (80%). A etiologia mais frequente foi cardiopatia hipertensiva (40%), seguida de miocardiopatia dilatada idiopática (25,72%) e da cardiopatia isquêmica (14%). A síndrome da IC tem diferentes aspectos epidemiológicos regionais, principalmente, na diversidade etiopatogênica, com aumento progressivo de causa aterogênica à medida que se obtém maior desenvolvimento industrial e urbano.
The aim of this study was to investigate clinical and epidemiological data of a small, albeit representative, sample of patients with heart failure (HF), seen at the Cardiology Unity of the Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora. These data were compared to those from the world literature. There was a questionnaire to check the following clinical features: symptoms, functional class, sex, age, ethnicity, drugs in use, therapeutic response and the etiology of HF. All the patients underwent electrocardiography at rest and uni e bidimensional Doppler echocardiography. From November 2005 to May 2006, 35 patients with HF were evaluated. 60% were men (age range: 20-87 years), and 28 had a good response to drugs, being classified in functional class I. Classes II and III had 3 patients each. Only 1 patient was in class IV. ECG revealed left bundle branch block in 25.7% of the patients, atrial fibrillation in 20%, left atrial enlargement in 11.42% and left ventricular enlargement in 11.42%. The ECG was normal in 8.57%. Left ventricular ejection fraction was reduced in 28 patients (80%). The most frequent etiology was hypertensive cardiomyopathy (40%), followed by idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (25.72%) and ischemic cardiomyopathy (14%). The Framingham study also showed a high prevalence of hypertensive cardiomyopathy as the cause of heart failure. However, due to better blood pressure control, ischemic disease has been the main cause of heart failure in adults in industrially developed and urban regions.