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Resumen Objetivo: Identificar factores asociados al conocimiento sobre el tabaco y los riesgos de su consumo basados en la "Encuesta global de tabaquismo en adultos" realizada en Costa Rica durante el 2015. Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico, observacional de tipo transversal con representación nacional (n = 8 607). Con la base de datos de la "Encuesta global de tabaquismo en adultos", se diseñó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales y se construyó la variable latente: conocimientos. Como determinantes del conocimiento se usaron las variables: sociodemográficas, económicas, fumado, cesación, exposición a la publicidad y a la información sobre los peligros de fumar incluidas en la encuesta. Resultados: El conocimiento sobre el tabaco y los riesgos del consumo aumentó con la edad, fue superior en hombres y en zonas urbanas. Los fumadores tuvieron menos conocimientos sobre el fumado pasivo y más sobre enfermedades. Conclusiones: La Encuesta global de tabaquismo en adultos permitió medir el nivel de conocimiento sobre los riesgos asociados al tabaco y estudiar sus determinantes socioeconómicos.
Abstract Objective: To identify tobacco knowledge and consumption risk determinants based on the Global Adult Tobacco Survey carried out in Costa Rica in 2015. Methods: Cross-sectional study using a multi-stage cluster sample, nationally representative of Costa Rica (n = 8 607). A structural equation model was conducted. A latent endogenous (dependent) variable called knowledge was constructed. Exogenous (independent) observed variables were: sociodemographic factors, household wealth, prior smoking, cessation attempt, exposure to advertising and to information on the dangers of smoking included in Global Adult Tobacco Survey. Results: Knowledge about tobacco and the risks of consumption increased with age, it was higher in men and in urban areas. Smokers had less knowledge about passive smoking and more about diseases. Conclusions: Global Adult Tobacco Survey allowed to measure the level of knowledge about the risks associated with tobacco and study its socioeconomic determinants.
Subject(s)
Humans , Tobacco Use/epidemiology , Tobacco Control , Costa RicaABSTRACT
Las parasitosis intestinales son infecciones causadas por helmintos, cromistas y protozoarios. En su mayoría, transmitidos por vía fecal-oral, especialmente por ingestión de agua y alimentos contaminados con formas infectantes. El objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia y factores epidemiológicos determinantes de parasitosis intestinales en escolares de dos cantones de Manabí, Ecuador. Se analizaron 793 muestras de heces, con la técnica del examen directo, en niños en edades comprendidas entre 1 y 16 años, de uno u otro sexo. Se determinó una prevalencia general de parasitados de 44,4% (352/793). La prevalencia de parasitosis intestinal por helmintos fue del 0,75%, mientras que por protozoos fue del 44,8%. Las principales especies encontradas fueron los protozoarios complejo Entamoeba 34,7% (125 casos), Entamoeba coli 24,7% (89 casos) y Giardia lamblia 13,6% (49 casos); Blastocystis spp, 12,2%. La sintomatología más frecuente en los parasitados fue el dolor abdominal. El determinante epidemiológico que tuvo significancia estadística fue la ingesta de agua de tubería, botellón y de pozo o río. El Coeficiente de Similaridad de Sorensen fue semejante en cuatro cantones, indicando la similitud en cuanto a especies parasitarias como a factores de riesgo
Intestinal parasitoses are infections caused by helminths, chromists, and protozoa. The majority are transmitted by the fecal - oral route, especially by ingestion of water and food contaminated with infecting forms. The objective was to determine the prevalence and epidemiological determinants of intestinal parasitosis in schoolchildren from two cantons of Manabí, Ecuador. 793 stool samples were analyzed using the direct examination technique in children between the ages of 1 and 16, of either sex. A general prevalence of parasites of 44.4% (352/793) was determined. The prevalence of intestinal parasites due to helminths was 0.75%, while for protozoa, it was 44.8%. The main species found were the protozoan complex Entamoeba 34.7% (125 cases), Entamoeba coli 24.7% (89 cases) and Giardia lamblia 13.6% (49 cases), Blastocystis spp, 12.2%. The most frequent symptomatology in parasites was abdominal pain. The epidemiological determinant that had statistical significance was the intake of water from pipes, bottles and wells or rivers. Coefficient of Similarity of Sorensen was similar in four cantons, indicating the likeness in terms of parasitic species and risk factors
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Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) represents a major epidemic of non-communicable disease in the present century affecting families, community and nation as a whole. Objectives was to study the epidemiological determinants of RTAs.Methods: A hospital based study of RTA victims was conducted for a period of one year at the District General Hospital and Medical College hospital of Amravati, Maharashtra. A total of 1394 patients were studied. Descriptive statistics like percentage and proportions were calculated. Proportions were compared using Chi square test of significance.Results: 86.7% were males and the maximum affected age group was 21 to 30 years. Majority of accidents were seen in summer season and on Monday of the week. Accidents were highest from 12 noon to 6 pm. Alcohol consumption was seen in 27% of the drivers. Two-wheelers were the commonest vehicle involved in RTAs. A total of 481 (34.5%) victims had fractures at various sites of the body, out of this 52.8% was of lower limbs. Right sided bony injuries were more common.Conclusions: There are multiple factors associated with RTAs which due to the lack of road safety measures in the country are playing their role. It is the need of the hour to address this issue and formulate rules and regulations and evaluate its enforcement.
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Background: Obesity has become a challenge in medical care worldwide. Medical professionals have a significant role to play in preventing and diagnosing weight problems and in providing initial counseling. Health professionals are poorly prepared in weight management, which has an effect on their knowledge and management skills with regard to overweight and obese patients. Hence the present study was carried out to assess the knowledge about epidemiological determinants of obesity and its management amongst medical professionals of Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out during the period of March to April 2019 amongst 110 medical professionals at Department of Community Medicine of IIMSR Medical College, Badnapur, Jalna, Maharashtra, who were actively participated in continued medical education (CME) on obesity and its management where the knowledge of medical professionals were assessed. Data was analysed by using appropriate statistical test whenever necessary.Results: In this study, the pre-test good knowledge score was 14 (12.7%), which increased to 61 (55.5%) post CME. The pre-test mean score of level of knowledge was 7.41±4.12 and after CME, it was 12.90±5.21 and the mean difference was 5.49, which was statistically highly significant.Conclusions: As obesity is a public health problem globally, there was marked improvement in the knowledge amongst medical professionals after CME on epidemiological determinants of obesity and its management.
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Aspects related to the epidemiology of Diptera belonging to genus Chrysomya were studied in order to determine predisposing factors for their occurrence in commercial laying hens farms from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. An observational, analytical and sectional survey was conducted to verify the main epidemiological determinants of infestations by Chrysomya spp. Forty-three farms were visited in 2012 and these 13 (30,23%) were infested by Chrysomya putoria, 4 (9,30%) by Chrysomya megacephala and 2 (4,65%) by Chrysomya albiceps and in 2 farms (4,65%) was not possible to identify the species of Chrysomya. The epidemiological determinants for the occurrence of infestations by Chrysomya spp. were investigated using multiple logistic regression models. Housing clustering type and its conditions were important factors involved in epidemiology of these species (OR=5.05, 95% CI = 2.66 to 9.58, p = 0.000). It was also observed that the increase of the humidity of manure leads to increase chances of infestations (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.36 to 2.40, p = 0.000). The presence of the beetle "lesser mealworm" (Alphitobiusdiaperinus) (OR = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.067 to 0.36, p = 0.000) was characterized as a protective factor against infestations, probably due to predation behavior of the beetle. Some regions of the state were characterized as lower risk areas for Chrysomya spp. infestation as compared to other regions. Management measures, such as constant monitoring of water leaks on manure, adequate composting of dead poultry and periodic removal of manure could assist in decreasing the presence of Chrysomya spp. inside the laying houses.
Aspectos relacionados à epidemiologia das infestações por dípteros do gênero Chrysomyaforam estudados com o objetivo de determinar os fatores predisponentes para sua ocorrência em granjas comerciais de postura do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foi realizado um estudo observacional, analítico e seccional para verificar os principais determinantes epidemiológicos das infestações por Chrysomya spp. Foram visitadas 43 granjas avícolas em 2012 e dessas 13 (30,23%) apresentaram infestação por Chrysomya putoria, 4 (9,30%) por Chrysomya megacephala, 2 (4,65%) por Chrysomya albiceps e em 2 granjas (4,65%) não foi possível identificar as espécies de Chrysomya. A verificação dos determinantes epidemiológicos foi realizada utilizando modelos de regressão logística múltipla. Diferenças entre os núcleos das granjas avícolas e que não foram avaliadas neste estudo, apresentaram-se importantes na epidemiologia destas moscas (OR=5.05 95% IC = 2.66 a 9.58, p = 0.000). Observou-se também que o aumento na umidade do esterco dos aviários aumenta as chances de ocorrência de infestações (OR = 1.81, 95% IC = 1.36 a 2.40, p = 0.000). A presença de coleópteros popularmente conhecidos como "Cascudinhos", Alphitobiusdiaperinus (OR = 0.15, 95% IC = 0.067 a 0.36, p = 0.000), foi caracterizada como um fator protetor contra infestações, provavelmente devido ao comportamento predador deste coleóptero. Algumas regiões do estado apresentaram menores chances de ocorrência de infestações por Chrysomya spp. quando comparadas a outras regiões. Algumas medidas de manejo, como monitoramento constante de vazamentos de água no esterco, compostagem adequada de aves mortas e remoção periódica do esterco, poderiam auxiliar na diminuição da presença de Chrysomya spp. no interior dos galpões de postura.
Subject(s)
Poultry , Epidemiologic Factors , DipteraABSTRACT
Background: The incidence of eclampsia has reduced considerably in the developing countries due to good antenatal care and increased awareness within the population. To determine the magnitude of the problem, to assess trends and to identify risk factors and risk groups, it is worthwhile to periodically review this problem.Methods: A study using one control for each case of eclampsia was conducted among women who were admitted at Burdwan Medical College and Hospital between July 2014 and June 2015. Cases were women with a confirmed diagnosis of eclampsia. Eclampsia cases were identified by daily monitoring of all new admissions to Eclampsia ward of Burdwan Medical College and hospital. After strict exclusion criteria, a total of 500 eclampsia cases were studied along with same number of controls for identifying the epidemiological determinants.Results: Maternal age at extremes (<20 and >30 years) was identified as a risk factor of eclampsia. Nulliparity has been identified as a risk factor for eclampsia in present study. About 74.6% mothers were nulliparous. Most of the patients 66.6% were admitted during the antenatal period i.e. presented with antenatal eclampsia. 62.2% of them were at between 34-37weeks of gestational age during admission.Conclusions: Authors observed increased eclampsia risk among women with a prior history of pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disorders. Positive personal histories of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and family history of hypertensive disorders are well known risk factors of eclampsia. Our findings point to public health and clinical measures that may be taken to potentially attenuate the incidence of eclampsia and mitigate associated maternal-fetal complications resulting from the disorder.
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Background: Rabies is one of the most important zoonotic diseases in India. About 99% of all human deaths from rabies occur in the developing nations. Dogs are the main reservoir of rabies in India. It is invariably fatal if proper treatment is not instituted promptly. One of the important factors associated with successful treatment is the knowledge of the caregiver in the proper management of animal bites and rabies vaccination. Hence the present study was conducted to assess the knowledge about epidemiological determinants of rabies & its prevention amongst medical interns.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out amongst 76 interns of a Private Medical College in Marathwada region of Maharashtra during the period of September to October 2018. Pre-designed, pre-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was entered in MS Excel sheet and analyzed accordingly.Results: Out of 76 interns, there were 36 (47.3%) males and 40 (52.7%) females. Majority 61(80.3%) were Muslims followed by 14(18.4%) were Hindus. About 68.4% interns correctly knew that the route of administration of vaccination could be either intra-muscular or intra-dermal (p=0.0220). About 1/4th i.e. 25% interns didn’t know about incubation period of rabies in human (p=0.0079). However, 29(38.2%) interns didn’t know about exact site of administration of rabies immunoglobulin is at wound site.Conclusions: The present study concluded that there were significant gaps in the knowledge about prevention of rabies which needs to be overcome immediately with proper training
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Background: Low birth weight (LBW) has been defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as birth weight less than 2,500 grams. In India, 30-35% babies are LBW. LBW is closely associated with foetal and neonatal mortality as well as morbidity and has a very complex aetiology. Aims & Objective: The present study was undertaken with the objectives of ascertaining epidemiological determinants of LBW. Materials and Methods: A facility based case-control study was carried out in all the 3 tertiary hospitals of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation during April-2012 to September-2012. A total of 100 cases weighing < 2.5 kg and controls weighing > 2.5 kg each were selected during the study period. Crude and adjusted odd’s ratio with 95% confidence interval was calculated. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate independent effect of maternal characteristic on LBW. Results: A significant association was observed between LBW and maternal age at consummation < 20 years, maternal education, socio-economic status, inter-pregnancy interval, antenatal visit < 3, maternal height <145cm, pre-pregnancy maternal weight, habit of tobacco chewing, previous history of abortion and anaemia. These variables were further entered in multiple logistic regression model and factors such as maternal age at consummation < 20 years, inter-pregnancy interval, antenatal visit < 3, maternal height, pre-pregnancy maternal weight < 45 kg, habit of tobacco chewing, previous history of abortion and anaemia were found to be significant independent risk factor for LBW. Conclusion: For reducing LBW emphasis should be given on reducing teen age pregnancy, improving nutrition during adolescence, increasing coverage of antenatal visits, encouraging wider birth interval and avoiding tobacco chewing.