ABSTRACT
Resumen El objetivo central de este artículo, es reconstruir los principales argumentos contrarios a la vacunación que circularon en Chile durante fines del siglo XIX e inicios del siglo XX. Para ello, estudiaremos la figura de Alfredo Helsby Hazell, quien fue el principal opositor que tuvo la vacuna en Chile y publicó diversos escritos en los que desarrolló y difundió sus ideas. A través de éstos, observamos que Helsby argumentó su rechazo a la vacunación a partir de la defensa del higienismo y de la desconfianza respecto de las explicaciones de carácter científico que se comenzaron a difundir a partir de la teoría de los gérmenes. Ello se articuló con la defensa de la salud como un ámbito privado de acción, criticando la intervención del Estado en dichas materias.
Abstract This article reconstructs the main arguments against vaccination that circulated in Chile during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. For this purpose, we will study the figure of Alfredo Helsby Hazell, who was the primary opponent of vaccination in Chile and published several writings in which he developed and disseminated his ideas. We observe that Helsby argued his rejection of vaccination from the defence of hygienism and distrust of the scientific explanations that began to spread from the germ theory. This was articulated with the defence of health as a private sphere of action, criticizing the intervention of the State in such matters.
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Smallpox , Anti-Vaccination Movement/history , ChileABSTRACT
Backgroung: Coronaviruses (CoV) make up a large family of viruses, known since the mid-1960s, which received this name due to the spikes on its surface, which resemble a crown (from the Latin corona). CoV infections can cause everything from a common cold to severe respiratory syndromes, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV).COVID-19 (SARS-CoV2) is a new variant of the coronavirus, and its isolation occurred in China on January 7th, 2020. COVID-19 has stood out with a high impact on public health due to the high number of cases with infection in a short period of time. However, it is possible to observe that 17% of patients confirmed with COVID-19 have severe infections and about 2.5% of these patients die. Current studies have shown that the number of mild and asymptomatic cases may be even greater. Thus, the challenges for controlling unreported cases of patients with mild symptoms that are spreading the virus and interfering with the magnitude and real data of the cases stand out. The transmission of the coronavirus occurs between humans, and it can occur from person to person through the air, through coughing or sneezing, by touching or shaking hands or by contact with contaminated objects or surfaces, followed by contact with the mouth, nose or eyes. Given the fluctuation in the incidence and the lethality rate, it is essential to stand out the precepts of health promotion in search of reorienting hygiene practices, considering that there is validity in health care models, still with a curative approach and the current situation experienced by the world population requires a preventive stance.(AU)
Os coronavírus (CoV) compõem uma grande família de vírus, conhecidos desde meados da década de 1960, que receberam esse nome devido às espículas na sua superfície, que lembram uma coroa (do latim corona). As infecções pelo CoV podem causar desde um resfriado comum até síndromes respiratórias graves, como a síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS-CoV) e a síndrome respiratória do Oriente Médio (MERS-CoV). O COVID-19 (SARS-CoV2) é nova variante do coronavírus, sendo que o seu isolamento ocorreu na China em 07/01/2020. O COVID-19 tem se destacado com alto impacto na saúde pública devido ao elevado número de casos com a infecção em um curto período de tempo. Entretanto, é possível observar que apenas 17% dos pacientes confirmados com COVID-19 apresentam infecções graves e cerca de 2,5% destes pacientes morrerem. No entanto, os estudos atuais tem evidenciado que o número de casos leves e assintomáticos podem ser ainda maiores. Dessa forma, destacam-se os desafios para o controle dos casos não notificados de pacientes com sintomas leves que estão espalhando o vírus e interferindo na magnitude e nos dados reais dos casos. A transmissão do coronavírus acontece entre humanos, podendo ocorrer de pessoa a pessoa pelo ar, por meio de tosse ou espirro, pelo toque ou aperto de mão ou pelo contato com objetos ou superfícies contaminadas, seguido pelo contato com a boca, nariz ou olhos. Dada a oscilação da incidência e da taxa de letalidade reforça-se a importância dos preceitos da promoção da saúde em busca da reorientação de práticas de higiene, considerando que há vigência nos modelos assistenciais em saúde, sendo hegemônico o curativismo e a atual situação vivenciada pela população mundial exige postura preventiva.
Subject(s)
Humans , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Health Promotion/methods , Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis , Coronavirus Infections/therapyABSTRACT
A esporotricose é uma micose subcutânea de distribuição mundial, sendo observada em surtos de proporções variáveis, com predominância em áreas de clima temperado e tropical. Algumas áreas de endemicidade já foram relatadas. No Brasil, seus agentes etiológicos encontraram não só condições climáticas e estruturais ideais, mas também fontes de infecções extremamente eficientes. Nas últimas décadas, o país tem observado um aumento exponencial no número de casos de esporotricose humana e animal. Esse aumento e o surgimento de resistência aos antifúngicos tornam a situação alarmante. Apesar de essa epidemia se perpetuar há anos, existem poucas políticas de saúde no Brasil para o controle dos casos de esporotricose humana e animal, principalmente na atenção primária à saúde. Assim, intervenções sociais, ambientais e populacionais devem ser feitas para conter essa epidemia negligenciada.
Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis with a worldwide distribution, which has been observed in outbreaks of variable proportions in all continents, with predominance in temperate and tropical climate zones. Some areas of endemicity have already been reported. In Brazil, its etiological agents found not only ideal climatic and structural conditions, but also extremely efficient sources of infections. In the last decades, the country has suffered an exponential increase in the number of human and animal cases of sporotrichosis. This increase, combined with the emergence of antifungal resistance makes the situation alarming. Although this epidemic has been perpetuating for years, there are few health policies in Brazil to control it/the disease, especially in primary health care. Therefore, social, environmental and population-based interventions should be organized in order to contain this neglected epidemic.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Sporotrichosis/epidemiology , Neglected Diseases/epidemiology , Health Policy , Primary Health Care , Sporotrichosis/etiology , Sporotrichosis/veterinary , Brazil/epidemiology , Neglected Diseases/etiology , Neglected Diseases/veterinary , EpidemicsABSTRACT
A nivel mundial, está ocurriendo un proceso de transición epidemiológica con un incremento de la morbilidad y la mortalidad por enfermedades no transmisibles y aunque el fenómeno es global es más acelerado en los países emergentes. Entre estas enfermedades se destacan la enfermedad cardio-vascular, la enfermedad cerebrovascular, la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus , la macroangiopatía y la enfermedad renal crónica. Estas enfermedades tienen en común que en su origen, progresión a la cronicidad y en sus complicaciones está presente el daño vascular y comparten los mismos factores de riesgo. En este artículo, se analiza la morbilidad, mortalidad y tendencia de estas enfermedades, los principales riesgos y la transición de éstos que están influyendo en este problema de salud epidémico. Se propone un nuevo paradigma integrador de
An epidemiological transition is ocurring throughout the world, leading to an increased morbidity and mortality by non-communicable diseases; in despite of the global characteristic of this phenomenon it is more accelerated in the emerging countries. Cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, macroangiopathy and chronic renal disease are among the main diseases. These diseases have in common that in their origin, progression to chronicity or their complications the vascular damage is presented and on the other hand shares the same risk factors. In this article is analysed the morbidity, mortality and the tendency of these diseases and the risks and transition risks that may influence in this epidemic health problem. A new paradigm integrating the concept of chronic vascular disease and estrategies for its prevention is proposed.
ABSTRACT
Desde tiempos inmemoriales, la tuberculosis, la "muerte blanca", ha sido una enfermedad que ha causado grandes daños a la Humanidad. Dado que se considera una epidemia, cuando no pandemia, analizamos el trayecto histórico de esta enfermedad, considerada una enfermedad transmisible. Veremos sus causas, mediante una revisión histórica, y los científicos que se dedicaron a estudiarla hasta llegar al descubrimiento que hiciera Roberto Koch (1843-1910) (Nobel en 1905) del bacilo. Las medidas preventivas y curativas también son revisadas hasta llegar al descubrimiento de la vacuna BCG (Bacilo Calmette-Guérin) en tiempos modernos, en 1919, lo cual debió ser el fin de tan temible flagelo. Empero, hoy en día la tenemos entre nosotros, recrudecida y virulenta. Es la llamada "enfermedad de la pobreza", enfermedad social de las masas. Así desde las Fuerzas Mágicas hasta la actualidad contendemos con la tuberculosis, enfermedad conocida por babilonios y egipcios y sufrida por la Humanidad en pleno siglo XXI.
Since the beginning of History tuberculosis, "the white death", has been a disease that has caused enormous impairment to Humanity. Since it is considered an epidemic, if not pandemic, we review the historical pathway of this illness, considered a transmissible disease. We will review its causes through history and the scientists who devoted themselves to study it, until the discovery of Robert Koch (1843-1910) (Nobel, 1905) of the bacillus. The preventive and curative measures are also revised until we get to the discovery of the vaccine BCG (Calmette-Guérin bacillus) in our modern age, 1919 to be precise, supposedly to be the end of this scourge. Nevertheless, nowadays we have the disease among us, increased and virulent. This is the so called "sickness of the poverty", social sickness of the masses. So, from the "Magic Forces" up to our age, we contend with TB, sickness already know by Egyptians and Babylonians and suffered still by Humanity in our newborn XXI Century.