Ecualización de la empatía en estudiantes de dos sedes diferentes en una facultad de odontología de una universidad chilena / Empathy equalization in students from two different campus in a chilean faculty of dentistry

Objetivo. Comprobar que el proceso de ecualización para el atributo empatía se cumple entre dos sedes universitarias en los estudiantes de odontología de la Universidad San Sebastián (Chile). Material y Métodos. Se aplicó la Escala de Empatía Médica de Jefferson para medir la empatía y sus componentes en estudiantes de odontología de la Universidad San Sebastián en dos sedes (Santiago y Concepción, Chile). Las comparaciones se realizaron mediante un ANOVA Bifactorial (Modelo III), estimación del potencial de crecimiento posible y ecuaciones de regresión. Resultados. Se encontró que existen diferencias para el componente TPP entre las sedes y diferencias entre todos los componentes de la empatía cuando fueron comparados un mismo género entre sedes. Conclusión. La evidencia empírica muestra que el proceso de ecualización no se encuentra completado. Este estudio tiene importancia nacional y a nivel de América Latina por tres razones: a) muchas universidades en Chile y América Latina tienen sedes universitarias donde se imparten la misma carrera de pregrados, b) no existen evaluaciones de ecualización de la empatía en América Latina y c) se plantea una posible metodología para evaluar el cumplimiento de la ecualización.

Objective. Check that the equalization process for the empathy attribute is fulfilled between two university venues in the dentistry students of the San Sebastián University (Chile). Material and methods. The Jefferson Medical Empathy Scale was applied to measure empathy and its components in dental students of the San Sebastián University in two sites (Santiago and Concepción, Chile). The comparisons were made using a Bifactorial ANOVA (Model III), estimation of the possible growth potential and regression equations. Results. It was found that there are differences for the Taking Patient's Perspective component between the venues and differences between all the components of the empathy when the same genre was compared between venues. Conclusion. Empirical evidence shows that the equalization process is not complete. This study is of national and Latin American importance for three reasons: a) many universities in Chile and Latin America have university campuses where the same undergraduate courses are taught, b) there are no equalization evaluations of empathy in Latin America, and c) a possible methodology is proposed to evaluate the compliance of the equalization.

Research on Improved Algorithm of DR Image Enhancement Based on Gauss-Laplacian Pyramid / 中国医疗器械杂志

OBJECTIVE@#In order to obtain more decision information from Digital Radiography(DR) images, an improved image enhancement algorithm is proposed based on the algorithm of Gauss-Laplacian pyramid.@*METHODS@#The original algorithm is improved on the basis of the human visual characteristics and better enhancements, the low frequency components of the image is histogram equalized to make the image gray scale more balanced, and the high frequency component is enhanced by a hierarchical exponential enhancement to make the details of the image clearer.@*RESULTS@#The improved algorithm improves the contrast of DR images in chest, pelvic and spine, and makes the image more layered and obtains good image enhancement effect.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The results show that the improved algorithm is superior to the traditional algorithm in terms of image enhancement.

Influencing factors of basic public health service utilization of the migrant elderly / 中国卫生政策研究

Objective:The aim of this study is to explore the utilization of basic public health services by elder-ly migrants and its influencing factors, and to provide data support for the equalization of public health services. Methods:The framework of the Behavioral Model of Health Services Utilization elaborated by Anderson was used as the theoretical basis. Basing on the data of 2015 National Dynamic Monitoring of Mobile Population,the multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the materials coming from in-depth interviews. Results: The utilization rate of basic public health services by the elderly migrant was low and there are differences as compared to other groups. The type of household registration,living duration and the scope of mobility were the main factors influencing the utilization of health services by the elderly migrants. The allocation of funds to primary health care services is in-consistent with the workload,and other difficulties for the community service agencies. Conclusions:The accessibility of basic public health services for the elderly migrants is poor,the health consciousness is weak,and health education should be strengthened. The elderly migrants coming from rural areas,having long-term residence and migrating long distance should be paid more attention too. The administrative departments should strengthen the statistics on elderly migrants,ensure a fair allocation of funds for the basic public health service,and optimize the top-level design of in-formation technology to improve the use of the basic public health services for elderly migrants.

Aplicación del mainstreaming de género en las organizaciones a través de las certificaciones / Implementation of gender mainstreaming in organizations through certifications

Las desigualdades entre mujeres y hombres se siguen manteniendo en las organizaciones a pesar de los esfuerzos políticos y sociales realizados para afrontar este fenómeno. Las certificaciones de igualdad son reconocidas en España como uno de los instrumentos políticos diseñados para combatir estos desequilibrios de género a partir de la promulgación de la Ley Orgánica nº 3/2007 para la igualdad efectiva de mujeres y hombres. Este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar el enfoque desde el que las organizaciones, públicas y privadas, responsables de la promoción de certificaciones de igualdad de género, están respondiendo a la aplicación del mainstreaming de género. Aplicamos un análisis de contenido a partir del estudio de publicaciones relativas a las certificaciones. Los resultados muestran que estas certificaciones se conceden, en muchos casos, ignorando indicadores esenciales para implementar el enfoque de género. Igualmente, se impulsa su uso lucrativo como marca de calidad organizativa.

Inequalities between women and men persist in organizations in spite of political and social efforts to fight this phenomenon. Gender equality certifications have been recognized in Spain as one of the political measures aimed at combating gender imbalances since the promulgation of the organic Law nº 3/2007 on effective equality of women and men. This article aims to identify the approaches adopted by public and private organizations that are responsible to promote gender equality certifications in response to gender mainstreaming implementation. Content analysis of publications related to gender certifications was carried out. The results show that in many cases these certifications are granted disregarding essential indicators to implement the gender mainstreaming approach. Similarly, they have been used to boost profit since it indicates a distinguishing quality of these organizations.

Implementación de un sistema de imagenología infrarroja para la detección vascular del antebrazo y mano / Implementation of an infrared imaging system for vascular detection in the forearm and hand

RESUMEN: En el área clínica son procedimientos comunes la venopunción, la colocación de catéteres, inyecciones intravenosas, etc. La visualización de las venas en algunas personas es compleja. En este trabajo se presenta el desarrollo de un sistema capaz de realzar la distribución de las venas en el antebrazo de una persona para, en un trabajo futuro, ayudar de forma no invasiva a localizar las venas en los procedimientos de venopunción. Para llevar a cabo el desempeño de esta tarea se utilizó una cámara web, a la cual se le ha extraído el filtro que impide el paso de luz infrarroja y es sustituido por otro que lo permite. Para mejorar la detección de las venas se le agregó a la cámara un arreglo de LEDs emisores de luz infrarroja (830nm). Las imágenes obtenidas fueron procesadas mediante la ecualización del histograma adaptable y clasificadas por dos métodos, el primero basado en el algoritmo Fuzzy C-Means, el segundo basado en un modelo probabilístico de tipo Bayes, técnicas del área de inteligencia artificial, presentadas como alternativa en el procesamiento de imágenes. Para la obtención de las imágenes se consideraron las regiones anteriores y exteriores del antebrazo izquierdo y derecho de cada sujeto generando una base de datos. Este sistema también tiene aplicación en la detección de venas varicosas debido a que se puede dar un seguimiento a la dilatación de las venas.

ABSTRACT: The venipuncture, the catheterization and intravenous (IV) injections are some of the common procedures in the clinical practice. The location of the veins may be complex in some patients. In this paper a system able to enhance the vein distribution in a patient's forearm in order to help, in future works, to locate the veins in a non-invasive way and accomplish the IV procedures, is described. To carry out this work a web cam was used, the filter that blocks out the infrared light has been removed and replaced for one who does not. To increase the vein detection an array of infrared LEDs (830 nm) was attached. The resulting images were processed using the adaptive histogram equalization and then classified by two methods, the first one based on the Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm, and the second based in a Bayesian probabilistic model. For the image acquisition, the anterior-exterior regions of the left and right forearm of each subject were considered to generate a data base. This system also has relevance in the detection of varicose veins since is able to monitor the vein dilatation.

Study on the Influence of Transfer Payment on the Equalization of Medical and Health Services / 中国卫生经济

Objective:To study the influence of transfer payment on the equalization of medical and health services.Methods:Based on panel data of China's 23 provinces from 2000 to 2014.the medical and health services equalization indexes were measured and developed as the explained index.The explanatory variables such as transfer payment,per capita GDP and health care input were involved.The threshold value of time and transfer payment were applied to developed to conduct the panel threshold regression.Results:Transfer payment significantly promoted the equal distrihntion of health service resources,but the elastic declined if transfered more than 33 billion yuan as the threshold.Meanwhile,there was a threshold effect that the elastic of transfer payment to the equalization of China's medical and health service declined after NCMC in 2003.Conclusion:To further increase transfer payment,it needed to enlarge the new farmers and scope,optimize the equal distribution of health service resources.

Registration and Treatment Outcomes of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Panyu, Guangzhou from 2013 to 2015 / 现代医院

Objective To analyze the registration and treatment outcomes of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) between local and floating population in Panyu district in Guangzhou and provide equalization of basic public health services strategies to the prevention of TB.Methods According to the data from China Disease Prevention Information System of Panyu district, the patients between 2013 and 2015 were used for statistical analysis.The differences of treatment outcomes between local and floating TB patients were compared and analyzed by Chi-square test.Results There were 3,047 registered patients in 2013-2015 in Panyu district, the annual average TB registration rate was 68.13/100 000.1 476 of them were smear negative TB (48.44%);1421 new smear positive TB (46.64%);150 re-treated smear positive TB (4.92%).Among these patients, 2 202 cases were local pulmonary (72.27%), and 845 floating pulmonary (27.73%).There were statistical differences in the cure rate of new and re-treated patients (P0.05).Conclusion Local and floating TB patients receive the same health service under the full process monitoring Panyu.It shows the equal basic public health services policy has come out with preliminary results.

Prediction of Health Care Cost Using the Hierarchical Condition Category Risk Adjustment Model / 보건행정학회지

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the Hierarchical Condition Category (HCC) model, identify potentially high-cost patients, and examine the effects of adding prior utilization to the risk model using Korean claims data. METHODS: We incorporated 2 years of data from the National Health Insurance Services-National Sample Cohort. Five risk models were used to predict health expenditures: model 1 (age/sex groups), model 2 (the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services-HCC with age/sex groups), model 3 (selected 54 HCCs with age/sex groups), model 4 (bed-days of care plus model 3), and model 5 (medication- days plus model 3). We evaluated model performance using R² at individual level, predictive positive value (PPV) of the top 5% of high-cost patients, and predictive ratio (PR) within subgroups. RESULTS: The suitability of the model, including prior use, bed-days, and medication-days, was better than other models. R² values were 8%, 39%, 37%, 43%, and 57% with model 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. After being removed the extreme values, the corresponding R² values were slightly improved in all models. PPVs were 16.4%, 25.2%, 25.1%, 33.8%, and 53.8%. Total expenditure was underpredicted for the highest expenditure group and overpredicted for the four other groups. PR had a tendency to decrease from younger group to older group in both female and male. CONCLUSION: The risk adjustment models are important in plan payment, reimbursement, profiling, and research. Combined prior use and diagnostic data are more powerful to predict health costs and to identify high-cost patients.

Valor de la Recompensa: ¿Cómo y Para Qué se Usa el Concepto? / Value of the Reward: How Is the Concept Used and for What? / Valor de Recompensa: como e para que se usa o Conceito?

El escrito ofrece un panorama general sobre el valor de la recompensa, respondiendo los interrogantes: ¿qué es?, ¿cómo se ha conceptualizado? y ¿qué investigaciones han utilizado el concepto? En sentido general, este se utiliza para calificar una recompensa como más o menos efectiva: mientras mayor sea el valor, mayor es su eficacia. Primero se describe la medición histórica del valor y cómo lo define la literatura sobre economía conductual. A continuación aparecen dos usos diferentes del concepto: (a) como constructo hipotético y (b) como variable interviniente. También se incluyen definiciones operacionales, en las que no se definen exhaustivamente las variables asociadas, entonces no se le considera variable interviniente, pero tampoco se agrega significado, más allá del nivel de observación, por lo que no son ejemplo de constructo hipotético. Posteriormente se explora la relación entre demora del reforzador y descuento temporal. Las consideraciones finales retoman la discusión sobre su valor heurístico en la investigación contemporánea.

The article offers a general panorama on the value of the reward, answering the questions: What is it? How has it been conceptualized? What investigations have used the concept? In general, a reward is rated as more or less effective: the greater the value, the greater its efficiency. First, the article discusses the historical measurement of value and how the literature on behavioral economics defines it. Next, two different uses of the concept are presented: (a) as a hypothetical construct and (b) as intervening variable. The text includes operational definitions where the associated variables are not defined exhaustively and therefore not considered as intervening variable, but which also add no meaning beyond the level of observation and therefore are not an example of a hypothetical construct. The article then explores the relationship between delay of the reinforcing agent and temporal discount. Finally, the article considers the discussion about the concept's heuristic value in contemporary research.

Este texto oferece um panorama geral sobre o valor da recompensa ao responder aos questionamentos: o que é, como vem sendo conceituado e quais pesquisas têm utilizado o conceito? Em sentido geral, este se utiliza para qualificar uma recompensa como mais ou menos efetiva: quanto maior for o valor, maior será sua eficácia. Primeiramente, descreve-se a medição histórica do valor e como a literatura sobre economia comportamental o define. A seguir, aparecem dois usos diferentes do conceito: (a) como construto hipotético e (b) como variável interventora. Também são incluídas definições operacionais, nas quais não se definem exaustivamente as variáveis associadas, portanto não é considerada variável interventora nem se agrega significado mais além do nível de observação, razão pela qual não são exemplos de construto hipotético. Posteriormente, explora-se a relação entre demora do reforçador e desconto temporal. As considerações finais retomam a discussão sobre seu valor heurístico na pesquisa contemporânea.

"The assessment and analysis of the graduation papers of ""3+2"" assistant general practitioners training ""comprehensive clinical course""" / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective Based on the objective test (A type) results of the 2014 comprehensive clinical course graduation test of 3+2 assistant general practitioners training,this article analyzed the differences between different teaching units,so as to provide objective basis for improving the teaching level of each unit.Method We established a database with EXCEL 2000,and put each question's ID and points,and the score of each student into the computer,so we could get the difficulty coefficient,distinction degree and reliability of the test paper,and calculate the difficulty coefficient and difference of each question.Then we analyzed the difficulty coefficient,the difference and the reliability of the 122 students' testing results,and compared the accuracy to the same question of the 6 teaching units.Result The objective test's (A type) difficulty coefficient is 0.77,distinction degree is 0.19,and reliability is 0.99.The highest score of the 122 students is 47 points,and the lowest score is 28 points,the average score is (38.5 ± 3.9) points.In the 50 questions,3 questions' difficulty coefficient is less than 0.4,14 questions' difficulty coefficient is between 0.4-0.7,33 questions' difficulty coefficient is above 0.7,so the difficulty degree of the paper is relatively low.In the 50 questions,23 questions' distinction degree is less than 0.15,17 questions' distinction degree is between 0.15-0.30,10 questions' distinction degree is above 0.30,so the distinction degree of the paper is relatively high.In the 50 questions,20 questions' accuracy appears larger differences between each unit:9 questions' accuracy has decreased significantly among 1-2 units,4 questions' accuracy decreased significantly among 3 units,3 questions' accuracy decreased significantly among 4 units,only 1 unit has high accuracy among 2 questions,and 2 questions' accuracy decreased significantly among all units.These problems are related to the teachers' teaching ability,the difficulty in mastering the key points of the curriculum,the lack of the concept of the general practitioners training.Conclusion The design of the examination paper is basically in line with the study purpose and the objectives of the training course.This examination paper was highly reliable,and suitable for the professional theory and ability test.There are site differences between each unit,which can provide an objective basis for improving the teaching level of different teaching unit,and we will solve the problems in the form of collective preparation next step.

Analysis on residents′knowledge and satisfaction of equalization policies on basic public health services in five districts of gansu / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate and analyze the residents′knowledge and satisfaction on basic public health services in five districts of Gansu ,to judge the implementation effect of the current policy ,in order to provide the suggestion to improve the effect of the implementation of the policy of basic public health services .Methods Based on typical sampling method ,1 688 rural and urban residents had been investigated coming from five counties in Gansu by using questionnaires to survey .Results The de‐gree of residents′knowledge about the policy was low (57 .23% );the residents could know about the policy through a variety of ways ,and mainly for medical staff to promote by approaching their homes ;91 .94% of surveyed residents thought that policy service was more convenient when they were accepting ;90 .99% of surveyed residents thought that they satisfied with the service attitude of staff ;82 .35% of surveyed residents believed that the policy service effects was obvious ;90 .11% of surveyed residents overall satisfied with the service of policy .The above results were different in proportion in various counties(P<0 .05) .Conclusion The degree of residents′knowledge and satisfaction on basic public health services in five districts of Gansu still needs to be improved .

Application of one kind of method in judging the fissurefracture by using image enhancement / 中国医学装备

Objective:A more effective approach to judge the fissure fracture by using image enhancement is presented.Methods:The Gradient image after 5×5 median filtering smoothing was used to mask the laplace image, and to add the original image in order to informing the sharpening image, and then the adaptive contrast histogram equalization is put in shaping image and to compare the effect of the image enhancement.Results: The algorithm to enhance the X-Ray fracture image can highlight the shape of the fissure fracture clearly. The enhanced image is more effective than the image by using one way alone.Conclusion: This method is valuable in judging the fissure fracture in clinical diagnosis.

A review on how to better implement National Essential Public Health Services Program in China / 中国卫生政策研究

Chinese government launched National Essential Public Health Services Program since 5 years ago;a program of which the progress, achievement, challenges and a knowhow for a better implementation are concerned by the related policy makers, implementers and researchers. Based on the years of experience in this area, combining literatures and reports relevant to this program, this paper summed up its background and progress, analyzed prob-lems and challenges as well as put forward the policy recommendations for a better implementation of the work. The results were mainly described in three different ways as follows:firstly, the public health service delivery system was formed;secondly, services types and target population were annually increased; and thirdly, there were remarkable health and social benefits. However, for such a big program that is related to multiple government departments and health institutions, contradictions may emerge during implementation. Therefore, it is important to deal with its dif-ferent relationships. Recommendations for further implementation of the work in the coming “Thirteenth-Five-Year”plan are enlightened to deepen a perfect essential public health service delivery mechanism from the financing and management, service package scoping, service delivery system and approach, and performance evaluation facets.

Assessment on Equalization of Eseential Medical Services in Ningxia：Base on Theil Index / 中国卫生经济

Objective: To measure the equalization of urban and rural essential medical services in Ningxia. Methods: To apply the Theil Index and its decomposition by using population as the weight and the distance as the weight of index of essential medical resource allocation. Results: Significant difference was found in urban and rural essential medical service in Ningxia, the contribution rate among regional differences was high. Conclusion: Non equivalence of essential medical service is serious between urban and rural areas in Ningxia. It is suggested to improve the quality of the rural medical staffs, implement the training and qualification appraisal system, set up a remote consultation system to increase the medical resource sharing, implement medical and health care policies and open essential medical function of essential medical services.

Research on assessment indicators of equalization of basic medical and health services in urban and rural areas / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To build the theoretical system model and research assessment indicators for equalization of basic medical and health services of both urban and rural residents.This aims at providing a theoretical and empirical basis for advancing basic medical health system covering rural and urban residents.Methods Literature research and Delphi expert consultation are used to build the indicator model and structure.The extremal standard method,health resources sharing by geography method,Gini coefficient method and other statistical analysis were used for an empirical analysis and test in an eastern provincial capital city.Results The indicator system comprises three dimensions of opportunity,process and result,as well as seven second-level indicators of health financing,resource allocation,accessibility etc.and twenty-seven third-level indicators.The grand mean value of the urban and rural regional indicators for H city in 2010 was calculated as 63.53,while the mean values for urban and rural were 74.75 and 45.58 respectively.Conclusion The assessment indicators focus on three combinations:basic public health services and basic medical services,service supply and demand,as well as the number and quality of services.This approach can help with the assessment of equalization of basic medical and health service for urban and rural areas and policy making.

Elaborando uma cartilha sobre as ambiguidades da violência conjugal / The formulation of a brochure about the ambiguities of marital violence / Desarollando un folleto sobre las ambigüedades de la violencia conyugal

O texto é um relato de experiência em um projeto de extensão universitária que elaborou e testou junto a grupos comunitários uma cartilha sobre violência conjugal direcionada tanto a mulheres quanto a homens, tendo como proposta construir uma comunicação que explicitasse e avaliasse os diferentes sentimentos e crenças relacionados ao tema, e ainda que respeitasse as possibilidades e os desejos de cada leitor. A abordagem de intervenção comunitária foi ancorada no construcionismo social. O tema da violência conjugal foi apresentado na cartilha tendo por base um esforço para articular as contribuições advindas tanto dos movimentos feministas como de outros estudiosos, mantendo a politização do tema. O processo de produção da cartilha é relatado buscando refletir sobre as dificuldades e as mudanças vivenciadas diante dos textos sobre o tema, dos testes do primeiro esboço junto a grupos comunitários, dos consultores e de feministas, de forma a apontar o fato de nossa atenção ter se concentrado em quatro categorias de análise do problema: dominação masculina, diversidade, amor romântico e ambigüidades, sendo a última a que nos pareceu ser mais amplamente debatida e apreendida por qualquer vertente de discussão diante do tema, embora todas sejam imprescindíveis. Por fim, apontamos nossa avaliação sobre os limites e os potenciais da última versão da cartilha....(AU)

This paper is the experience account of a college extension project that elaborated and tested a brochure about marital violence with community groups directed to both women and men. Its purpose is to build a means of communication that explains and evaluates the different feelings and beliefs related to the issue, respecting the possibilities and wishes of each reader. The community intervention’s approach was anchored on social construccionism. The issue of domestic violence was presented in the brochure, based on an effort to link both the contributions from feminist movements as from other researchers, maintaining the politicization of the issue. The brochure’s production process is reported in an attempt to reflect about the difficulties and changes experienced in face of the texts about the subject, the first tests of the brochure with community groups, consultants and feminists. This work focused four categories of the problem analysis: male domination, diversity, romantic love and ambiguity. The last category seemed to have been widely discussed and understood by any aspect of the discussions on this subject, however all these themes are essential. Finally, we conclude our evaluation about the limits and the potential aspects of the last brochure’s version....(AU)

El texto es un relato de la experiencia en un proyecto de extensión universitaria que ha elaborado y testado junto a grupos comunitarios un folleto sobre violencia conyugal direccionada tanto a mujeres como a hombres, con la propuesta de construir una comunicación que tornarse explícitos y evaluase los diferentes sentimientos y deseos de cada lector. El abordaje de intervención comunitaria fue ancorado en el construcionismo social. El tema de la violencia conyugal fue presentado en el folleto y tuve como base el esfuerzo para articular contribuciones tanto de los movimientos feministas como de otros estudiosos, manteniendo la politización del tema. El proceso de producción del folleto es relatado buscando refletar sobre dificultades y cambios vividos, adelante de textos sobre el tema, de los testes del primer esbozo junto a grupos comunitarios, de los consultores y de feministas; de forma a apuntar que nuestra atención se ha concentrado en cuatro categorías de analice del problema: dominación masculina, diversidad, amor romántico e ambigüedades, siendo la última la que nos cayó ser ampliamente debatida y aprehendida por cualquier vertiente de discusión del tema, aunque todas sean imprescindibles. Por fin, apuntamos nuestra evaluación sobre los límites y potencias de la última versión del mismo....(AU)

Improved method of gray correction for the medical ultrasonic image / 医疗卫生装备

The general theories of gray correction methods for the medical ultrasonic image are introduced in this paper, including gray level correction, gray level transformation and histogram correction. The dominant histogram equalization method is expatiated and modified against its disadvantages including inapparent enhancement of partial detail and non-interactivity. Series connections of several gray correction methods are used to treat with the ultrasonic image, and thus its utility is improved through the selective enhancement of the contrast of certain gray scope.

Tissue Equalization Technique Applied in DR Thoracolumbar Vertebral Body Photography / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To assess the examinational value of tissue equalization (TE)technique in DR thoracolumbar vertebral body photography. Methods 48 cases were reformed using the conventional DR method in the thoracolumbar vertebral body photography,compared with the TE technique in DR thoracolumbar vertebral body photography. Results The details in different thickness area of body could be revealed clearly in the same image produced by TE technique. The visualization of image details could be obviously improved by using the TE technique. Conclusion It is important to apply the TE technique in DR thoracolumbar vertebral body photography.

The Advantages of Tissue Equalization Technique Applied in DR Chest Photography / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To investigate the advantages of DR images produced by tissue equalization(TE)technique in chest digital radiography(DR) compared with standard technique.Methods 100 images collected from DR chest images taken in our hospital in May,2003 were processed by TE technique and compare with standard DR images.Results The details in different thickness area of body could be revealed clearly in the same image produced by TE technique,while the display parameters should be adjusted repeatedly to reveal the details in standard chest digital radiography.Conclusion The visualization of image details can be obviously improved by using the TE technique and other details are not lossed.

Enhanced Display of DICOM Image Based on Gray-level Histogram Equalization / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To select the proper enhanced methods of histogram egualization for the medical digital image. Methods By means of the full-frame histogram equalization(FFHE),local-area histogram equalization(LAHE) and adaptive-meighborhood histogram equalization(ANHE),medical digital images were enhanced,and the characteristics of these three methods were compared. Results Through the gray-level histogram equalization,the detail and the edge of medical digital images could be enhanced. Conclusion Toenhance the detail of local issue,it is better to use ANHE method.To enhance the edge of full image,which the full information must been taken into account,it is better to use FFHE method.