Medicamentos intercambiables en Perú. Un estudio de revisión

La intercambiabilidad de medicamentos representa una necesidad en países en vías de desarrollo, porque brinda la posibilidad de acceder a productos de menor costo, además, permite asegurar eficacia y seguridad en los tratamientos farmacoterapéuticos. El estudio recolectó investigaciones realizadas en el estado peruano, publicadas en bases de datos de alto impacto como Scielo, Sciencedirect, Scopus y Pubmed. De las 553 investigaciones encontradas, sólo diez artículos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se identificaron medicamentos como diazepam, prednisona, amoxicilina, doxiciclina, fluconazol, fenitoína sódica, alprazolam, amlodipino, carbamazepina sódica, glibenclamida, moxifloxacino y ácido acetilsalicílico. Todos los artículos analizaron el perfil de disolución mediante el cálculo del factor de similitud f2, mientras, en otros casos, estimaron parámetros como variación de peso, friabilidad, dureza, cuantificación, uniformidad de contenido y perfil de disolución. Los resultados evidencian que nueve medicamentos incluidos en el estudio fueron analizados mediante estudios in vitro a diferentes pH (1,2; 4,5 y 6,8), y cumplieron con presentar un factor de similitud f2 mayor a 50. Se concluye que aún se encuentra en proceso la intercambiabilidad de medicamentos en el estado peruano, y que, mediante alianzas estratégicas con el sector privado, se podría tener una mayor cantidad de alternativas farmacéuticas en la recuperación del paciente.

The medicines' interchangeability represents a necessity in developing countries, because it offers the possibility of accessing lower cost products, it allows to ensure efficacy and safety in pharmacotherapeutic treatments. The study gather researches carried out in the Peruvian state published in high-impact databases such as Scielo, Sciencedirect, Scopus and Pubmed. Of the 553 researches found, only 10 articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, drugs such as diazepam, prednisone, amoxicillin, doxycycline, fluconazole, phenytoin sodium, alprazolam, amlodipine, carbamazepine sodium, glibenclamide, moxifloxacin and acetylsalicylic acid were identified. All the articles analyzed the dissolution profile by calculating the similarity factor f2, while, in other cases, they estimated parameters such as weight variation, friability, hardness, quantification, content uniformity, and dissolution profile. The results show that 9 drugs included in the study were analyzed by in vitro studies at different pH (1.2; 4.5 and 6.8), and complied with presenting a similarity factor f2 greater than 50. It is concluded that, the interchangeability of medicines in the Peruvian state is still in process, and that, through strategic alliances with the private sector, a greater number of pharmaceutical alternatives could be had in the patient's recovery.

Comprensión del valor de posición: equivalencia numérica y composición aditiva como facilitadores en la escritura de numerales / Understanding Place Value: Numerical Equivalence and Additive Composition as Predictors for Writing Numerals / Compreendendo o valor posicional: equivalência numérica e composição aditiva como facilitadores na escrita de numerais

El valor de posición es una propiedad básica de los formatos de representación del Sistema de Numera- ción en Base Diez (SNBD), y su comprensión facilita el desempeño matemático de los estudiantes en diferentes grados escolares. Algunas investigaciones sugieren que nociones como la composición aditiva y la equivalencia numérica participan en la emergencia de la comprensión de este principio, sin embargo, pocos estudios han intentado analizar la relación entre estas nociones o se han interesado en indagar ­desde una perspectiva de la transcodificación numérica­, cómo estas afectan la producción de numerales arábigos durante los procesos iniciales del aprendizaje escolar. En tal sentido, esta investigación propone indagar si algunas de las invariantes del SNBD ­composición aditiva y equivalencia numérica­ facilitan la comprensión del valor de posición y la escritura numérica en estudiantes de primer grado de primaria. Participaron 96 estudiantes adscritos a escuelas públicas de Cali, Colombia, en un estudio cuasi-experimental pre-posprueba con grupo control, que involucra la aplicación de un proceso de intervención diferente para cada grupo experimental: composición aditiva y (b) equivalencia numérica. Los resultados plantean que los dos tratamientos apli- cados facilitan la comprensión del valor de posición y generan efectos diferentes en la comprensión y producción de numerales arábigos. Además, los análisis develan cambios significativos entre aplicaciones para los grupos experimentales, pero no para el grupo con- trol, lo cual sugiere que la composición aditiva y la equivalencia numérica son predictores en la escritura correcta de numerales.

The place value is a fundamental property of the base-10 system representation formats, and its under- standing facilitates the mathematical performance of children in different school grades. Some research sug- gests that notions such as additive composition and nu- merical equivalence participate in the emergence of the understanding of this principle. However, few studies have attempted to analyze the relationship between these notions or have been interested in investigating ­from a transcoding perspective numerical­ how these affect the production of Arabic numerals during the initial processes of school learning. This research explores how some invariants of the base-10 system: Additive Composition and Numerical Equivalence, facilitate the place value mastery and the numerical writing of children. First-grade students (n= 96) linked to public schools in the city of Cali, Colombia, in a quasi-experimental experimental study with a control group, which involves the application of different in- tervention processes to each experimental group: (a) numerical equivalence and (b) additive composition. The results suggest that both treatments facilitate the place value understanding and generate differ- ent effects on comprehending and producing Arabic numerals. In addition, analyses reveal significant changes between applications for the experimental groups but not for the group control, which specif- ically evidences both the additive composition and the numerical equivalence are predictors in correct number writing.

O valor posicional é uma propriedade básica dos forma- tos de representação do Sistema de Numeração Base Dez (SNBD), e sua compreensão facilita o desempenho mate- mático de alunos de diferentes séries escolares. Algumas pesquisas sugerem que noções como composição aditiva e equivalência numérica participam do surgimento da compreensão desse princípio, porém, poucos estudos têm tentado analisar a relação entre essas noções ou se interessado em investigar ­a partir de uma perspectiva de transcodificação numérica­ como essas afetam a produção de algarismos arábicos durante os processos iniciais de aprendizagem escolar. Esta investigação se propõe a investigar se alguns dos invariantes do SNBD; a composição aditiva e a equivalência numérica facilitam a compreensão do valor posicional e da escrita numérica em alunos da primeira série. Participaram do experi- mento 96 alunos da primeira série de escolas públicas de Cali, Colômbia; num estudo quase experimental pré/pós-teste com um grupo controle, que envolve a aplicação de um processo de intervenção diferen- te a cada grupo experimental; (a) composição aditiva e (b) equivalência numérica. Os resultados sugerem que os dois tratamentos aplicados facilitam a compreensão do valor posicional e geram efeitos diferentes na com- preensão e produção dos algarismos arábicos. Além disso, as análises revelam mudanças significativas entre as aplicações para os grupos experimentais, mas não para o grupo controle, o que sugere que a composi- ção aditiva e a equivalência numérica são preditores na escrita correta dos numerais.

Bioequivalence of 2 formulations of montelukast (5 mg chewable tablet) in the fasting state: an open-label randomized, single-dose, 2-period, crossover study / Estudo de bioequivalência entre duas formulações de comprimidos mastigáveis de Montelucaste de 5 mg em condições de jejum: um estudo randomizado, de dose única, aberto, dois períodos, cruzado

Introduction: Montelukast, a selective and active leukotriene receptor antagonist, is one of the most common agents in asthma treatment for both adults and children. Objective: To assess whether the pharmacokinetic profiles of two formulations of montelukast were similar after a single 5 mg dose (chewable tablets), administered orally under fasting conditions, sampling blood before and 36 hours after administration. Methods: This was a randomized, 2-sequence, 2-period, crossover study of 2 chewable tablet formulations of the drug: Singulair®, provided by Merck Sharp and Dohme Farmacêutica Ltda. (reference), and generic montelukast, manufactured by Eurofarma Laboratórios S.A. (test). Plasma samples obtained from 35 participants were analyzed for montelukast through high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, with montelukast-d6 as the internal standard. Peak montelukast concentrations were 299.313 (SD, 11.039) ng/mL for the reference formulation and 279.803 (SD, 10.085) ng/mL for test formulation. Results: Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between AUC0-36h, AUC0-inf, or Cmax between formulations, with the following test/reference ratios: 102.458 for AUC0-36h, 102.522 for AUC0-inf, and 93.490 for Cmax. No serious adverse events were reported during the trial. Our results demonstrated the bioequivalence of Singulair® and Eurofarma's generic montelukast. Conclusions: Our results revealed that the new generic tablets are clinically safe and can be used interchangeably with the brand name product. Eurofarma's montelukast offers a safe, effective, and cheaper treatment option for people with asthma or allergic rhinitis.

Introdução: O montelucaste, um antagonista seletivo e ativo dos receptores de leucotrienos, é um dos agentes mais comumente usados na prática clínica no tratamento da asma, tanto em adultos quanto em crianças. Objetivo: Avaliar se os perfis farmacocinéticos de duas formulações de montelucaste eram semelhantes após uma dose única de comprimidos mastigáveis de 5 mg, administrados por via oral em jejum, coletando amostras de sangue desde antes da administração até 36 horas depois disso. Métodos: Estudo comparativo randomizado, 2 sequências e 2 períodos, cruzado, de dois medicamentos em comprimidos mastigáveis: Singulair®, fornecido pela Merck Sharp e Dohme Farmacêutica Ltda. (referência) e Montelucaste 5 mg, fabricado pela Eurofarma Laboratórios S.A. (teste). Amostras de plasma obtidas de 35 indivíduos elegíveis foram analisadas para montelucaste por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a espectrometria de massa em tandem, tendo Montelucaste-d6 como padrão interno. As concentrações máximas de montelucaste foram 299,313±11,039 ng/mL para referência e 279,803±10,085 ng/mL para formulação de teste. Resultados: A análise estatística não mostrou diferenças significativas para AUC0-36h, AUC0-inf e nem para Cmax entre as formulações, apresentando as razões Teste/Referência: 102,458 para AUC0-36h, 102,522 para AUC0-inf e 93,490 para Cmax. Nenhum evento adverso grave foi relatado durante o estudo. De acordo com a regulamentação brasileira, o atual estudo farmacocinético demonstrou bioequivalência entre os agentes individuais e forneceu evidências de bioequivalência entre Singulair® e Montelukast fabricado pela Eurofarma. Resultado: Os resultados mostraram que os novos comprimidos genéricos são clinicamente seguros e podem ser trocados pela marca original. O montelucaste da Eurofarma oferece uma opção de tratamento mais barata, segura e eficaz para indivíduos com asma ou rinite alérgica.

Analysis of Formulation and Characteristics of Provincial Standards for Traditional Chinese Medicine Dispensing Granules / 中国实验方剂学杂志

In order to standardize the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） dispensing granules， the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission has promulgated and implemented 200 national drug standards for TCM dispensing granules， but there are still varieties of TCM dispensing granules without unified standards. Many provinces have actively invested in the formulation of provincial standards for TCM dispensing granules to make up for the gaps in standards for varieties of traditional Chinese medicine dispensing granules other than the national standards. By the end of July 2022， 29 provincial-level administrative regions have successively promulgated and implemented a total of 5 602 provincial standards for TCM dispensing granules， involving more than 400 varieties. In order to better understand the formulation and characteristics of provincial standards， this study took 105 provincial standards that have been promulgated and implemented in Henan province as an example， and comprehensively analyzed the formulation and characteristics through quality control indicators such as dry extract rate of raw materials， contents of index components and their transfer rates， specifications and so on. The formulation and characteristics of the same TCM dispensing granules in the provincial standards of different provinces were further analyzed， in order to provide reference for the formulation of provincial standards of TCM dispensing granules and the implementation of national standards.

A Brief Analysis of Equivalence Demonstration Techniques for Clinical Evaluation of Medical Devices / 中国医疗器械杂志

This study overviewed equivalence demonstration, the principles for the selection of comparative devices, the difficulties in equivalence demonstration, and the equivalence demonstration of special medical devices. In addition, the concept of equivalence demonstration was adopted for the products exempted from clinical evaluation, and there were many confusion in actual use. The operation points and difficult points of equivalence demonstration for the products exempted from clinical evaluation were introduced in order to provide reference for medical device colleagues.

Equivalence of combined decoction and mixed single decoctions of Gegen Qinlian Decoction in alleviating chemotherapy-associated diarrhea / 中国中药杂志

This study compared the chemical profiles, component content, dry paste yield, and pharmacological effects of samples obtained from the mixed single decoctions and the combined decoction of Gegen Qinlian Decoction(GQD), aiming to provide an experimental foundation for evaluating the equivalence of the two decocting methods and the suitability of TCM formula granules in clinical application. The same decoction process was used to prepare the combined decoction and mixed single decoctions of GQD. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS) was employed to compare the chemical profiles between the two groups. High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to compare the content of nine characteristic components between the two groups. Then, a delayed diarrhea mouse model induced by irinotecan was established to compare the pharmacological effects of the two groups on chemotherapy-induced diarrhea. The UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS in ESI~+ and ESI~- modes identified 59 chemical components in the compound decoction and mixed single decoctions, which showed no obvious differences in component species. The content of baicalin and wogonoside was higher in the compound decoction, while that of puerarin, daidzein-8-C-apiosylglucoside, berberine, epiberberine, wogonin, glycyrrhizic acid, and daidzein was higher in the mixed single decoctions. Further statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in the content of the nine characteristic components between the compound decoction and the mixed single decoctions. The dry paste yield had no significant difference between the two groups. Compared with the model group, both compound decoction and mixed single decoctions alleviated the weight loss and reduced diarrhea index in mice. Both of them lowered the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1), interleukin-10(IL-10), malondialdehyde(MDA), and nitric oxide(NO) in the colon tissue. Furthermore, they significantly increased the levels of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase(SOD). Hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining showed that colon tissue cells were tightly arranged with clear nuclei in both groups without obvious difference. The compound decoction and mixed single decoctions showed no significant differences in chemical component species, content of nine characteristic components, dry paste yield, or the pharmacological effects on alleviating chemotherapy-induced diarrhea. The findings provide a reference for evaluating the flexibility and superiority of combined or single decocting method in the preparation of TCM decoctions or formula granules.

Aprendizagem Simbólica de Crianças com Autismo: Potencial Preditivo de uma Tarefa / Symbolic Learning in Children with Autism: Predictive Value of a Prototype Task

RESUMO Testes preditivos de aprendizagem podem ser úteis para planejar intervenções mais efetivas para crianças com autismo. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar se um protótipo de tarefa, desenvolvido para estender o Teste ABLA-R (Avaliação de Habilidades Básicas de Aprendizagem), seria preditivo de aprendizagem simbólica (formação de classes de equivalência). Três crianças com autismo foram avaliadas pelo ABLA-R e pela tarefa protótipo (denominada Nível 7) e, em seguida, foram expostas a um protocolo de ensino e teste de relações de equivalência. As predições do Nível 7 se confirmaram para dois participantes e parcialmente para o terceiro. Embora sejam necessários mais estudos, os resultados sugerem que a tarefa do Nível 7 pode ser uma potencial adição ao ABLA-R.

ABSTRACT Predictive learning assessments may be useful for developing behavioral interventions for children with autism. The present study evaluated whether a prototype task, developed to extend the ABLA-R (Assessment of Basic Learning Abilities), would be predictive of symbolic learning (establishing equivalence classes). Three children with autism were assessed by the ABLA-R and the prototype task (referred as Level 7) and then exposed to training and testing for emergent conditional discriminations. The Level 7 predictions were confirmed for two participants and partially for the third. Although more studies are needed, the results suggest that the Level 7 task may be a potential addition to the ABLA-R.

Bases conceptuales para la compensación ambiental bajo el enfoque ecológico

Introducción: La generación de impactos negativos producto de proyectos de infraestructura o actividades de desarrollo generan pérdida de biodiversidad y reducción de la calidad de los servicios que el ambiente provee a sociedades humanas. Afortunadamente, muchos de esos impactos pueden ser reducidos, controlados o resarcidos por medio de medidas de mitigación, rehabilitación y compensación, que suelen sustentarse en el marco jurídico ambiental de los países o estados donde son implementados. Esta revisión provee una visión teórica del uso de compensación ambiental como instrumento jurídico/técnico integrado al manejo del entorno natural. Metodología: Realizamos una revisión de la literatura global sobre el tema mediante los buscadores de referencias GoogleScholar y SciELO empleando varios indicadores en inglés y español. Resultados: Un total de 244 referencias sobre compensación ambiental fueron encontradas, catalogadas y evaluadas, mostrándose un claro patrón de incremento del número de ellas en la última década. La compensación ambiental constituye un instrumento jurídico/técnico que permite resarcir por pérdidas ambientales y suele ser un componente de los Estudios de Impacto Ambiental regulado por el estado. Varias estrategias metodológicas son empleadas para establecer acciones compensatorias, cada una de ellas sustentada en alguno de cuatro enfoques posibles: económico, ecológico, político y cultural/social. Dentro del enfoque ecológico, se busca la equivalencia ecológica entre los elementos ambientales impactados y la compensación, procurando que no exista pérdida neta. Así, este enfoque tiene la ventaja de posibilitar la incorporación de múltiples criterios para la evaluación del daño y de las acciones de indemnización, por lo que es posible de aplicar en situaciones diversas. A pesar de su uso, la aplicación de medidas compensatorias no está exenta de crítica y hay situaciones en que la singularidad de los elementos impactados imposibilita un resarcimiento efectivo de las pérdidas. Conclusiones: La compensación tiene gran relevancia actualmente en la gestión ambiental y debe favorecer el derecho universal a un ambiente sano. Sin embargo, su aplicación efectiva requiere claridad en los procedimientos seguidos y una muy estrecha vigilancia prevenir pérdidas o incluso una ganancia neta ambiental.

Introduction: Infrastructure projects or development activities often generate a loss of biodiversity and reduce the quality of the environment's services to human societies. Fortunately, many of these impacts can be reduced, controlled, or compensated through mitigation, rehabilitation, and compensation measures, which usually rely on the environmental legal framework of the countries or states where they are implemented. This review provides a theoretical vision of using environmental compensation as a legal/technical instrument integrated into natural environment management. Methodology: We reviewed the global literature on the subject using the GoogleScholar and SciELO reference search engines using various indicators in English and Spanish. Results: We found 244 references on environmental compensation, showing a clear increasing pattern in the last decade. Environmental compensation constitutes a legal/technical instrument that allows offsets for environmental losses and often is part of the Environmental Impact Studies regulated by the state. Several methodological strategies are used to establish compensatory actions, each of them based on one of four possible approaches: economic, ecological, political, and cultural. The ecological equivalence between the impacted environmental elements and compensation is sought within the ecological approach, ensuring no net loss. Thus, this approach allows the incorporation of multiple criteria for the evaluation of damage and compensation actions: it can be applied in different situations. Nevertheless, compensatory measures are not exempt from criticism. There are situations in which the singularity of the impacted elements makes an adequate compensation for losses impossible. Conclusions: Compensation is highly relevant in environmental management and must favor the universal right to a healthy environment. However, its practical application requires clear procedures and close vigilance to prevent losses or even a net environmental gain.

Aplicación del Método Hectárea de Hábitat en compensación ambiental: El caso del Embalse Río Piedras, Costa Rica

Introducción: La compensación ambiental es la alternativa final para enfrentar los impactos de proyectos de desarrollo que no pueden ser evitados, reducidos o mitigados. La compensación de hábitats pretende sustituir recursos ecológicamente equivalentes. El Método Hectárea de Hábitat se diseñó inicialmente para evaluar la equivalencia ecológica de vegetación nativa y emplea puntajes de indicadores relativos a un hábitat de referencia. La suma de estos puntajes mide la condición estructural del ambiente de manera relativa a la referencia, cuantificando el número de hectáreas necesarias para compensar la pérdida de un hábitat similar. Aunque el método no está exento de limitaciones, los valores se pueden estimar a partir de datos de campo recogidos sin ambigüedad, de forma reproducible, con menos sesgos que métodos más cualitativos. En este artículo, usamos una modificación del Método Hectárea de Hábitat para determinar el área equivalente necesaria para compensar la pérdida de hábitat en un área silvestre protegida en Costa Rica. Metodología: Trabajamos en la Reserva Biológica Lomas de Barbudal, Pacífico norte de Costa Rica, un área silvestre protegida donde se inundarán cerca de 113 hectáreas para el Embalse de Río Piedras. En una propiedad previamente identificada como un sitio potencial de compensación, evaluamos indicadores de paisaje, suelo, estructura de la vegetación y servicios ecosistémicos; asignamos los puntajes en relación con el sitio a inundar. Resultados: El puntaje de la condición ambiental en el sitio de compensación fue de 44,7% (±15,9%) del sitio inundado. En consecuencia, considerando la incertidumbre de nuestras mediciones, compensar la pérdida de cada hectárea requeriría entre 2.23 y 3.49 hectáreas de un ambiente similar. Conclusión: Se necesitan entre 2.23 y 3.49 hectáreas de reemplazo, para compensar la pérdida de hábitat en el Embalse de Río Piedras.

Introduction: Environmental compensation is the final alternative to face the impacts of development projects that cannot be avoided, reduced, or mitigated. The offset of affected habitats or environmental elements usually substitutes ecologically equivalent resources. The Habitat-Hectare Method was initially designed to assess the ecological equivalence of native vegetation, and employs indicator scores relative to a reference habitat. The sum of these scores measures the structural condition of the environment against the reference, quantifying the number of hectares needed to compensate for the loss of similar habitat. Although it is not exempt from limitations, the values can be estimated from field data collected without ambiguity, in a reproducible way, with less bias than more qualitative methods. In this paper, we use a modification of the Habitat-Hectare Method to determine the equivalent area needed to compensate for habitat loss in a protected wilderness in Costa Rica. Methods: We worked in the Lomas de Barbudal Biological Reserve, north Pacific of Costa Rica, a protected wilderness where nearly 113 hectares will be flooded for the Río Piedras Reservoir. In a property previously identified as a potential compensation site, we assessed indicators for landscape, soil, vegetation structure, and ecosystem services; the scores were assigned in relation to the environment found at the flood site. Results: The environmental condition score at the compensation site was 44.7% (±15.9%) of the impact site. Consequently, considering the uncertainty in our measurements, compensating for the loss of each hectare would require between 2.23 and 3.49 hectares of a similar environment. Conclusion: Between 2.23 and 3.49 hectares of are needed to compensate for the loss of habitat in the Río Piedras Reservoir.

Uso de la diversidad biológica de grupos indicadores para evaluar la compensación ecológica: el caso del Embalse Río Piedras, Costa Rica

Introducción: Cerca de 113 hectáreas dentro de la Reserva Biológica Lomas de Barbudal (RBLB) se inundarían si se llegara a establecer el embalse de riego Río Piedras en el noroeste de Costa Rica. Ante ese impacto inevitable, la legislación costarricense requiere evaluar la pérdida de diversidad en el sitio y compensarla siguiendo el principio de equivalencia ecológica. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la pérdida de diversidad en el sitio y, valorar esta condición en una propiedad privada adyacente considerada como sitio potencial para compensar por esas pérdidas. Metodología: La diversidad, composición y prioridad de conservación de plantas vasculares, fauna vertebrada y artrópodos del sotobosque fueron evaluadas en el sitio de inundación en RBLB y en una propiedad privada adyacente identificada como sitio potencial de compensación. La equivalencia en diversidad entre ambos sitios se valoró mediante un procedimiento que asigna puntajes a los diferentes indicadores del sitio de compensación respecto a los observados en RBLB. La suma de esos puntajes representa la condición de diversidad del sitio de compensación y puede utilizarse como criterio para fundamentar acciones resarcitorias. Resultados: Todos los grupos sustitutos registraron un alto número de especies, aunque la información aportada por las plantas herbáceas, los mamíferos no voladores y los reptiles fue limitada. En contraste, los otros grupos indican una mayor diversidad en el sitio potencial de inundación, atribuida a sutiles diferencias ambientales y a su mejor conservación. En consecuencia, se valoró sustituir el área afectada por un área mayor del sitio de compensación para resarcir las perdidas en diversidad estimadas. Conclusión: Nuestro análisis muestra que grupos sustitutos pueden ser empleados en estudios ambientales a corto plazo. Sin embargo, los grupos a utilizar deben seleccionarse cuidadosamente, considerando los objetivos y el alcance del proyecto. Cuantificar la condición de diversidad del sitio de compensación respecto a la que se encuentra en un sitio de referencia parece ser un procedimiento válido, repetible y evaluable que permite establecer criterios sobre los cuales basar medidas resarcitorias.

Introduction: About 113 hectares within the Lomas de Barbudal Biological Reserve (RBLB) would be flooded if the Río Piedras irrigation reservoir were established in northwestern Costa Rica. Given this inevitable impact, Costa Rican legislation requires evaluating the loss of diversity in the site and compensating for it following the principle of ecological equivalence. Objetive: Our goal was to assess the loss of diversity at that site and evaluate the condition of an adjacent private property as a potential site to compensate for those losses. Methodology: The diversity, composition, and conservation priority of vascular plants, vertebrate fauna, and understory arthropods were assessed at the RBLB flood site and on an adjacent private property identified as a potential offset site. The equivalence in diversity between both sites was evaluated by assigning scores to the different indicators at the compensation site concerning those observed in RBLB. The sum of these scores represents the diversity condition of the compensation site and can be used as a criterion to support compensatory actions. Results: All surrogate groups recorded a high number of species, although the information provided by herbaceous plants, non-flying mammals, and reptiles was limited. In contrast, the other groups indicate a greater diversity in the potential flood site, attributed to subtle environmental differences and the better conservation at this site. Consequently, it was assessed to replace the affected area with a larger offset site area to compensate for the estimated losses in diversity. Conclusion: Our analysis shows that surrogate groups can be used in short-term environmental studies. However, the groups to be used must be carefully selected, considering the objectives and scope of the project. Quantifying the diversity condition of the compensation site concerning that found in a reference site seems to be a valid, repeatable, and evaluable procedure that allows establishing criteria on which to base compensatory measures.

Compensación ambiental por la segregación y uso de un área dentro de un refugio de vida silvestre: un caso de estudio empleando coste de oportunidad

Introducción: El establecimiento del Puesto Fronterizo Las Tablillas implica la segregación de 12.12 ha del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Corredor Fronterizo (RNVSCF), en el norte de Costa Rica. El sitio tiene una larga historia de uso de la tierra y su entorno natural está muy degradado. Este es un caso que se puede abordar desde el coste de oportunidad que se refiere al valor de la alternativa a la que se renuncia al tomar una decisión económica. Objetivo: En este artículo, usamos este precepto para evaluar la compensación por pérdidas en la estructura del hábitat y la biodiversidad si se interrumpiera la dinámica de sucesión dentro de un área silvestre protegida. Métodos: Para encontrar la ganancia neta en compensación requerida por dicha segregación, analizamos la diversidad y composición de la cubertura forestal cercana para pronosticar el ambiente que se perdería si se interrumpieran sus objetivos de conservación (costo de oportunidad). Compensar estas pérdidas requiere un ambiente equivalente, por lo que seleccionamos dos propiedades, entre 27 investigadas adyacentes al RNVSCF, que comparten cobertura forestal, están registradas legalmente y poseen atributos ambientales favorables para el diseño de reservas. Las dos propiedades seleccionadas y el sitio Las Tablillas fueron caracterizados a nivel de atributos geológicos e hidrológicos y de composición biológica de grupos indicadores. Resultados: Ambas propiedades son física y biológicamente favorables para el intercambio. La escogencia de cualquiera aumentaría el área del RNVSCF en más de 100 ha de un ambiente con mejor cobertura, más diversidad y mejor conexión con otras masas forestales que el observado en el sitio de segregación. Esto es una ventaja para el objetivo de conservación del refugio. Conclusión: En este caso, el coste de oportunidad favoreció la ganancia ambiental para la propuesta de compensación y podría ser utilizado para evaluar otras compensaciones que involucren ambientes sensibles o protegidos.

Introduction: The establishment of the Las Tablillas Border Post implies the segregation of 12.12 ha within the National Wildlife Refuge Border Corridor (RNVSCF) in northern Costa Rica. The site has a long land use history, so its environment is highly degraded. This case can be studied from the opportunity cost, which refers to the amount of the alternative given up when making an economic decision. Objective: In this paper, we use this precept to assess the compensation for losses in habitat structure and biodiversity if succession dynamics within a protected wilderness area were interrupted. Methods: To find the net gain in compensation required by this segregation, we analyzed the diversity and composition of nearby forest cover to forecast the environment that would be lost if its conservation objectives were interrupted (opportunity cost). Compensating for these losses requires an equivalent environment, so we selected two properties, among the 27 investigated, that shared forest cover, are located adjacent to the RNVSCF, are registered, and possess other attributes favorable to the design of reserves. The two selected properties and the Las Tablillas site were characterized at the level of geological and hydrological attributes and the composition of indicator groups. Results: Both properties are physically and biologically favorable for the exchange. It would increase the area of the RNVSCF by more than 100 ha of an environment with better coverage, more diversity, and a better connection to other forest masses than the one observed in the segregation site, which is an advantage to the conservation objective of the refuge. Conclusion: In this case, the opportunity cost favored the environmental gain for the offset proposal and could be used to evaluate other compensation involving sensitive or protected environments.

Alterando viés racial implícito em adultos pretos e brancos: uma avaliação de procedimento de equivalência de estímulos / Changing implicit racial bias in black and white adults: an assessment of stimulus equivalence procedure / Cambiar el Sesgo racial implícito en adultos negros y blancos: una evaluación del procedimiento de equivalencia de estímulos

Enquanto ciência, a Análise do Comportamento tem tecnologia para estudar práticas culturais relacionadas a questões raciais. O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar uma dessas tecnologias e avaliar os efeitos produzidos por um procedimento de redução de viés racial negativo em relação a pessoas pretas. Foram selecionados 17 participantes, pretos e brancos, que preencheram um questionário de autodeclaração e foram avaliados pelo Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) para definição de linha de base. Por meio de um procedimento de matching-to-sample (MTS), foram treinadas três rela-ções entre estímulos: (a) polegares/figuras abstratas; (b) figuras abstratas/pessoas pretas e figuras abstratas; e (c) relações anteriores simultâneas. Ao término de cada treino, foram realizados testes de simetria, transitividade e equivalência. Utilizou-se novamente o IRAP, para verificar mudanças após o treino. Os resultados indicaram que as respostas dos participantes na linha de base não mostraram viés negativo para pessoas pretas mas, após o treino, houve mudança significativa para participantes brancos. Recomenda-se que pesquisas futuras testem as características do experimentador e outras formas de detecção de viés racial implícito. (AU)

As a science, behavior analysis has technology to study cultural practices related to racial issues. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects produced by a procedure aimed to reduce negative racial bias towards black people. Seventeen black and white participants were selected after fulfilling a self-declaration questionnaire and being assessed by Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP), in order to set a baseline. Then, three relations were trained using matching-to-sample (MTS): (a) thumbs/abstract figures; (b) abstract figures/ black people and abstract figures; and (c) simultaneous prior relations. Symmetry, transitivity and equivalence tests were performed at the end of each training, and IRAP was used again to assess changes after the procedure. Results indicated that participants were not negatively biased towards black people and, after the procedure, only white participants showed significant change. We recommended future studies to test the effects of the researcher's characteristics as well as other ways to detect implicit racial bias. (AU)

Como ciencia, el análisis del comportamiento tiene tecnología para estudiar prácticas culturales relacionadas con cuestiones raciales. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos producidos por un procedimiento destinado a reducir el sesgo racial negativo con relación a personas negras. Diecisiete participantes blancos y negros fueron seleccionados después de completar un cuestionario de autodeclaración y de ser evaluados por Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP), con el fin de establecer una línea de base. Despues, se entrenaron tres relaciones utilizando matching-to-sample (MTS): (a) pulgares/figuras abstractas; (b) figuras abstractas /personas negras y figuras abstractas; y (c) relaciones previas simultáneas. Las pruebas de sime-tría, transitividad y equivalencia fueran realizadas al final de cada entrena-miento, y el IRAP fue nuevamente usado para evaluar los cambios después del procedimiento. Los resultados indicaron que los participantes no tenían sesgo negativo con relación a personas negras y, después del procedimiento, solo los participantes blancos mostraron un cambio significativo. Recomendamos futuros estudios para evaluar los efectos de las características del investigador, así como otras formas de detectar el sesgo racial implícito. (AU)

Ensino de leitura e escrita para alunos com deficiência intelectual baseado no Paradigma de Equivalência de Estímulos / Teaching reading and writing to students with intellectual disabilities based on stimulus equivalence instruction / Enseñar a leer y escribir a estudiantes con discapacidad intelectual basado en el Paradigma de Equivalencia de Estímulos

A formação de classes de estímulos equivalentes tem sido considerada um modelo para o estabelecimento de relações simbólicas, ou do significado, contribuindo para o ensino de leitura e escrita. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de um módulo de ensino de um programa informatizado de leitura e escrita em crianças com deficiência intelectual matriculadas em uma escola regular. Participaram três alunos com idades entre 8 e 10 anos. O programa de ensino era aplicado na própria escola, duas a três vezes por semana, individualmente, com sessões de aproximadamente 35 minutos. Foi empregado uma avaliação geral de leitura e escrita antes e após o programa. Os resultados mostraram que quanto melhor o repertório de entrada, mais rapidamente os participantes avançaram no módulo e melhoraram seus repertórios de leitura e escrita. A realização dessa intervenção nas séries iniciais pode contribuir na aprendizagem de repertórios básicos de leitura e escrita.

The formation of stimulus equivalence classes has been considered a productive model of symbolic relations ­ or meaning ­ for teaching reading and writing. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of one module of a computerized reading and writing program for children with intellectual disabilities enrolled in a regular school. Three students aged between 8 and 10 participated in the study. The program was applied individually to each participant in the school premises across two to three weekly sessions of approximately 35 minutes each. General assessment was applied as a pre and post-test. The results showed that the better the participants' existing repertoires, the faster they advanced in the procedure and improved their reading and writing skills. Conducting this intervention in early school years can contribute to the process of leaning basic reading and writing

La formación de clases de estímulo equivalentes se ha considerado un modelo para el establecimiento de relaciones simbólicas, contribuyendo a la enseñanza de la lectura y escritura. El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de un módulo didáctico de un programa computarizado de lectura y escritura en niños con discapacidad intelectual matriculados en una escuela regular. Participaron tres estu diantes de entre 8 y 10 años. El programa de enseñanza se aplicó en la escuela, de dos a tres veces por semana, de manera individual, con sesiones de aproximadamente 35 minutos. Se utilizó una evaluación general de lectura y escritura antes y después del programa. Los resultados mostraron que cuanto mejor era el repertorio de entrada, más rápido avanzaban los participantes en el módulo y mejoraban su repertorio. La realización de esta intervención en los grados iniciales puede contribuir al aprendizaje de los repertorios básicos de lectura y escritura.

Negritude no Brasil: publicações em análise do comportamento / Blackness in Brazil: publications in behavior analysis / Negritud en Brasil: publicaciones en análisis del comportamiento

Dados quantitativos revelam diferenças entre negros e não negros em relação à violência no Brasil, e esse fato abre espaço para discutir o racismo. Autores apontam que há necessidade de levar em consideração aspectos históricos, como o escravismo, para compreender a situação atual do fenômeno. Este estudo teve como objetivo discutir a contribuição da Análise do Comportamento, por meio de seus estudos, para a construção de comportamentos não racistas. Realizou-se busca nos Periódicos Capes, e selecionaram-se estudos produzidos nos últimos 20 anos (2000-2020) que contivessem as palavras de busca racism, racial e Behavior Analysis. Os estudos discutiam sobre ferramentas para mensuração de viés racial implícito e também formas de intervenção. Conclui-se que a Análise do Comportamento, embora seja uma ciência eficaz para mudança de comportamento, ainda precisa aumentar sua produção sobre o racismo.

Quantitative data has been revealing differences between blacks and non-blacks regarding violence in Brazil. This fact opens space to discuss racism. Authors have been pointing out that there is a need to consider historical aspects, such as slavery, to understand the current stage of the phenomenon. This study aimed to discuss the contribution of Behavior Analysis, through its studies, to the construction of non-racist behaviors. Having the last 20 years as a time frame (2000-2020), a search and a selection of studies that contained the keywords Racism, Racial, and Behavior Analysis were carried out in the CAPES Journals database, from Brazil. The found studies discussed tools for measuring implicit racial bias as well as ways of intervention. It was concluded that Behavior Analysis, although an effective science for behavior change, still needs to increase its production on racism.

Datos cuantitativos han revelado diferencias entre negros y no negros con respecto a la violencia en Brasil. Esta realidad abre espacio para discutir el racismo. Autores vienen señalando que es necesario considerar aspectos históricos, como la esclavitud, para comprender el escenario actual del fenómeno. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo discutir la contribución del Análisis del Comportamiento, a través de sus pesquisas, a la construcción de conductas no racistas. Se realizaron una búsqueda y selección de estudios que contenían las palabras clave racism, racial y Behavior Analysis, en la base de datos Periódicos Capes, de Brasil, escritos en los últimos 20 años (2000-2020). Los estudios encontrados discutieron herramientas para medir el sesgo racial implícito, así como formas de intervención. Se llegó a la conclusión de que el Análisis del Comportamiento, aunque es una ciencia eficaz para el cambio de conductas, todavía necesita aumentar su producción sobre el racismo.

The Brazilian version of the Hip Sports Activity Scale: translation and cross-cultural adaptation

Abstract BACKGROUND: The Hip Sports Activity Scale (HSAS) is a reliable and valid tool for determining the levels of sports activities among patients with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). OBJECTIVE: To translate and cross-culturally adapt the HSAS to the Brazilian Portuguese language. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the State University of Rio de Janeiro. METHODS: The Brazilian version of the HSAS was developed following a process that comprised six steps: translation, synthesis, back-translation, review by committee, pretesting and submission of documentation to the developers. The translation phase involved three independent bilingual translators whose mother language was Brazilian Portuguese. The back-translation phase involved three independent translators whose mother language was English. In order to verify comprehension of the questionnaire, 30 undergraduate students in physical education (65% men), with mean age 23.2 years (standard deviation = 6.8), participated in the pre-testing phase. RESULTS: During the translation step, some terms and expressions were changed to obtain cultural equivalence to the original HSAS. In the pre-testing phase, each item of the scale showed a comprehension level of 100%. CONCLUSION: The HSAS was translated from English to the Brazilian Portuguese language and adapted to Brazilian culture. The HSAS validation is ongoing.

Dissolution test for oral suspension: an overview about use and importance

Abstract This work aims to ascertain the comprehensiveness of dissolution tests for oral suspensions registered in Brazil and the USA. After consulting literature since 1994, a paucity of information about dissolution methods for suspensions was detected. It makes it difficult to establish the most appropriate test parameters. In January, 2019, there were 46 drugs registered in Anvisa (Brazil) as oral suspension, being 47 reference, 173 generic and 114 interchangeable similar (IS) medicines; while in the USA, 90 drugs were registered as oral suspension by FDA, 235 Abreviatted New Drug Application and 111 New Drug Application medicines. Out of 46 and 90, only six and 15 drugs as oral suspension had a pharmacopeial dissolution test, corresponding to 70 (20.9%) and 82 (23.7%) products in Brazil and the USA, respectively. Dissolution studies were found for 17 drugs as oral suspension in the non-compendial literature. Dissolution test conditions were established to few marketable oral suspension drugs, most of which are BCS class II or IV. Thus, investing in dissolution studies could subsidize the registration of these products by regulators, especially for generic and IS drugs, by comparing dissolution profiles, and predicting their in vivo behavior to avoid exposure of healthy individuals to clinical research.

Radiation protection effect of furosemide intervention on 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To investigate the radiation protection effect of furosemide intervention on 18F-2-deoxy-D-glucose ( 18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging. Methods:A total of 146 patients were randomly divided into two groups, with test group of 74 patients and control group of 72. The test group was administrated orally with furosemide of 40 mg for each one before injection, while the normal control group did not undergo special treatment. 60 and 120 min after 18F-FDG injection, the horizontal measurement of ambient dose equivalent rates was carried out at 0.5 m from the front of both chest and abdomen respectively. Results:For the test group, the ambient dose equivalent rates were measured to be (30.80±8.61) and (41.38±11.06) μSv/h 60 min after injection of 18F-FDG whereas (18.26±4.85) and (24.66±6.50) μSv/h 120 min after injection, respectively, both lower than in the control group and with statistically significant difference between the both ( t =15.36, 13.13, 18.73, 17.29, P<0.05) . No significant difference was found between mediastinal SUV max and liver SUV max in the experimental group and control group ( P>0.05) . Multivariate ANOVA showed that body surface area was a major factor influencing ambient dose equivalent rate regardless of furosemide injection ( t=-13.52, 2.96, P<0.05) , and no obvious effects of age and sex on ambient dose equivalence rate were found. Conclusions:Furosemide intervention can promote urination, effectively reduce the internal radiation exposure of the examinated patietns in the premise of not affecting the image quality, and therefore provide a better radiation protection effect.

Equivalência de estímulos e ensino de leitura características dos participantes de estudos empíricos brasileiros de 2008 a 2017 / Stimulus equivalence and reading teaching: characteristics of the participants of Brazilian empirical studies from 2008 to 2017 / Equivalencia de estímulos y enseñanza de lectura: características de los participantes de estudios empíricos brasileños de 2008 a 2017

O presente artigo tem por objetivo descrever as características dos participantes de estudos empíricos que tratam da equivalência de estímulos e ensino de leitura, entre os anos de 2008 a 2017. Foram analisados artigos completos localizados nas bases de dados Periódicos CAPES e PEPSIC, por meio de busca combinada de descritores de equivalência de estímulos e leitura, selecionados a partir de estudos anteriores. Localizaram-se nas bases de dados dezenove artigos que compuseram o estudo. Observou-se que a escola é o local em que mais ocorreram estudos, realizados em sua maioria com crianças de desenvolvimento típico, não leitoras, com faixa etária predominante de seis a sete anos. Sobre o nível de escolaridade dos participantes pode-se identificar que a maioria se encontrava no ensino fundamental, com destaque aos 2° e 3° anos; além disso, foi identificado um estudo com alunos do Ensino Médio. Chama-se atenção à multiplicidade de característica dos participantes (deficiência auditiva, física, intelectual), característica esta vista como positiva e necessária de acordo com os pesquisadores. Sugere-se para estudos futuros ampliação da busca em outros bancos de dados nacionais e internacionais, além da descrição dos procedimentos adotados e resultados obtidos nos diferentes públicos. (AU)

This paper describes the characteristics of the participants of empirical studies dealing with the stimulus equivalence and reading teaching between the years 2008 and 2017. Scientific papers from CAPES and PEPSIC periodical database were analyzed through a combined search of stimulus equivalence and reading descriptors, selected from previous studies. Nineteen articles that composed the study in the databases. It was observed that the school is the place where most studies took place, mostly with children of typical development, non-readers, ranging from six to seven years. Regarding the educational level of the participants, the majority was in elementary school, mainly on the 2nd and 3rd years; and also a high school. It is important to highlight the multiplicity of the participants (hearing and physical impairment and intellectual disability), which is a trend understood as positive and necessary to the researchers. It is suggested, for future studies, to expand the search to national and international databases, besides the description of the adopted procedures and results obtained with different subjects. (AU)

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo describir las características de los participantes de estudios empíricos que tratan de la equivalencia de estímulos y enseñanza de lectura entre los años 2008 y 2017. Se analizaron artículos completos, de las bases de datos "Periódicos CAPES" y "PEPSIC", por medio de la búsqueda combinada de descriptores de equivalencia de estímulos y lectura, seleccionados a partir de estudios anteriores. Se localizaron, en las bases de datos, diecinueve artículos que compusieron el estudio. Se observó que la escuela es el lugar en que más ocurrieron estudios, realizados en su mayoría con niños de desarrollo típico, no lectores, con rango de edad predominante entre los seis y siete años. Sobre el nivel de escolaridad de los participantes, se puede identificar que la mayoría se encontraba en la enseñanza fundamental, con destaque a los 2° y 3° años; además, se identifico un estudio con alumnos de la enseñanza media. Se destaca la multiplicidad de característica de los participantes (discapacidad auditiva, física, intelectual), que es una tendencia comprendida como positiva y necesaria a los ojos de los investigadores. Se sugiere, para estudios futuros, ampliación de la búsqueda en otros bancos de datos nacionales e internacionales, además de la descripción de los procedimientos adoptados y resultados obtenidos en los diferentes públicos. (AU)

How was the cooking skills and healthy eating evaluation questionnaire culturally adapted to Brazil? / Como o questionário de avaliação das habilidades culinárias e alimentação saudável foi adaptado transculturalmente ao Brasil?

Abstract The study described the cross-cultural adaptation process of the American Cooking Skills and Healthy Eating questionnaire to Brazil. Six stages were followed: Translation; Synthesis of translations; Back-translations; Expert Committee; Synthesis of final version; and the Pretest (self-administered online questionnaire in a Brazilian University). Participants responded to the translated questionnaire twice for test-retest. Conceptual, item, semantic, operational and measurement equivalences were evaluated between original and translated questionnaires, as well as the internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Item, conceptual, semantic equivalences between original and Brazilian questionnaires were reached before the Expert Committee stage. Specific cooking techniques and terms were adapted. Forty-eight students answered the questionnaire in the pre-test stage, achieving the operational and measurement equivalences with kappa's agreement from moderate to substantial, and satisfactory to excellent correlations between measures. Only two measures showed low internal consistency. The combination of stages and equivalences approaches used in this cross cultural adaptation study provided lessons for further Nutrition's researches, disclosing the complexity of cooking skills concepts.

Resumo O estudo descreveu o processo de adaptação transcultural do questionário estadunidense de avaliação das habilidades culinárias e alimentação saudável para o Brasil. Seis estágios foram conduzidos: Tradução; Síntese da tradução; Retrotradução; Comitê de Juízes; Síntese da versão final; e Pré-teste (preenchimento do questionário online). Participantes responderam duas vezes ao questionário traduzido. Equivalências conceitual, do item, semântica, operacional e de mensuração foram avaliadas entre os questionários original e traduzido, bem como a consistência interna e a confiabilidade teste-reteste. Alcançaram-se as equivalências do item, conceitual e semântica entre as versões antes do Comitê de Juízes. Técnicas e termos culinários específicos foram adaptados. Quarenta e oito estudantes responderam o questionário no pré-teste, alcançando equivalências operacional e de mensuração, concordância kappa moderada a substancial, e correlações entre as medidas satisfatórias a excelentes. Duas escalas apresentaram baixa consistência interna. A combinação das abordagens dos estágios e equivalências usadas na adaptação transcultural do questionário proveu lições para futuras pesquisas em Nutrição, revelando a complexidade dos conceitos de habilidades culinárias.

Treinar a correspondência entre diferentes formas de apresentar problemas melhora o desempenho matemático / Entrenar la correspondencia entre diferentes formas de presentar problemas mejora el rendimiento matemático / Training the Correspondence Between Different Ways of Presenting Problems Improves Mathematical Performance

Avaliações nacionais e internacionais demonstram que estudantes brasileiros do ensino fundamental têm apre-sentado dificuldades no aprendizado do comportamento de resolver problemas aritméticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar, a partir de um delineamento de linha de base múltipla (LBM) entre participantes, o efeito da formação de classes de equivalência entre diferentes formas de apresentação de problemas envolvendo di-ferentes posições da incógnita e estruturas semânticas dos problemas escritos sobre o desempenho na resolução de problemas de adição e subtração. Participaram seis estudantes entre o quarto e o quinto ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública, sendo que cinco finalizaram o estudo. Todos apresentaram comportamen-tos de leitura e escrita suficientes para a participação na pesquisa, dificuldades na resolução de problemas aditivos e nenhum indício de ansiedade matemática ou problemas significativos em comportamentos de estudo nesta disciplina. P1, P2 e P3 foram expostos ao treino de discriminações condicionais a problemas de adição, enquanto P4 e P5 a problemas de subtração. Os testes de desempenho, que compuseram pré-testes e pós-tes-tes, envolviam problemas de adição e subtração. Após a formação das classes de equivalência, verificou-se que P1, P2 e P3 apresentaram ganhos médios de desem-penho de 22,34% (DP = 14.62), e P4 e P5 de 19,84% (DP = 11.22). Esses resultados sugerem a eficácia do procedimento. Recomenda-se que estudos futuros usem o delineamento de LBM com sondas para reduzir repetições dos testes, elaborem estratégias para ampliar engajamento dos participantes e investiguem como adaptar este procedimento para contextos aplicados

Las evaluaciones nacionales e internacionales demuestran que estudiantes brasileños de la escuela primaria tienen dificultades para aprender el comportamiento de resolución de problemas aritméticos. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar, a partir de un diseño de línea base múltiple (LBM) entre los participantes, el efecto de la formación de clases de equivalencia entre diferentes formas de presentación de problemas involucrando diferentes posiciones del elemento desconocido y estructuras semánticas de problemas escritos sobre el desempeño en la resolución de problemas de suma y resta. Participaron seis estudiantes entre cuarto y quinto año de primaria de una escuela pública, y cinco completaron el estudio. Todos mostraron habilidades suficientes de lectura y escritura para participar de la investigación, dificultades para resolver problemas aditivos y ninguna evidencia de ansiedad matemática o problemas significativos de estudio en esta disciplina. P1, P2 y P3 fueron expuestos al entrenamiento de discriminación condicional a problemas de suma, mientras que P4 y P5, a problemas de resta. Las pruebas de rendimiento, que incluían pretests y postests, consistieron en problemas de suma y resta. Después de la formación de clases de equivalencia, P1, P2 y P3 presentaron ganancias promedio de desempeño de 22.34% (DE = 14.62), y P4 y P5 de 19.84% (DE = 11.22). Estos resultados sugieren la efectividad del procedimiento. Se recomienda que estudios futuros utilicen el diseño de LBM con sondeo para reducir las repeticiones de pruebas, diseñar estrategias para aumentar el interés de los participantes e investigar cómo adaptar este procedimiento a los contextos aplicados

National and international assessments demonstrate that Brazilian elementary school students have difficulties learning the behavior of solving arithmetic problems. This study aimed to investigate, using a multiple-baseline design (MBL) for participants, the effect of the formation of equivalence classes between different forms of pro- blem presentation involving different positions of the unknown element and different semantic structures of the written problems on the performance in solving addi-tion and subtraction problems. Six students in the fourth or fifth year of a public elementary school participated, and five completed the study. They all showed sufficient reading and writing behavior for participating in the re-search, difficulties in solving additive problems, and no evidence of math anxiety or significant problems in study behaviors in this discipline. P1, P2, and P3 were exposed to the conditional discrimination training to addition problems, while P4 and P5 to subtraction problems. The performance tests, which were composed of pre-tests and post-tests, involved problems of addition and subtraction. After the formation of equivalence classes, we found that P1, P2, and P3 presented average performance gains of 22.34% (SD = 14.62), and P4 and P5 of 19.84% (SD = 11.22). These results suggest the effectiveness of the pro-cedure. We recommend that future studies use the MBL design with probes to reduce test repetitions, devise strategies to increase participant engagement, and inves-tigate how to adapt this procedure to applied contexts