Clonal relationships, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates from urinary tract infections and fecal samples in Southeast Iran

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli, a species that is a leading cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and is a major global public health concern. This study was designed to detect the differences in antibiotic resistance patterns, the production and type of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), and the clonal relationships among E. coli isolates from UTIs and fecal samples. METHODS: Antibacterial resistance was determined by the disk diffusion method. ESBL, carbapenemase, and AmpC-producing isolates were detected phenotypically. Then, the ESBL genes were sequenced to detect the type. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) was performed on the ESBL-positive isolates. RESULTS: The most common effective antibacterial agents were colistin, imipenem, and amikacin. Among the isolates, 204 (56.6%) were MDR. Of the 163 ESBL-positive isolates, 11 (6.7%) produced AmpC, and the frequencies of beta-lactamase-positive genes were as follows: bla CTX-Mgroup1, 76%; bla TEM1, 74.8%; bla SHV12, 1.2%; and bla OXA1, 12.88%. ERIC PCR showed a diverse pattern, suggesting that clonal spread of E. coli in this area is uncommon, and that most of the infecting strains are endogenous. CONCLUSIONS: The high rates of antibacterial-resistant and MDR isolates are quite important since these strains can act as source of resistant bacteria that can be spread in the community. Controlling antibiotic use, against inappropriate use and abuse, in the community and continuous surveillance of emerging resistance traits are critical to controlling the spread of resistance.

Analysis on clinical infection distribution and drug resistance of 442 strains of Escherichia coli / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To analyze the clinical infection distribution and drug resistance status of 442 strains of Escherichia coli to provide the basise for the treatment of Escherichia coli infection and the control of nosocomial infection.Methods The clinically submitted various kinds of specimens during 2013 were performed the bacterial culture and identification.The susceptibility of Escherichia coli to commonly used bacterial drugs were detected by adopting the MIC method.The data were analyzed by WHO-NET V5.5 and SPSS V13.0 softwares.Results 442 strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from the middle urine and secretion. The detection rate of ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli was 61.3%.442 strains of Escherichia coli had the high resistance to peni-cillins,cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones,better sensitivity toβ-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor compounds and highest sensitivity to carbapenems.ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli had the higher resistance to commonly used antibacterial drugs than non-ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli .Conclusion The drug resistance of Escherichia coli is severe.ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli are u-sually resistant to many different types of antimicrobial drugs.Carbapenems are the first choice to treatment of severe infections of Escherichia coli .

Microbial production of biovanillin

This review aims at providing an overview on the microbial production of vanillin, a new alternative method for the production of this important flavor of the food industry, which has the potential to become economically competitive in the next future. After a brief description of the applications of vanillin in different industrial sectors and of its physicochemical properties, we described the traditional ways of providing vanillin, specifically extraction and chemical synthesis (mainly oxidation) and compared them with the new biotechnological options, i.e., biotransformations of caffeic acid, veratraldehyde and mainly ferulic acid. In the second part of the review, emphasis has been addressed to the factors most influencing the bioproduction of vanillin, specifically the age of inoculum, pH, temperature, type of co-substrate, as well as the inhibitory effects exerted either by excess substrate or product. The final part of the work summarized the downstream processes and the related unit operations involved in the recovery of vanillin from the bioconversion medium.

Coliformes totais e Escherichia coli em coxas de frango comercializados no Rio de Janeiro / Total coliforms and Escherichia coli chicken thigh commercialized in Rio de Janeiro

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram enumerar coliformes totais e Escherichia coli, que é um indicador de contaminação fecal,comparando os resultados obtidos frente aos padrões de identidade e qualidade nacionais vigentes, além de realizar asorologia das cepas de E. coli isoladas em coxas de frango, obtidas em estabelecimentos com e sem inspeção sanitária,comercializadas no município do Rio de Janeiro. Para enumeração dos microrganismos foi utilizada metodologia miniaturizadacom meios de cultura de rápida detecção, contendo indicadores fluorogênicos e cromogênicos. Das 30 amostras analisadas,12 apresentaram número mais provável (NMP) de E. coli variando de <3 a 2,9x107/g, sendo seis (20 por cento) consideradas imprópriaspara o consumo de acordo com a legislação vigente. Das 150 colônias suspeitas e confirmadas em testes bioquímicos 18(12 por cento) foram positivas para os sorogrupos E. coli enteropatogênica (EPEC) e E. coli enteroinvasiva (EIEC), provenientes de 15amostras diferentes. Das 17 colônias suspeitas para E. coli enterohemorrágica (EHEC), nenhuma cepa pertencia a estegrupo. Os resultados indicam que a existência de um serviço de inspeção eficiente, em todas as fases do processo tecnológicodo frango, é muito importante para obtenção de um produto de qualidade e seguro, sem riscos para a saúde do consumidor.

The objectives of this work were to enumerate total coliforms and Escherichia coli, that is indicators of fecal contamination,comparing the achieved results with the current standards of national identity and quality, and also to perform the serologicalconfirmation of isolated strains E. coli in chicken thigh, obtained in establishments with and without sanitary inspection,commercialized in the city of Rio de Janeiro. In the enumeration of the microorganisms, the miniaturized methodology wasperformed with culture media for rapid detection, based in fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates in their composition. Twelveof the 30 analyzed samples presented most probable number (MPN) of E. coli varying from <3 to 2.9x107/g, with six (20 percent)considered improper for human consumption in accordance with the current legislation. From the 150 colonies suspected andconfirmed with biochemical tests, 18 (12 percent) were tested positive for enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enteroinvasive E. coli(EIEC), taken from 15 different samples. From 17 colonies suspected for enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), no strain belongedto this group. The results indicate that the existence of a service of efficient inspection, in all the stages of the technologicalprocess of the poultry, is very important to supply a product with quality and safety, without risking the health of the consumer.