ABSTRACT
O Brasil é um país que possui um litoral onde se deparam grandes cidades e com grande fluxo de atividades humanas, o que pode levar a contaminação por microrganismos e parasitos. Diante desse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência parasitária e microbiológica em areia de praias de São Luís, Maranhão. Para tal, foram coletadas quatro amostras de três praias, totalizando assim 12 amostras, cada área foi dividida em quatro faixas distintas, sendo duas secas e duas úmidas, e para cada amostra foram introduzidos coletores estéreis na areia com profundidade de 20 centímetros. As amostras foram identificadas e colocadas em caixa de isopor e foram conduzidas ao laboratório para análises, a parasitológica foi através do método de sedimentação espontânea e centrifugação e para a microbiológica utilizou-se o kit COLItest® para determinação de coliformes totais e termotolerantes (Escherichia coli). As areias, 100% (12/12) encontravam-se positivas para helmintos e/ou protozoários, sendo que o helminto e protozoário de maior ocorrência foram: 100% (12/12) Trichuris trichiura e 83,3% (10/12) Giardia lamblia, respectivamente. As análises microbiológicas, apresentaram 66,6% (8/12) com contaminação por coliformes totais, e 58,3% (7/12) para Escherichia coli, o ponto de coleta 3 da areia seca da praia de São Marcos (Sm3S) apresentou a maior contaminação por Escherichia coli (4,33x102 UFC/mL). As praias da orla marítima chamada Litorânea em São Luís estão contaminadas por parasitas como também por bactérias oriundas de fontes que entraram em contato com fezes seja de animais ou de humanos. Assim, aumenta-se a probabilidade de indivíduos que frequentem esses ambientes de adquirirem infecções.
Brazil has a coastline with large cities and a great flow of human activities, which can lead to contamination by microorganisms and parasites. Given this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the parasitic and microbiological events in the sand of beaches in São Luís, Maranhão. Therefore, four samples were collected from three beaches, thus totaling 12 samples. Each area was divided into four distinct segments, two dry and two wet, and for each sample, sterile collectors were inserted into the sand at a depth of 20 centimeters. The samples were identified, placed in a Styrofoam box, and taken to the laboratory for analysis. The parasitological analysis was performed through spontaneous sedimentation and centrifugation, while the microbiological analysis used the COLItest® kit to determine total and thermotolerant coliforms (Escherichia coli). All the sand samples were positive (100%) for helminths and/or protozoa, and the most frequent helminth and protozoan were Trichuris trichiura (100%; n=12 ) and Giardia lamblia (83.3%; n=10), respectively. Microbiological analyses showed that 66.6% (8/12) were contaminated by total coliforms and 58.3% (7/12) by Escherichia coli. Collection point 3 of dry sand from São Marcos beach (Sm3S) showed the highest contamination by Escherichia coli (4.33x102 CFU/mL). The beaches on the seafront called Litorânea in São Luís are contaminated by parasites and fecal bacteria from animals or human sources on the beach. Thus, the probability of acquiring infections increases among individuals visiting these environments.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: Cystitis is the most prevalent urinary tract infection (UTI), and antibiotics are its conventional therapy. However, the prevalence rate of antibiotic resistance to uropathogens is significantly increased. Cranberry treatment has been associated with the inhibition of Escherichia coli (Ec) adherence to uroepithelial cells due to the anti-adhesive property related to its proanthocyanidins content, and cysticlean® (CYS) is a cranberry extract which contains 240 mg PACs per capsule. Since elderly people is one of the populations mostly exposed to cystitis and bacteria antibiotic resistance, it was decided to originally study the efficacy and safety of CYS, to treat cystitis instead of antibiotic, in elderly individuals. Material & Methods: Two groups were studied: Group 1 (G1): first cystitis episode was recorded within the last 3 months before the study initiation. Group 2 (G2): frequent cystitis recurrent episodes (1-2/month or more) within the last 3 months before the study initiation. G1 patients were treated with 1 capsule of CYS every 12 h for 1 month, while G2 patients were treated up to 12 months. Comparative evaluation was performed using Student test. Results: 160 elderly ambulatory and nursing home patients suffering from recurrent cystitis were treated with CYS. G1 and G2 had 38 and 122 subjects, respectively. Cranberry-based cystitis treatment was successful in 81.57 % and 81.96 % in G1 and G2 patients, respectively. Conclusion: CYS showed to be an effective alternative therapy to antibiotics to treat cystitis recurrences caused by Ec. Neither side effects nor adverse reactions have been reported.
Resumen Introducción: la cistitis es la infección del tracto urinario más común a nivel mundial y los antibióticos son su terapia convencional; sin embargo, la tasa de prevalencia de la resistencia de los uropatógenos a los antibióticos ha aumentado significativamente en los últimos tiempos. El tratamiento con arándano rojo se ha asociado con la inhibición de la adherencia de la Escherichia coli a las células uroepiteliales debido a la propiedad antiadherente relacionada con su contenido de proantocianidinas. La cysticlean® (CYS) es un extracto de arándano rojo que contiene 240 mg de PAC por cápsula. Objetivo: estudiar la eficacia y seguridad de la CYS en el tratamiento de la cistitis como reemplazo de los antibióticos en personas adultas mayores. Material y métodos: se estudiaron dos grupos, uno (G1) en el que el primer episodio de cistitis se registró dentro de los últimos 3 meses antes del inicio del estudio y otro (G2) en el que se registraron episodios recurrentes de cistitis frecuentes (≥1-2 al mes) en los últimos 3 meses antes del inicio del estudio. Los pacientes del G1 fueron tratados con 1 cápsula de CYS cada 12 horas durante 1 mes, mientras que los del G2 fueron tratados por 12 meses con el mismo esquema. La evaluación comparativa se realizó mediante la prueba de Student. Resultados: en el estudio participaron 160 pacientes ambulatorios de la tercera edad residentes de hogares de ancianos y con diagnóstico de cistitis recurrente. De estos, 38 se incluyeron en G1 y 122, en G2. El tratamiento de la cistitis a base de arándano rojo tuvo éxito en el 81,57 % y el 81,96 % de los pacientes de G1 y G2, respectivamente. Conclusión: la CYS demostró ser una terapia alternativa eficaz a los antibióticos para tratar las recurrencias de cistitis causadas por E. coli al no presentarse efectos secundarios ni reacciones adversas.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN. Las infecciones del tracto urinario por variedad de bacterias uropatógenas multiresistentes se deben al uso de tratamiento empírico o automedicación. OBJETIVO. Describir en las infecciones de tracto urinario los métodos diagnósticos, tratamiento empírico y la multirresistencia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo. Población y muestra de 73 Historias Clínicas de pacientes atendidos en la Unidad de Adultos Área de Emergencias del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín en el período enero a diciembre 2018. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años, de ambos sexos, con diagnóstico clínico y por laboratorio de infección del tracto urinario superior e inferior. La información se obtuvo mediante la base de datos AS400, y se procesó en Epi-info y Excel. RESULTADOS. El 71,23% (52; 73) de mujeres tuvieron infección del tracto urinario. Escherichia coli fue frecuente en un 48,39% (15; 31), con mayor resistencia al Clotrimoxazol. El tratamiento empírico con Ciprofloxacino fue utilizado en 27,40% (20; 73). DISCUSIÓN: Se observó controversia en los tipos de estudios de imagen solicitados para el diagnóstico acorde a la clase de infección de tracto urinario así como el tratamiento empírico por factores propios de cada localidad que evitaron resistencia. CONCLUSIÓN. Escherichia coli se aisló de manera frecuente y registró mayor resistencia al Clotrimoxazol; el principal antibiótico prescrito como tratamiento empírico fue la Ciprofloxacina; el examen más solicitado fue la Urotomografía.
INTRODUCTION. Urinary tract infections due to a variety of multi-resistant uropathogenic bacteria are due to the use of empirical treatment or self-medication. OBJECTIVE. Describe diagnostic methods, empirical treatment and multidrug resistance in urinary tract infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Observational, descriptive, retrospective study. Population and sample of 73 Medical Records of patients treated in the Emergency Area Adult Unit of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialty Hospital in the period january to december 2018. Patients older than 18 years of age, of both sexes, with clinical diagnosis and due to upper and lower urinary tract infection laboratory. The information was obtained through the AS400 database, and was processed in Epi-info and Excel. RESULTS. 71,23% (52; 73) of women had urinary tract infection. Escherichia coli was frequent in 48,39% (15; 31), with greater resistance to Clotrimoxazole. Empirical treatment with Ciprofloxacin was used in 27,40% (20; 73). DISCUSSION: Controversy was observed in the types of imaging studies requested for diagnosis according to the class of urinary tract infection as well as the empirical treatment due to factors specific to each locality that prevented resistance. CONCLUSION. Escherichia coli was frequently isolated and showed greater resistance to Clotrimoxazole; the main antibiotic prescribed as empirical treatment was Ciprofloxacin; the most requested examination was the Urotomography.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Pyelonephritis , Urinary Tract , Cystitis , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Emergencies , Escherichia coli Infections , Urinary Tract Infections , Ciprofloxacin , Drug Resistance, Multiple , Diagnosis , Microbiology , Anti-Bacterial AgentsABSTRACT
Objective To learn the distribution, epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) isolated from patients with acute diarrhea among children less than 5 years old. Methods Totally 684 stool samples collected from Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology between August 1, 2015 and September 30, 2016 were tested by culture and identified the common pathogens. PCR was applied to detect the virulence genes of DEC. Meanwhile, serotyping of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) was performed by slide agglutination tests for all the isolates of EPEC. An antimicrobial sensitivity test was performed using the agar dilution method. Results A total of 149 (21.7％) enteric bacteria pathogens were isolated from 684 specimens. DEC was found in 54 cases, ranked 2nd among the pathogenic bacteria. DEC tended to occur in summer/autumn periods. EPEC was the most frequent DEC genotype, accounted for 50％ (27/54). Among EPEC, atypical EPEC was dominant, accounted for 77.8％ (21/27) and typical EPEC only accounted for 22.2％ (6/27). Followed by enteroaggregative E. coli 20.4％(11/54), enterotoxigenic E. coli 14.8％(8/54), enteroinvasive E. coli and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli 3.7％(2/54), 7.4％(4/54) cases were co-infected with more than one DEC genotypes. About 17/18 of suspicious DEC isolates can get the same genotypes by commercial multiplex PCR kit and single PCR test. Among the 27 EPEC strains, only 11(40.7％) strains can be detected by the slide agglutination serotyping method. More than 50％ (27/54) of DEC isolates were resistant to conventional first-line antibiotics (ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) and cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, but relatively low resistance to cefoxitin, amikacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem and meropenem. However, there was still a 9.2％ (5/54) resistance rate to carbapenems. Conclusions DEC strains exhibited a high frequency of resistance to many antibiotics. Empirical antimicrobial therapy of severe DEC infection faces the challenge from the high resistance to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Even worse, some strains were resistant to relatively efficient drugs imipenem and meropenem. It is necessary to strengthen the epidemiological survey and antimicrobial resistance of DEC.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the risk factors for drug resistance of urinary tract infections-causing Escherichia coli producing extended spectrum beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) in elderly people (≥65 years old),in order to provide evidence for rational use of antibiotics in clinic.Methods Clinical data of elderly patients diagnosed as urinary tract infections in Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital from January 2016 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.According to whether ESBLs were produced by Escherichia coli isolated from urine samples,the patients were divided into the ESBLs-producing E.Coli group (ESBLs group) and the control group.Single factor analysis was performed by Chi-square test.Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors for ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli infections in urinary tract on the basis of statistical significance.Results A total of 452 strains of Escherichia coli were isolated,including 253 strains (55.97％)producing ESBLs,and 199 strains (44.03％) not producing ESBLs.The ureteral calculi (OR =2.675,95％CI:1.129-6.341),urinary obstructive diseases (≥ 2 kinds) (OR =8.680,95％CI:2.508-30.040),indwelling catheters (OR =5.762,95％ CI:2.698-12.155),antibiotic treatment more than 2 weeks for urinary tract infections within one year (OR =3.461,95％CI:1.766-6.784)were independent risk factors for ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli urinary tract infections.The incidence rate of Escherichia coli resistance to various antibiotics was higher in elderly patients with urinary tract infection than in non-elderly patients.Conclusions Escherichia coli producing ESBLs can be easily isolated from elderly patients with urinary tract obstructive diseases,indwelling catheters and repeated long-term administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics.The proportion of ESBLs Escherichia coli-caused urinary tract infections is higher in elderly patients.Thereby,carbapenems or piperacillin/tazobactam is the reasonable antibiotics.Ampicillin,piperacillin,levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin should not be the first choice for the treatment of urinary tract infections in the elderly.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To investigate the risk factors for drug resistance of urinary tract infections-causing Escherichia coli producing extended spectrum beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) in elderly people (≥65 years old), in order to provide evidence for rational use of antibiotics in clinic.@*Methods@#Clinical data of elderly patients diagnosed as urinary tract infections in Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital from January 2016 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. According to whether ESBLs were produced by Escherichia coli isolated from urine samples, the patients were divided into the ESBLs-producing E. Coli group (ESBLs group) and the control group. Single factor analysis was performed by Chi-square test.Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors for ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli infections in urinary tract on the basis of statistical significance.@*Results@#A total of 452 strains of Escherichia coli were isolated, including 253 strains (55.97%) producing ESBLs, and 199 strains (44.03%) not producing ESBLs. The ureteral calculi (OR=2.675, 95%CI: 1.129-6.341), urinary obstructive diseases (≥ 2 kinds) (OR=8.680, 95%CI: 2.508-30.040), indwelling catheters (OR=5.762, 95%CI: 2.698-12.155), antibiotic treatment more than 2 weeks for urinary tract infections within one year (OR=3.461, 95%CI: 1.766-6.784) were independent risk factors for ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli urinary tract infections. The incidence rate of Escherichia coli resistance to various antibiotics was higher in elderly patients with urinary tract infection than in non-elderly patients.@*Conclusions@#Escherichia coli producing ESBLs can be easily isolated from elderly patients with urinary tract obstructive diseases, indwelling catheters and repeated long-term administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics. The proportion of ESBLs Escherichia coli-caused urinary tract infections is higher in elderly patients. Thereby, carbapenems or piperacillin/tazobactam is the reasonable antibiotics. Ampicillin, piperacillin, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin should not be the first choice for the treatment of urinary tract infections in the elderly.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The competence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) to adhere to the intestinal epithelium of the host is a key role to the colonization and disease development. The virulence genes are crucial for EAEC pathogenicity during adherence, internalization and persistence in the host. The overwhelming majority of antigen encounters in a host occurs on the intestine surface, which is considered a part of innate mucosal immunity. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) can be activated by microorganisms and induce an immune response. OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the interaction of invasive EAEC strains with T84 intestinal epithelial cell line in respect to bacterial invasiveness, persistence and cytokines production. METHODS: We evaluated intracellular persistence of invasive EAEC strains (H92/3, I49/3 and the prototype 042) and production of cytokines by sandwich ELISA in T84 cells upon 24 hours of infection. RESULTS: The survival rates of the prototype 042 was 0.5x103 CFU/mL while survival of I49/3 and H92/3 reached 3.2x103 CFU/mL and 1.4x103 CFU/mL, respectively. Infection with all EAEC strains tested induced significant amounts of IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α compared to uninfected T84 cells. CONCLUSION: These data showed that infection by invasive EAEC induce a proinflammatory immune response in intestinal epithelial T84 cells.
RESUMO CONTEXTO: A competência de Escherichia coli enteroagregativa (EAEC) para aderir ao epitélio intestinal do hospedeiro é um papel fundamental para a colonização e o desenvolvimento da doença. Os genes de virulência são cruciais para a patogenicidade de EAEC durante a aderência, a internalização e a persistência no hospedeiro. A grande maioria dos encontros de antígenos em um hospedeiro ocorre na superfície do intestino, que é considerada parte da imunidade inata da mucosa. As células epiteliais intestinais (IECs) podem ser ativadas por micro-organismos e induzir uma resposta imune. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo investigou a interação de cepas invasoras de EAEC com a linhagem celular epitelial intestinal T84 em relação a invasão bacteriana, a persistência e a produção de citocinas. MÉTODOS: Avaliamos a persistência intracelular de cepas invasoras de EAEC (H92/3, I49/3 e o protótipo 042) e a produção de citocinas por ELISA "sanduíche" em células T84 após 24 horas de infecção. RESULTADOS: As taxas de sobrevivência da cepa protótipo 042 foi de 0,5x103 UFC/mL, enquanto a sobrevivência de I49/3 e H92/3 atingiu 3,2x103 UFC/mL e 1,4x103 UFC/mL, respectivamente. A infecção com todas as cepas EAEC testadas induziu quantidades significativas de IL-8, IL-6 e TNF-α em comparação com células T84 não infectadas. CONCLUSÃO: Estes dados mostraram que a infecção por EAEC invasoras induzem uma resposta imune pró-inflamatória em células epiteliais intestinais T84.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Cytokines/biosynthesis , Epithelial Cells/microbiology , Escherichia coli/pathogenicity , Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology , Virulence , Bacterial Adhesion , Cytokines/metabolism , Adhesins, Escherichia coli , Diarrhea, Infantile/microbiology , Epithelial Cells/immunology , Escherichia coli/physiology , Immunity, Innate , Inflammation/microbiology , Intestinal Mucosa/immunologyABSTRACT
Introducción. La resistencia bacteriana es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial que compromete seriamente la capacidad de tratar las infecciones. Objetivo. Describir el perfil de resistencia a los antimicrobianos marcadores en enterobacterias identificadas en hospitales colombianos. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una revisión bibliográfica sistemática de las publicaciones indexadas en Medline, Embase y Lilacs, además de la búsqueda manual de todos los números de revistas colombianas reconocidas en el campo de la infectología y otros afines para identificar referencias no disponibles electrónicamente. Resultados. Se identificaron 43 estudios y reportes de vigilancia epidemiológica con información sobre la resistencia de las enterobacterias en hospitales, principalmente de Bogotá, Cali y Medellín. La tasa de resistencia en Escherchia coli oscila entre 3 y 11 %, 5 y 20 % y 0,2 a 0,8 % para piperacilina-tazobactam, cefalosporinas de tercera generación y carbapenémicos, respectivamente. En aislamientos de Klebsiella pneumoniae , la resistencia oscila entre 21,8 y 48,1 % frente a piperacilina-tazobactam, 20 y 35 % frente a cefalosporinas de amplio espectro y 3 y 8 % frente a carbapenémicos, con variaciones importantes por ciudades, niveles de atención y circunstancias clínicas. Conclusiones. La diseminación de la resistencia bacteriana en enterobacterias aisladas en hospitales colombianos es un problema creciente que requiere medidas prontas para cortar las cadenas de transmisión.
Introduction: Bacterial resistance is a public health problem worldwide that seriously compromises the possibility to treat infections. Objective: To identify levels of resistance to antibiotic markers in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Colombian hospitals. Materials and methods: A systematic literature survey was done including articles indexed in Medline, Embase and LILACS. A manual search was made of Colombian scientific journals and other publications on infectious disease that were not available electronically. Results: In total, 43 observational studies and epidemiological reports were identified with information about resistance among Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Colombian hospitals, mainly from Bogotá, Cali and Medellín. The resistance rate of Escherichia coli ranges from 3 to 11%, 5 to 20% and from 0.2 to 0.8% for piperacillin-tazobactam, third generation cephalosporins and carbapenems, respectively. For Klebsiella pneumoniae resistance rates ranges from 21.8 to 48.1% to piperacillin-tazobactam, 20 to 35% to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and 3 to 8% to carbapenems, with significant variations by cities, levels of care and clinical settings. Conclusions: The spread of bacterial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolated in Colombian hospitals is a growing problem that calls for priority action to cut the chains of transmission.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cross Infection/microbiology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology , Enterobacteriaceae/drug effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Colombia/epidemiology , Cross Infection/drug therapy , Cross Infection/epidemiology , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/drug therapy , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/epidemiology , Enterobacteriaceae/genetics , Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification , Hospital Departments/statistics & numerical data , Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data , Multicenter Studies as Topic , Observational Studies as Topic , Population SurveillanceABSTRACT
A Escherichia coli enterohemorrágica (EHEC) sorotipo O157:H7 foi reconhecida como um importante patógeno vinculado a doenças alimentares a partir de 1983 devido a um surto ocorrido pela ingestão de hambúrgueres mal cozidos em um restaurante fast-food nos EUA. As pessoas com infecções por esta bactéria podem apresentar colite hemorrágica e síndrome hemolítica urêmica, doença grave e muitas vezes fatal. Este microrganismo apresenta entre os seus fatores de virulência importantes citotoxinas, denominadas toxinas de Shiga (Stx1 e Stx2),anteriormente denominadas de verotoxinas. A E. coli O157:H7 é bastante resistente a ambientes ácidos podendo se desenvolver por exemplo, em maionese e cidra de maçã. Seu principal reservatório natural é o trato gastrintestinal de bovinos sendo encontrada nas fezes dos mesmos. Sua transmissão ocorre principalmente através de carne bovina contaminada, mas pode também ocorrer pela ingestão de água, leite e vegetais. Os principais métodos de prevenção e controle são, a introdução de boas práticas de higiene do manipulador e a existência de sistema de análise de perigos e de pontos críticos de controle dentro da indústria para garantir uma diminuição nos riscos de contaminação pela E. coli O157:H7.
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serotype O157:H7 was recognised as an important pathogen related to foodborne diseases in 1983, after occurence of an outbreak due to ingestion of scarcely cooked hamburgers in a fast-food restaurant in USA. Infected people may show hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome, a serious and often fatal illness. One of its virulence factors are the production of Shigalike toxins (Stx1 and Stx2), previously named verotoxins. E. coli O157:H7 is rather resistant to acid environment and can grow for instance, in mayonnaise and apple cider. Its principal and natural reservoir is the gastrointestinal tract of bovine in which feces it can be found. Contamination mostly occurs through ingestion of beef but also water, milk or vegetables, likely to be contaminated with fecal content. The principal methods of prevention and control are good hygienic handling, adoption of a danger analysis system and control of critical areas inside
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Rats , Food Contamination , Escherichia coli O157 , Food Handling , Food Preservation , Foodborne DiseasesABSTRACT
Durante o quinquênio 1983-1987 foram isoladas, na Seção de Bacteriologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 87 cepas de Escherichia coli enterotoxigênica, a partir 5629 coproculturas. A média percentual de positividade nestes 5 anos foi de 1,54%. Entre as 87 cepas produtoras de toxina termoestável, 31(35,63%) produziram também toxina termolábil, com relação ao antígeno fator de colonização I e II (antígeno fimbriado F2 e F3), 43 (49,43%) cepas apresentaram um desses fatores. A utilização de 33 soros somáticos permitiu a identificação sorológica de 61 (70,11%) das 87 cepas estudadas. Os sorogrupos 0:6, 0:153, 0:78, 0:27 e 0:139 foram os mais frequentes (AU).