Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre el síndrome de escroto agudo

RESUMEN El síndrome de escroto agudo es una urgencia quirúrgica, que si no se hace una evolución adecuada y existen demoras en el diagnostico puede el paciente tener daños irreversibles en la viabilidad testicular. Se presenta la Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre el síndrome de escroto agudo con el objetivo de hacer una actualización sobre el tema y proporcionar un instrumento asistencial y docente en los servicios de cirugía pediátrica del país. Varias enfermedades pueden ser la causa de aparición del síndrome de escroto agudo, entre ellas, la torsión testicular, la torsión de hidátides testiculares y la orquiepididimitis. El síntoma fundamental es el dolor testicular y requiere generalmente tratamiento quirúrgico. El tratamiento oportuno de estos pacientes evita complicaciones como la necesidad de orquiectomia, la esterilidad y reincorpora más rápidamente al paciente a su actividad social.

ABSTRACT Acute scrotum syndrome is a surgical emergency, which if an adequate evolution is not made and there are delays in the diagnosis, the patient can have irreversible damage in the testicular viability. The Clinical Practice Guidelines on acute scrotum syndrome is presented with the aim of updating the subject and providing a care and teaching instrument in the pediatric surgery services of the country. Several diseases can be the cause of the onset of acute scrotum syndrome, including testicular torsion, testicular hydatid torsion, and orchiepididymitis. The fundamental symptom is testicular pain and usually requires surgical treatment. The timely treatment of these patients avoids complications such as the need for orchiectomy, sterility, and that way the patient is more quickly reincorporated into his social activity.

Acute appendicitis mimicking acute scrotum: a rare complication of a common abdominal inflammatory disease / Apendicite aguda mimetizando escroto agudo: uma complicação rara de uma doença inflamatória abdominal comum

ABSTRACT Introduction: Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical disease of the abdomen in clinical practice, affecting mainly young adults. It has a wide variety of clinical presentations, due to the anatomical variation of the cecal appendix. Its presentation as acute scrotum and scrotal abscess is quite rare and atypical, occurring mainly in young male patients with patent processus vaginalis. Case presentation: An 18-years-old male patient attended the emergency unit complaining of diffuse abdominal pain, fever and hyporexia for four days followed by inflammatory signs in the scrotum. He was taken to the operation room after diagnosis of scrotal and abdominal sepsis. During scrotum exploration, pus was found inside the right hemiscrotum coming down from the groin and communicating with the abdominal cavity. The laparotomy found perforated appendicitis and peritonitis leading to the scrotal abscess. The abscess was drained, appendectomy was performed and the scrotal and abdominal cavity were washed with saline solution. Despite postoperative complications such as pneumonia and intra-abdominal abscess, the reported patient recovered and was discharged in the 44th postoperative day. Conclusion: Acute appendicitis can mimic acute scrotum and surgeons must have a high index of suspicion of this complication for diagnosing. This unusual clinical presentation may be challenging and can delay the diagnosis leading to perforated peritonitis.

RESUMO Introdução: A apendicite aguda é a doença cirúrgica mais comum do abdome na prática clínica, afetando principalmente adultos jovens. Tem uma grande variedade de apresentações clínicas, devido à variação anatômica do apêndice cecal. Sua apresentação como escroto agudo e abscesso escrotal é bastante rara e atípica, ocorrendo principalmente em pacientes jovens do sexo masculino com túnica vaginalis patente. Apresentação do caso: um paciente do sexo masculino de 18 anos de idade compareceu à unidade de emergência queixando dor abdominal difusa, febre e hiporexia por quatro dias que se seguiram de sinais inflamatórios no escroto. Ele foi levado para centro cirúrgico após o diagnóstico de sepse de origem escrotal e abdominal. Durante a exploração da bolsa escrotal, secreção purulenta foi encontrada do lado direito oriunda do canal inguinal e comunicando-se com a cavidade abdominal. Durante a laparotomia observou-se sinais de apendicite aguda perfurada e peritonite levando ao abscesso escrotal. O abscesso foi drenado, a apendicectomia foi realizada e as cavidades escrotal e abdominal foram lavadas com solução salina. Apesar de complicações pós-operatórias como pneumonia e abscesso intra-abdominal, o paciente recuperou-se bem, recebendo alta hospitalar no 44° dia pós-operatório. Conclusão: A apendicite aguda pode simular o escroto agudo e os cirurgiões devem ter um alto grau de suspeição dessa complicação para o diagnóstico. Esta apresentação clínica incomum pode ser desafiadora e retardar o diagnóstico levando à peritonite por perfuração.

Descripción de factores clínicos asociados a la torsión testicular / Description of Clinical Factors Associated with Testicular Torsion

El escroto agudo es una de las pocas condiciones urológicas que requiere intervención inmediata.1 La principal causa de escroto agudo es la torsión testicular y afecta a 4,5 de cada 100.000 hombres menores de 25 años.2 Se presenta por una predisposición dada por un defecto congénito de la inserción del testículo al escroto mediante un gubernaculum testis largo y/o con una implantación posterior que le permite al testículo girar libremente sobre su propio eje

The acute scrotum is one of the few urological conditions requiring immediate intervention.1 The main cause of acute scrotum is testicular torsion and affects 4.5 out of every 100,000 men under the age of 25.2 It arises from a predisposition given by a congenital defect of insertion of the testicle into the scrotum by means of a long gubernaculum testis and/or with a subsequent implantation that allows the testicle to rotate freely on its own axis.

Lipomas intraescrotales en niños, un hallazgo casual excepcional / Intrascrotal lipomas in children-an exceptional unexpected finding

Los tumores paratesticulares en niños son poco frecuentes, y son diagnosticados de forma incidental al realizar una ecografía en el contexto de un escroto agudo o un traumatismo. Su exéresis debe realizarse vía inguinal, ante la posibilidad de su malignidad. Se presentan dos casos de tumor paratesticular hallados incidentalmente, cuyo diagnóstico histopatológico confirmó que se trataba de lipomas intraescrotales.

Paratesticular tumors are rare in children and are diagnosed by chance on echography of an acute scrotum or a trauma. It should be excised by the inguinal route to prevent any possibility of malignancy. Here are two cases of paratesticular tumors which were randomly found. The final histopathological diagnosis confirmed that they were intrascrotal lipomas.

Migración errática de Ascaris lumbricoides a escroto / Erratic migration of Ascaris lumbricoides to scrotum

Introducción. La ascaridiasis es una de las principales parasitosis que afectan a los niños. El objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer el caso de un niño con migración errática de Ascaris lumbricoides adjunto al testículo, en la túnica vaginalis, secundario a divertículo de Meckel perforado. Caso clínico. Se trató de un paciente masculino escolar con cuadro de abdomen agudo. Se realizó laparotomía exploradora y se encontró divertículo de Meckel perforado con Ascaris lumbricoides libres en cavidad abdominal, y con migración a escroto de áscaris lumbricoides hembra adulto a través de hernia inguinal. Conclusiones. Se discutió acerca de la epidemiología y la presentación clínica del abdomen agudo, de la ascariasis y de los hallazgos transoperatorios.

Background. Ascaridiasis is one of the main parasitosis affecting children. The main objective is to demonstrate the case of a child with erratic migration of Ascaris lumbricoides found next to the testis in the vaginalis tunic secondary to a perforation of Meckel diverticulum. Case report. We present the case of a school-age male patient who was treated at our clinic due to acute abdomen. Laparotomy was carried out, revealing a perforation of Meckel diverticulum with Ascaris lumbricoides free in the abdominal cavity and with migration to scrotum of female adult Ascaris lumbricoides by way of an inguinal hernia. Conclusions. We discuss the epidemiology and clinical presentation ofacute abdomen of Ascaridiasis and intraoperative study.

Torsión testicular perinatal: resultados de 10 años de experiencia / Perinatal testicular torsion: results of 10 years of experience

Introducción: la torsión testicular perinatal es definida como la torsión del testículo en período prenatal, o dentro de los primeros 28 días de vida. Objetivo: evaluar los datos obtenidos de las historias clínicas, y proponer principios de tratamientos clínicos y quirúrgicos. Métodos: fueron revisadas retrospectivamente las historias clínicas de los recién nacidos operados con diagnóstico de torsión testicular en el servicio de cirugía pediátrica del Hospital Pediátrico William Soler, entre enero de 2000 y diciembre de 2009. Resultados: 18 pacientes fueron elegibles para el estudio, 17 tenían torsión unilateral con testículo aumentado de tamaño duro e indoloro (94 por ciento), 55 por ciento tenían hidrocele contralateral, 16 pacientes nacieron a término, con más de 3 100 g de peso (88 por ciento), y la torsión extravaginal y la afectación del testículo izquierdo se observó en 13 (72 por ciento). Un caso fue bilateral asincrónico (6 por ciento), pues el testículo izquierdo estaba torcido en la región inguinal, isquémico, pero no necrótico, y fue preservado. Dos casos (12 por ciento) tenían torsión de tipo intravaginal, y uno de ellos se presentó, clínicamente, como escroto agudo. Se diagnosticó la afección en edades de 0 a 7 días en el 72 por ciento de los casos. Se realizó orquiectomía sin exploración contralateral a 16 pacientes (88 por ciento). La evolución fue satisfactoria en 17 (94 por ciento). Conclusiones: la torsión testicular perinatal representa el 3,4 por ciento de las afecciones quirúrgicas neonatales, y puede afectar un testículo no descendido. Se sugiere protocolizar el uso del ultrasonido doppler preoperatorio, y la exploración y fijación del testículo contralateral

Introduction: the perinatal testicular torsion is defined as a twist of testicle in prenatal period or within the first 28 days of life. Objective: to assess the data obtained from the medical records and to propose the principles of clinical and surgical treatments. Methods: retrospectively the medical records of newborn operated on diagnosed with testicular torsion were reviewed admitted in the pediatric surgery service of the William Soler Teaching Children Hospital from January, 2000 to December, 2009. Results: eighteen patients were eligible for study, 17 had a unilateral torsion with a testicle of increase size, hard and painless (94 percent), the 55 percent had contralateral hydrocele, 16 patients born at term weighing more than 3 100 g (88 percent), the extravaginal torsion and left testicle involvement was observed in 13 (72 percent). A case had bilateral asynchronism (6 percent), since the left testicle was twisted in the inguinal region with ischemia but not necrosis and could be preserved. Two cases (12 percent) had torsion of intravaginal type and one of them was clinically presented as acute scrotum. The affection was diagnosed in ages from 0 to 7 days in the 72 percent of cases. An orchiectomy was performed without contralateral exploration in 16 patients (88 percent). Evolution was satisfactory in 17 cases (94 percent). Conclusions: the perinatal testicular torsion accounts for the 3,4 percent of neonatal surgical affections and may to involve a und-descent testicle. Authors suggest making a protocol of preoperative Doppler ultrasound and the exploration and fixation of contralateral testicle

Escroto Agudo: frecuente urgencia uro-pediátrica / Acute scrotum: frequent urologic- pediatric urgency

Objetivo: analizar los pacientes tratados por escroto agudo en el Hospital Provincial Pediátrico Docente Eliseo Noel Caamaño, de Matanzas. Pacientes y métodos: entre enero del 2000 al 2010, ingresaron 96 pacientes con escroto agudo, de los cuales 54 fueron diagnosticados de torsión testicular, 26 de torsión de hidátide de Morgagni, 13 de orquiepididimitis aguda asociadas a trauma o no, y 3 de edema escrotal. Resultados: la mayor incidencia fue en la primera década de la vida. En el estudio analizado la torsión testicular fue la primera causa, seguida de la torsión de la hidátide. Conclusiones: los pacientes portadores de estas dos causas de escroto agudo deben ser sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico lo más urgente posible.

Objective: Analyzing the patients treated for acute scrotum at the Teaching Pediatric Provincial Hospital Eliseo Noel Caamaño, of Matanzas. Patients: From January 2000 to 2010, 96 patients entered the hospital with acute scrotum; 54 of them were diagnosed as testicular torsion, 26 as torsion of Morgagni hydatid, 13 as acute orchiepidydimitis associated to trauma or not, and 3 of scrotal edema. Results: The higher incidence was in the first decade of life. In the analyzed study the testicular torsion was the first cause, followed by the hydatid torsion. Conclusions: the patients who have these two causes of acute scrotum should be objects of surgical treatment as urgent as possible.

Escroto agudo / Acute scrotum

Este artigo pretende fazer uma revisão geral do tema, com ênfase em conceitos atuais e/ou controversos no manejo das situações clínicas em questão, em especial conceitos ainda polêmicos quanto à fisiopatologia e ao manejo diagnóstico. Também é feita uma revisão extensa quanto aos aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos da torção de testículo neonatal e quanto aos aspectos de diagnóstico diferencial na síndrome do escroto agudo. São citadas informações estatísticas derivadas dos principais estudos clínicos publicados nos últimos 20 anos em literatura médica ocidental.

This article intends to review "Acute Scrotum" emphasizing modern and controversial aspects on clinical situations, specially concepts on physiopathology and diagnosis. We also review clinical and therapeutic aspects of neonatal testicular torsion and the differential diagnosis in the acute scrotum syndrome. Statistical information are derived from main studies published in the last 20 years.