Profile of patients with essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm in the two largest ophthalmology reference centers in Brazil / Perfil dos pacientes com blefaroespasmo essencial e espasmo hemifacial nos dois maiores centros de referência em oftalmologia no Brasil

ABSTRACT Purpose: Information is scarce regarding the comprehensive profile of patients with essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm in Brazil. The present study aimed to assess the clinical features of patients with these conditions, followed up in two reference centers in Brazil. Methods: The study included patients with essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm, followed up at the Departments of Ophthalmology at Universidade Federal de São Paulo and Universidade de São Paulo. Apart from demographic and clinical features, past stressful events related to the first symptoms (triggering event), aggravating factors, sensory tricks, and other ameliorating factors for the eyelid spasms were assessed. Results: A total of 102 patients were included in this study. Most patients were female (67.7%). Essential blepharospasm was the most frequent movement disorder [51/102 patients (50%)], followed by hemifacial spasm (45%) and Meige's syndrome (5%). In 63.5% of the patients, the onset of the disorder was associated with a past stressful event. Ameliorating factors were reported by 76.5% of patients; 47% of patients reported sensory tricks. In addition, 87% of the patients reported the presence of an aggravating factor for the spasms; stress (51%) was the most frequent. Conclusion: Our study provides information regarding the clinical features of patients treated in the two largest ophthalmology reference centers in Brazil.

RESUMO Objetivo: Há poucos dados sobre o perfil de pacientes com blefaroespasmo essencial e espasmo hemifacial no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar de forma mais abrangente as características clínicas dos pacientes portadores dessas doenças acompanhados em dois centros de referência em oftalmologia no Brasil. Métodos: Pacientes com blefaroespasmo essencial e espasmo hemifacial, acompanhados nos Departamentos de Oftalmologia da Universidade Federal de São Paulo e da Universidade de São Paulo foram incluídos neste estudo. Além dos dados clínicos e demográficos, foram avaliados também a presença de eventos estressantes relacionados ao início dos sintomas (evento desencadeante), fatores agravantes, truques sensoriais, e outros fatores de melhora. Resultados: Cento e dois pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. A maior parte dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (67,7%). Blefaroespasmo essencial foi a condição mais frequente, observada em 51 (50%) dos pacientes. Espasmo hemifacial correspondia a 45% dos casos, enquanto 5% dos pacientes apresentavam a Síndrome de Meige. 63,5% dos pacientes associaram o início dos sintomas com um evento estressante prévio. 76,5% dos pacientes relataram fatores de melhora para os espasmos; 47% relataram truques sensoriais. Além disso, 87% dos pacientes relataram fatores de piora; estresse (51%) foi o mais frequente. Conclusão: Este estudo fornece informações a respeito das características clínicas dos pacientes com blefaroespasmo essencial e espasmo hemifacial acompanhados nos dois maiores centros de referência em oftalmologia do Brasil.

Facial phantom model: a low-cost and safe tool for teaching botulinum toxin application in neurology residencies / Modelo de manequim facial: uma ferramenta segura e de baixo custo para o ensino da aplicação de toxina botulínica nas residências em neurologia

Abstract Background The application of botulinum toxin (BoNT) in the treatment of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm (HS) is a well-established practice. However, neurology residency programs often rely on real patients for training, which has limitations in terms of patient availability and skill acquisition. Objective Assess the efficacy of a new facial phantom model for acquiring motor skills in BoNT application. Methods An anthropomorphic facial phantom model was developed in collaboration with a medical training simulator start-up. A group of seven neurologists and one ophthalmologist with expertise in BoNT application evaluated the model using an adapted learning object review instrument (LORI). The instrument assessed aspects such as: content quality, alignment of learning objectives, feedback and adaptation, motivation, presentation design, and accessibility. Results The facial phantom model received high scores in the LORI evaluation, with the highest ratings given to alignment with learning objectives and motivation. The model also scored well in terms of accessibility, content quality, and presentation design. However, feedback and adaptation received a lower score due to the static nature of the model. Conclusion The facial phantom model shows promise as a valuable tool for teaching and developing competence in BoNT application for HS and blepharospasm. The model reduces the reliance on real patients for training, providing a broader and safer learning experience for neurology residents. It also provides a realistic learning experience and offers portability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of manufacturing for use in various medical training scenarios. It is an effective and accessible tool for teaching BoNT application.

Resumo Antecedentes A aplicação de toxina botulínica (TxB) no tratamento do blefaroespasmo e do espasmo hemifacial (EH) é uma prática bem estabelecida. No entanto, os programas de residência em neurologia frequentemente dependem de pacientes reais para treinamento, o que apresenta limitações em termos de disponibilidade de pacientes e aquisição de habilidades. Objetivo Avaliar a eficácia de um novo modelo de manequim facial para aquisição de habilidades motoras na aplicação de TxB. Métodos Foi desenvolvido um modelo antropomórfico de manequim facial em coloboração com uma empresa de simuladores de treinamento médico. Um grupo constituído por sete neurologistas e um oftalmologista com experiência em aplicação de TxB avaliou o modelo utilizando um instrumento adaptado de revisão de objeto de aprendizagem (LORI). O instrumento analisou aspectos como: qualidade do conteúdo, alinhamento dos objetivos de aprendizagem, feedback e adaptação, motivação, concepção da apresentação e acessibilidade. Resultados O modelo de manequim facial obteve pontuações altas na avaliação do LORI com os maiores escores em alinhamento com os objetivos de aprendizagem e motivação. O modelo também obteve boas pontuações em termos de acessibilidade, qualidade do conteúdo e concepção da apresentação. No entanto, o item feedback e adaptação recebeu uma pontuação média mais baixa, devido à natureza estática. Conclusão O modelo manequim facial mostra-se promissor como uma EH e blefaroespasmo. O modelo reduz a dependência de pacientes reais para treinamento portátil, de baixo custo e de fácil fabricação para uso em diversos cenários de treinamento, proporcionando uma experiência de aprendizagem mais ampla e segura para residentes de neurologia. Além disso, fornece uma experiência de aprendizagem realista e oferece portabilidade, economia e facilidade de fabricação para uso em vários cenários de treinamento médico. É uma ferramenta eficaz e acessível para o ensino da aplicação de TxB.

Fenótipos MINOCA - Um Desafio para o Manejo Específico do Paciente / MINOCA Phenotypes - A Challenge for Patient-Specific Management

Resumo O infarto do miocárdio com artérias coronárias não obstrutivas (MINOCA) é um fenômeno clínico intrigante e de prognóstico incerto, caracterizado pela evidência de infarto do miocárdio (IM) com artérias coronárias normais ou quase normais na angiografia1. Atualmente, não há diretrizes para o manejo e muitos pacientes recebem alta sem uma etiologia determinada, significando muitas vezes que o tratamento ideal é adiado.Relatamos três estudos de caso MINOCA com as principais causas fisiopatológicas cardíacas, particularmente epicárdicas, microvasculares e não isquêmicas, levando ao tratamento diferencial. Os pacientes apresentavam dor torácica aguda, aumento da troponina e nenhuma doença coronariana angiograficamente significativa.Neste estudo, analisamos a etiologia, diagnóstico clínico e tratamento da MINOCA em relação à literatura relevante.MINOCA é considerado um diagnóstico de trabalho dinâmico, incluindo distúrbios coronários, miocárdicos e não coronários. Estudos prospectivos e registros são necessários para melhorar o atendimento e o resultado do paciente.

Abstract Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a puzzling clinical phenomenon with an unclear prognosis, characterized by evidence of myocardial infarction (MI) with normal or near-normal coronary arteries on angiography1. Currently, there are no guidelines for management, and many patients are discharged without a determined etiology, often meaning that optimal treatment gets postponed.We report three MINOCA case studies with main pathophysiological cardiac causes, particularly epicardial, microvascular, and non-ischemic, prompting differential management. The patients presented with acute chest pain, troponin raise, and no angiographically significant coronary disease.In this study, we analyzed the etiology, clinical diagnosis, and treatment of MINOCA concerning the relevant literature.MINOCA is considered to be a dynamic working diagnosis, including coronary, myocardial, and non-coronary disorders. Prospective studies and registries are needed to improve patient care and outcome.

Efeito da nitroglicerina no espasmo e na oclusão da artéria radial em cateterismos transradiais realizados em mulheres / Effect of nitroglycerin on radial artery spasm and occlusion in transradial catheterizations performed in women

Introdução: O benefício do cateterismo transradial já foi confirmado em pacientes do sexo feminino. Mulheres submetidas a exames por cateterismo transradial apresentam desafios únicos. A ocorrência de espasmo e oclusão da artéria radial após o procedimento é maior em mulheres. Objetivamos avaliar o benefício da nitroglicerina na redução de espasmo e oclusão da artéria radial em mulheres submetidas a cateterismo transradial. Métodos: Estudo multicêntrico, prospectivo, randomizado 2x2 fatorial, duplo-cego. Participantes foram randomizados para nitroglicerina 500mcg ou placebo em dois momentos: após colocação do introdutor hemostático e antes da retirada. A avaliação de espasmo da artéria radial foi clínica, por meio de escala dor. A avaliação da oclusão da artéria radial foi realizada com Doppler, nas primeiras 12 horas. Resultados: Foram incluídos 2.040 pacientes, sendo 774 (37,5%) mulheres. A média de idade foi similar entre os sexos (62,2 anos versus 61,5 anos; p=0,27). A incidência de espasmo da artéria radial foi maior nas mulheres (21,2% versus 6,6%; p<0,01), bem como a incidência de oclusão da artéria radial (3,4% versus 1,8%; p=0,03). O uso da nitroglicerina no início do procedimento não reduziu a incidência de espasmo da artéria radial em mulheres quando comparado com o placebo (19,7% versus 22,6%; p=0,34), tampouco as taxas de oclusão da artéria radial (4,3% versus 2,5%; p=0,17). O uso da nitroglicerina ao fim do procedimento não reduziu a incidência de oclusão da artéria em mulheres (2,8% versus 3,9%; p=0,37). Conclusões: O espasmo e a oclusão da artéria radial são mais frequentes em mulheres submetidas a cateterismo transradial quando comparadas aos homens. O uso da nitroglicerina não apresenta efeito benéfico na redução dessas incidências.

Background: The benefit of transradial catheterization is well established in female patients. Women undergoing transradial catheterization exams present with unique challenges. The occurrence of radial artery spasm and occlusion after the procedure is higher in women. The objective of this study was to evaluate the benefit of nitroglycerin in reducing radial artery spasm and occlusion in women undergoing transradial catheterization. Methods: This was a 2x2 factorial randomized, multicenter, prospective, double-blinded study. Participants were randomized to nitroglycerin 500mcg or placebo at two time points: after placement of the hemostatic introducer and before its removal. The evaluation of the radial artery spasm was clinical, using a pain scale The evaluation of the radial artery occlusion was performed with Doppler, in the first 12 hours. Results: A total of 2,040 patients were included, of which 774 (37.5%) were female. Mean age was similar between sexes (62.2 years versus 61.5 years; p=0.27). The incidence of radial artery spasm was higher in women (21.2% versus 6.6%; p<0.01), as well as the incidence of radial artery occlusion (3.4% versus 1.8%; p=0.03). The use of nitroglycerin at the beginning of the procedure did not reduce the incidence of radial artery spasm in women when compared with placebo (19.7% versus 22.6%; p=0.34), nor did the rates of radial artery occlusion (4.3% versus 2.5%; p=0.17). The use of nitroglycerin at the end of the procedure did not reduce the incidence of artery occlusion in women (2.8% versus 3.9%; p=0.37). Conclusions: Radial artery spasm and occlusion are more frequent in women undergoing transradial catheterization when compared to men. The use of nitroglycerin does not have a beneficial effect in reducing these incidences.

Espasmo hemifacial: experiencia en un centro terciario

Resumen El espasmo hemifacial consiste en un infrecuente trastorno del movimiento que afecta a la musculatura inervada por el nervio facial, en especial la de la hemicara superior. Existen dos formas clínicas, una primaria en la que la causa subyacente está representada por un conflicto neurovascular, y una secundaria, en la que la alteración del nervio facial es producida por algún tipo de lesión ocupante de espacio. Resulta de especial interés para el otorrinolaringólogo conocer esta entidad y ser capaz de diferenciar ambas formas clínicas dado el diferente enfoque terapéutico que pueden requerir. Aportamos una visión general de esta patología repasando su epidemiología y fisiopatología, además, de nuestra experiencia en forma de una serie de cuatro casos que ilustran las variadas formas de presentación de esta entidad, así como los signos y síntomas de alarma que pueden ayudar a realizar un correcto diagnóstico y manejo.

Abstract Hemifacial spasm consists of an unfrecuent movement disorder involving facial muscles, especially those from the upper half of the face. Two different clinical presentations are described. Primary hemifacial spasm is defined by a neurovascular conflict, and secondary occurs when facial nerve is damaged by a space occupying lesion. It is of special interest for the otorhinolaryngologist to get to know about this condition and to be able to acknowledge its clinical presentations due to the different therapeutical approach that may be needed for each of them. We contribute with a general vision of this entity reviewing its epidemiology and patophysiology. Furthermore, we show our experience by sharing a four-case series which we believe to illustrate the different ways of presentation as well as the alarm signs and symptoms that may be helpful in order to accomplish an accurate diagnose and treatment.

Riesgos y complicaciones durante la sedación para endoscopía diagnóstica del tubo digestivo sin enfermedad concomitante / Risks and complications during sedation for diagnostic endoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract without concomitant disease

Resumen: Durante la sedación en procedimientos endoscópicos del tubo digestivo alto y bajo, es frecuente que se susciten complicaciones ventilatorias y hemodinámicas. Se presenta una revisión de las estrategias para prevenir y tratar las complicaciones ventilatorias más frecuentes: espasmo laríngeo, apnea por fármacos anestésicos endovenosos y broncoespasmo. También se revisan las complicaciones hemodinámicas: reflejo vagal e hipotensión aguda. Se propone un algoritmo de manejo que sintetiza y esquematiza las medidas profilácticas y terapéuticas descritas en la literatura, ordenándolas de acuerdo a su prioridad y eficacia, permitiendo identificar con claridad el nivel de tratamiento necesario y la viabilidad del procedimiento endoscópico.

Abstract: During sedation in endoscopic procedures of the lower and upper digestive tract, it is common for ventilatory and hemodynamic complications to arise. This article presents a review of the strategies to treat and prevent the most common ventilatory complications: laryngeal spasm, apnea due to intravenous anesthetic drugs and bronchospasm. Hemodynamic complications are also reviewed: vagal reflex and acute hypotension. A management algorithm is proposed which synthesizes and schematizes the prophylactic and therapeutic measures described in the bibliography, ordering them by their priority and effectiveness, allowing to clearly identify the degree of treatment necessary and the viability of the endoscopic procedure.

Tétanos generalizado en un adolescente / Spread tetanus in an adolescent

Se presenta el caso clínico de un adolescente de 13 años de edad, con antecedentes de buena salud, quien solo recibió inmunización durante la etapa neonatal, el cual sufrió una herida causada por un clavo enmohecido en el dorso del pie derecho y acudió al Hospital Wete de Zanzíbar, Tanzania, por presentar dolores musculares, espasmos generalizados, risa sardónica y trismo, por lo cual se le diagnosticó tétanos generalizado. Se prescribió tratamiento médico con hidratación parenteral, toxina antitetánica, toxoide tetánico, antibióticos, sedantes y curación local de dicha herida. Luego de 2 meses de hospitalización el paciente tuvo una evolución satisfactoria.

The case report of a 13 years adolescent, with history of good health who just received immunization during the neonatal period is presented. He suffered from a wound caused by a rusty nail in the back of the right foot and he went to the Wete Hospital in Zanzibar, Tanzania, presenting muscular pains, spread spasms, sardonic laugh and trismus, reason why he was diagnosed spread tetanus. Treatment was prescribed with parenteral hydration, anti-tetanus toxin, anti-tetanus toxoide, antibiotics, sedative and total cure of this wound. After 2 months of hospitalization the patient had a favorable clinical course.

Descompresión Microvascular para el Tratamiento del Espasmo Hemifacial

Resumen El espasmo hemifacial se caracteriza por contracciones tonicoclónicas en los músculos inervados por el nervio facial, causado por la compresión del nervio facial por una arteria, generalmente la arteria cerebelosa anteroinferior o venas del ángulo pontocerebeloso. Suelen aparecer espontáneamente, debido a la tensión emocional, fatiga, y disminuyen durante el reposo. Se presenta entre los 13 a 77 años con una duración de los síntomas aproximadamente de ocho años. La inyección local de toxina botulínica puede ser efectiva en el tratamiento, y la descompresión microvascular está reservada para casos refractarios al tratamiento médico, con resolución completa entre el 85 al 93%. En este artículo, se resumen las principales características anatomo-clínicas, fisiopatológicas, y una descripción detallada de la descompresión microvascular como mejor opción terapéutica.

Abstract Hemifacial spasm is characterized by tonic-clonic contractions of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve. It is caused by compression of the facial nerve by a blood vessel, which usually is the anterior inferior cerebellar artery or the veins of the cerebello-pontine angle. It typically appears spontaneously, caused by emotional tension and fatigue, and it's reduced during rest. Likewise, it presents between the ages of 13 and 77 years, with a median duration of symptoms of eight years. Treatment with local botulinum toxin injection can be effective, and the Microvascular decompression is reserved for cases that are refractory to medical treatment, resulting in full spasm resolution in 85 to 93% of patients. This article summarizes the main anatomic-clinical and physio-pathological characteristics of hemifacial spasms. Additionally, a detailed description of microvascular decompression as the best therapeutic option is described in detail.

Comparison of one-catheter strategy versus conventional two-catheter strategy on the volume of radiological contrast and diagnostic coronary catheterization performance by transradial access: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials / Comparación de la estrategia de catéter único versus la estrategia convencional de dos catéteres sobre el volumen de contraste radiológico y el rendimiento del cateterismo coronario diagnóstico por acceso transradial: una revisión sistemática y meta-análisis de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados

Abstract Background: One-catheter strategy, based in multipurpose catheters, allows exploring both coronary arteries with a single catheter. This strategy could simplify coronary catheterization and reduce the volume of contrast administration, by reducing radial spasm. To date, observational studies showed greater benefits regarding contrast consumption and catheterization performance than controlled trials. The aim of this work is to perform the first systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCT) to adequately quantify the benefits of one-catheter strategy, with multipurpose catheters, over conventional two-catheter strategy on contrast consumption, and catheterization performance. Methods: A search in PubMed, CINALH, and CENTRAL databases was conducted to identify randomized trials comparing one-catheter and two-catheter strategies. The primary outcome was volume of iodinated contrast administrated. Secondary endpoints, evaluating coronary catheterization performance included: arterial spasm, fluoroscopy time, and procedural time. Results: Five RCT were included for the final analysis, with a total of 1599 patients (802 patients with one-catheter strategy and 797 patients with two-catheter strategy). One-catheter strategy required less administration of radiological contrast (difference in means [DiM] [95% confidence interval (CI)]; −3.831 mL [−6.165 mL to −1.496 mL], p = 0.001) as compared to two-catheter strategy. Furthermore, less radial spasm (odds ratio [95% CI], 0.484 [0.363 to 0.644], p < 0.001) and less procedural time (DiM [95% CI], −72.471 s [−99.694 s to −45.249 s], p < 0.001) were observed in one-catheter strategy. No differences on fluoroscopy time were observed. Conclusions: One-catheter strategy induces a minimal reduction on radiological contrast administration but improves coronary catheterization performance by reducing arterial spasm and procedural time as compared to conventional two-catheter strategy.

Resumen Antecedentes: La estrategia de catéter único permite explorar ambas coronarias con un solo catéter. Nuestro objetivo es realizar la primera revisión sistemática y meta-análisis de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados para cuantificar adecuadamente los beneficios de la estrategia de catéter único, con catéteres multipropósito, sobre la estrategia convencional de dos catéteres. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed, CINALH y CENTRAL, identificando ensayos aleatorizados que compararan estrategias de un catéter y dos catéteres. El resultado primario fue volumen de contraste administrado. Los secundarios, que evaluaron el rendimiento del cateterismo, incluyeron: espasmo radial, tiempo de fluoroscopia y de procedimiento. Resultados: Se incluyeron cinco ensayos, totalizando 1,599 pacientes (802 con estrategia de un catéter y 797 con estrategia de dos catéteres). La estrategia de catéter único requirió menos contraste (diferencia-de-medias; −3.831 mL [−6.165 mL a −1.496 mL], p = 0.001), presentando menos espasmo radial (odds ratio, 0.484 [0.363 a 0.644], p < 0.001) y menos tiempo de procedimiento (diferencia-de-medias; −72.471 s [−99.694 s a −45.249 s], p < 0.001). No hubo diferencias en el tiempo de fluoroscopia. Conclusiones: La estrategia de catéter único induce una reducción mínima en la administración de contraste, pero mejora el rendimiento del cateterismo al reducir el espasmo radial y el tiempo de procedimiento en comparación con la estrategia convencional.

Tratamiento efectivo de la toxina botulínica tipo A en el espasmo hemifacial, Guantánamo 2018-2019 / Botulinum toxin type A efficient treatment in patients with hemifacial spasm, Guantanamo 2018-2019

RESUMEN Introducción: No se encuentran antecedentes de investigaciones que aborden resultados de la aplicación de toxina botulínica tipo A en pacientes con espasmo hemifacial en la provincia Guantánamo. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados terapéuticos de la aplicación de toxina botulínica tipo A en pacientes con espasmo hemifacial atendidos en consulta de Neurología. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal de 21 pacientes atendidos en servicio de Neurología con espasmo hemifacial y tratamiento con toxina botulínica tipo A, desde enero 2018 hasta enero 2019. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, hemicara afectada, periodo de latencia, duración, desaparición del efecto clínico de toxina botulínica tipo A, y porciento de incapacidad funcional en pacientes al aplicar la escala de discapacidad antes y después de la aplicación del tratamiento. Resultados: Predominó el sexo femenino con 57,1%, edad mayor de 55 años con 57,14 %, lado afectado predominante el izquierdo con 57,14 %, el periodo de latencia de la toxina botulínica tipo A fue entre el tercer y décimo día con 14 pacientes para un 66,67 %, el tiempo máximo de duración del tratamiento fue de uno a dos meses con un 57,14 %, y la desaparición del efecto terapéutico de la toxina fue entre el tercer y cuarto mes con un 52,38%. Luego de la aplicación de la escala de evaluación clínica del espasmo hemifacial se evidenció disminución del porcentaje de pacientes con incapacidad funcional. Conclusiones: La toxina botulínica tipo A es efectiva en el tratamiento del espasmo hemifacial.

ABSTRACT Introduction: No research records were founded dressing the results of the application of botulinum toxin type A in patients with hemifacial spasm in Guantanamo province. Objective: to evaluate the therapeutic results of the application of botulinum toxin type A in patients with hemifacial spasm treated in a Neurology consultation. Method: a descriptive and longitudinal study was carried out in 21 patients attended in Neurology service with hemifacial spasm and botulinum toxin type A treatment, fromJanuary 2018 to January 2019. The variables studied were: age, gender, hemiface affected, latency period, duration, disappearance of the clinical effects of botulinum toxin type A, and percentage of functional disability in patients when applying the disability scale before and after the treatment. Results: Female cases predominated (57.1%), agesover 55 years (57.14 %), the most common affected side of the face was the left, with 57.14 %, the latency period of botulinum toxin type A was between the third to the tenth day in 14 of the patients (66.67 %), the maximum time of duration of treatment ranged from one to two months (57.14 %), and the disappearance of the therapeutic effect of the toxin in the patients was between the third to the fourth month (52.38%). After the application of the clinical assessment scale of hemifacial spasm, a decrease in the percentage of patients with functional disability was evidenced. Conclusions: Botulinum toxin type A is effective in the treatment of hemifacial spasm.

La rigidez cadavérica, el espasmo cadavérico y tipos de fibras musculares / The cadaveric rigidity, the cadaveric spasm and types of muscle fibers

La rigidez cadavérica (rigor mortis) es un proceso no muy bien comprendido por la mayoría de los médicos. El conocimiento de la intimidad del proceso de la rigidez cadavérica es de vital importancia ya que es una de las variables que junto con las livideces (livor mortis) y la temperatura (algor mortis) del cadáver ayudan a determinar el cronotanatodiagnóstico, tanatocronodiagnóstico o intervalo postmortal del período inmediato de la muerte. Para entender el mecanismo de la rigidez y el espasmo cadavérico es preciso hacer un repaso de la contracción muscular fisiológica en el vivo. Hay que tener presente que el tipo de fibra muscular predominante modificará las características de la contracción muscular fisiológica en el vivo, y también la rigidez y el espasmo cadavérico. (AU)

The cadaveric rigidity (rigor mortis) is a process which is not very well understood by the majority of the doctors. The knowledge of the intimacy of the cadaveric stiffness process is of vital importance since it is one of the variables that, as well as the postmortem lividity (livor mortis) and the body temperature post mortem (algor mortis) help determine the chronotanatodiagnostic, tanatochronodiagnostic or postmortal interval of the immediate period of death. In order to understand the mechanism of stiffness and cadaveric spasm, it is necessary to review the physiological muscle contraction in vivo. We should keep in mind that the predominant type of muscle fiber will modify the characteristics of physiological muscle contraction in vivo, as well as stiffness and cadaveric spasm. (AU)

Endoscope-assisted retrosigmoid approach in hemifacial spasm: our experience / Abordagem retrosigmóidea assistida por endoscopia em espasmo hemifacial: nossa experiência

Abstract Introduction: The use of surgical decompression of facial hemispasm due to the loop in the internal auditory canal is not always accepted due to the risk related to the surgical procedure. Currently a new surgical technique allows surgeons to work in safer conditions. Objective: To report the results with endoscope-assisted retrosigmoid approach for facial nerve microvascular decompression in hemifacial spasm due to neurovascular conflict. The surgical technique is described. Methods: We carried out a prospective study in a tertiary referral center observing 12 (5 male, 7 female) patients, mean age 57.5 years (range 49-71) affected by hemifacial spasm, that underwent to an endoscope assisted retrosigmoid approach for microvascular decompression. We evaluated intra-operative findings, postoperative HFS resolution and complication rates. Results: Hemifacial spasm resolution was noticed in 9/12 (75%) cases within 24 h after surgery and in 12/12 (100%) subjects within 45 days. A significant (p < 0.001) correlation between preoperative historical duration of hemifacial spasm and postoperative recovery timing was recorded. Only 1 patient had a complication (meningitis), which resolved after intravenous antibiotics with no sequelae. No cases of cerebrospinal fluid leak, facial palsy or hearing impairment were recorded. Hemifacial spasm recurrence was noticed in the only subject where the neurovascular conflict was due to a vein within the internal auditory canal. Conclusions: The endoscope assisted retrosigmoid approach technique offers an optimal visualization of the neurovascular conflict thorough a minimally invasive approach, thus allowing an accurate decompression of the facial nerve with low complication rates. Due to the less invasive nature, the procedure should be considered in functional surgery of the cerebellar pontine angle as hemifacial spasm treatment, specially when the procedure is performed by an otolaryngologist.

Resumo Introdução: O uso de descompressão cirúrgica do espasmo hemifacial devido ao loop no canal auditivo interno nem sempre é aceito devido ao risco relacionado ao procedimento cirúrgico. Atualmente, uma nova técnica cirúrgica permite trabalhar em condições seguras. Objetivo: Relatar os resultados que obtivemos com a abordagem retrosigmóidea assistida por endoscopia para a descompressão microvascular do nervo facial em casos de espasmo hemifacial devido a conflito neurovascular. A técnica cirúrgica é descrita. Método: Realizamos um estudo prospectivo em um centro de referência terciária observando 12 pacientes (5M, 7F), com média de idade de 57,5 (intervalo 49-71) anos com espasmo hemifacial submetidos a uma abordagem retrosigmóide assistida por endoscopia para descompressão microvascular. Foram avaliados os achados intraoperatórios, a resolução pós-operatória do espasmo hemifacial e as taxas de complicações. Resultados: A resolução do espasmo hemifacial foi observada em 9/12 (75%) dos casos nas 24 horas após a cirurgia e em 12/12 (100%) dos indivíduos até 45 dias. Uma correlação significativa (p < 0,001) entre a duração do histórico pré-operatório de espasmo hemifacial e o tempo de recuperação pós-operatório foi registrado. Apenas um paciente apresentou uma complicação (meningite), que foi resolvida após administração de antibióticos por via intravenosa sem sequelas. Nenhum caso fístula liquórica, paralisia facial ou deficiência auditiva foi registrado. A recorrência do espasmo hemifacial foi observada em único indivíduo em quem o conflito neurovascular foi causado por um vaso no interior do canal auditivo interno. Conclusões: A técnica da abordagem retrosigmóidea assistida por endoscopia oferece uma ótima visualização do conflito neurovascular através de uma abordagem minimamente invasiva, permite assim uma descompressão precisa do nervo facial com baixas taxas de complicações. Por ser menos invasivo, o procedimento deve ser considerado na cirurgia funcional do ângulo pontocerebelar como tratamento de espasmo hemifacial, especialmente quando o procedimento é feito por um otorrinolaringologista.

Manejo perioperatorio de niños con infección respiratoria superior / Perioperative management of children with upper respiratory tract infection

Resumen Introducción. Es frecuente que muchos niños sometidos a procedimientos con anestesia general tengan historia de infección viral respiratoria superior reciente o activa. Objetivo. Realizar una revisión narrativa acerca de las pautas de manejo anestésico para los niños con infección reciente o activa de la vía aérea superior. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda estructurada de la literatura en las bases de datos ProQuest, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, PubMed, LILACS, Embase, Trip Database, SciELO y Cochrane Library con los términos Anesthesia AND Respiratory Tract Infections AND Complications; Anesthesia AND Upper respiratory tract infection AND Complications; Anesthesia, General AND Respiratory Tract Infections AND Complications; Anesthesia, General AND Upper respiratory tract infection AND Complications; Anesthesia AND Laryngospasm OR Bronchospasm. La búsqueda se hizo en inglés con sus equivalentes en español. Resultados. Se encontraron 56 artículos con información relevante para el desarrollo de la presente revisión. Conclusiones. Una menor manipulación de la vía aérea tiende a disminuir la frecuencia de aparición y severidad de eventos adversos respiratorios perioperatorios. No existe evidencia suficiente para recomendar la optimización medicamentosa en pacientes con infección respiratoria superior.

Abstract Introduction: History of recent or active upper respiratory tract infection is common in many children undergoing general anesthesia procedures. Objective: To conduct a narrative review of anesthetic management guidelines for children with recent or active upper respiratory tract infection. Materials and methods: A structured literature search was conducted in ProQuest, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, PubMed, LILACS, Embase, Trip Database, SciELO and Cochrane Library databases with the terms Anesthesia AND Respiratory Tract Infections AND Complications; Anesthesia AND Upper respiratory tract infection AND Complications; Anesthesia, General AND Respiratory Tract Infections AND Complications; Anesthesia, General AND Upper respiratory tract infection AND Complications; Anesthesia AND Laryngospasm OR Bronchospasm. The search was done in English with its equivalents in Spanish. Results: 56 articles had information relevant to meet the objective of this review. Conclusions: Minimizing manipulation of the airway tends to decrease the frequency and severity of perioperative adverse respiratory events. There is not sufficient evidence to recommend drug optimization in patients with upper respiratory tract infection.

Propuesta de nuevo método para la disección esqueletizada de la arteria mamaria interna: Fundamentos históricos y anátomo-fisiológicos / Proposal of a new method for the skeletonized internal mammary artery harvesting: Historical, anatomical and physiological fundaments

En los últimos 30 años se ha acrecentado el interés de los cirujanos cardiovasculares por la disección esqueletizada de la arteria mamaria interna, sobre todo estimulado por su empleo bilateral para lograr la revascularización arterial total en la mayor cantidad de pacientes; lo que, en teoría, se acompaña de una mayor incidencia de infecciones profundas de la herida esternal. Desde 1992, prácticamente no ha variado la técnica clásica de disección esqueletizada de la mamaria. Quizás los únicos cambios importantes han sido la introducción del cauterizador armónico alrededor del año 2000 y la tendencia de algunos escasos grupos de intentar conservar indemne el plexo venoso retroesternal. Después de un profundo análisis de los fundamentos históricos, anatómicos y fisiológicos sobre los que se sustenta este procedimiento, y basados en la práctica en más de 100 pacientes en un período de dos años, se presentan modificaciones a la técnica clásica de disección esqueletizada de la arteria mamaria interna que permiten la obtención de un hemoducto más saludable en menos tiempo, una mayor protección ante la infección y la isquemia del hueso y los órganos del mediastino, así como la conservación de la integridad de la vena mamaria interna

In the last 30 years the interest of the cardiovascular surgeons for the skeletonized dissection of the internal mammary artery has increased, mainly stimulated by its bilateral use, to achieve the total arterial revascularization in the greater amount of patients; this, in theory, is accompanied by a higher incidence of deep infections of the sternal wound. Since 1992, the classical technique of the mammary skeletonized dissection has practically not changed. Perhaps, the only major changes have been the introduction of the harmonic cauterizer around the year 2000 and the tendency of a few groups to try to preserve intact the retrosternal venous plexus. After a thorough analysis of the historical, anatomical and physiological fundaments on which this procedure is based, and based on the practice in more than 100 patients over a period of two years, modifications are presented for the classical technique of the skeletonized dissection of the internal mammary artery that allow obtaining a healthier hemoduct in less time, greater protection against infection and ischemia of the bone and mediastinal organs, as well as the preservation of the integrity of the internal mammary vein

Blepharospasm with elevated anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody titer / Blefaroespasmo com título elevado de anticorpos antirreceptores de acetilcolina

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine whether serum levels of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody (anti-AChR-Abs) are related to clinical parameters of blepharospasm (BSP). Methods: Eighty-three adults with BSP, 60 outpatients with hemifacial spasm (HFS) and 58 controls were recruited. Personal history, demographic factors, response to botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) and other neurological conditions were recorded. Anti-AChR-Abs levels were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The anti-AChR Abs levels were 0.237 ± 0.022 optical density units in the BSP group, which was significantly different from the HFS group (0.160 ± 0.064) and control group (0.126 ± 0.038). The anti-AChR Abs level was correlated with age and the duration of response to the BoNT-A injection. Conclusion: Patients with BSP had an elevated anti-AChR Abs titer, which suggests that dysimmunity plays a role in the onset of BSP. An increased anti-AChR Abs titer may be a predictor for poor response to BoNT-A in BSP.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar se os níveis séricos do anticorpo antirreceptor de acetilcolina (anti-AChR-Abs) estão relacionados aos parâmetros clínicos do blefaroespasmo (BSP). Métodos: Fora recrutados 83 adultos com BSP, 60 pacientes ambulatoriais com espasmo hemifacial (HFS) e 58 controles. Foi aplicado um questionário para registrar história pessoal, fatores demográficos, resposta à toxina botulínica tipo A (BoNT-A) e outras condições neurológicas. Os níveis de anti-AChR-Abs foram quantificados usando um ensaio imunoenzimático. Resultados: O nível de anti-AChR-Abs foi de 0,237 ± 0,022 unidades de densidade óptica (OD) no grupo BSP, significativamente diferente em comparação com o grupo HFS (0,160 ± 0,064) e o grupo controle (0,126 ± 0,038). O nível de anti-AChR-Abs se correlacionou com a idade e a duração da resposta à injeção de BoNT-A. Conclusão: Pacientes com BSP apresentaram títulos elevados de anti-AChR-Abs, o que sugere que a desimunidade desempenha um papel no surgimento de BSP. O aumento do título de anti-AChR-Abs pode ser um preditor de resposta insuficiente à BoNT-A em BSP.

Édouard Brissaud: distinguished neurologist and Charcot's pupil / Édouard Brissaud: distinto neurologista e pupilo de Charcot

ABSTRACT Professor Charcot had several pupils in his famous neurological service at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris, France. Among them, Édouard Brissaud was one of Charcot's favorite pupils, temporarily becoming his successor after Charcot's death. Brissaud's neurological contributions were significant, including the description of hemifacial spasm, "geste antagoniste" in dystonia, pseudobulbar affect, post-traumatic stress disorder, the Brissaud-Sicard syndrome, and Brissaud's sign. Additionally, Brissaud was the first to suggest that Parkinson's disease pathology could be related to the substantia nigra.

RESUMO Professor Charcot teve vários discípulos em seu famoso serviço de neurologia no hospital Salpêtrière, em Paris, França. Dentre eles, Édouard Brissaud foi um dos pupilos favoritos de Charcot. Após a morte de Charcot, em 1893, Brissaud foi o seu sucessor temporário. Suas contribuições neurológicas foram muito expressivas, incluindo a descrição do espasmo hemifacial, do "geste antagoniste", da paralisia pseudobulbar, do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático, a síndrome de Brissaud-Sicard, e também do sinal de Brissaud. Além disso, Brissaud, sugeriu pela primeira vez no mundo, que a patologia da doença de Parkinson poderia estar relacionada à substância negra.

Uso de toxina botulínica tipo A en pacientes con Espasmo Hemifacial en Cuba / Botulinum toxin A in hemifacial spasm in Cuba

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados terapéuticos de la aplicación de la toxina botulínica tipo A en pacientes con espasmo hemifacial atendidos en una consulta de Neurología de trastornos de movimiento en Cuba. Métodos: Se determinaron variables temporales: latencia, duración del efecto máximo y desaparición del efecto terapéutico de la toxina botulínica a 35 pacientes con espasmo hemifacial. Fueron evaluados el deterioro funcional, gravedad, frecuencia y efectos adversos. Resultados: Hubo predominio de mujeres (88,6%) con esta enfermedad. El tiempo de latencia más frecuente resultó ser 48 hs, la duración del efecto máximo hasta los 60 días y la desaparición del efecto terapéutico hasta 3 meses. El deterioro funcional mejoró entre la consulta inicial y los 15 meses de evolución, independientemente del tiempo de presentación de los síntomas y causa del espasmo hemifacial. También, la gravedad y frecuencia mejoraron. Las dosis de toxina botulinica aunmentó significativamente durante el seguimiento de los pacientes. Solo se observaron pacientes con debilidad muscular facial y ptosis parpebral. Conclusiones: Debido al favorable comportamiento de las variables temporales, la mejoría del deterioro funcional evolutivo, y los pocos efectos adversos observados se pudiera sugerir que las dosis de toxina botulínica en el tratamiento del espasmo hemifacial parecen ser eficaces y seguras.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate botulinum toxin A therapy in patients with hemifacial spasm attended in a Neurology Service in Cuba. Patients and methods: 35 patients with hemifacial spasm were treated with botulinum toxin A during 15 months. Some parameters of botulinum toxin were collected including doses, latency, maximum duration and total duration of improvement. Clinical data were determined, such as functional status, gravity, frequency and adverse events. Results: There was a high percentage of female with hemifacial spasm. Most patients showed a latency of 48 hs, maximum duration until 60 days and total duration of improvement of 3 months. Functional status decreased through time, independently of hemifacial spasm onset and its origin. Parameters related to functional status, as gravity and frequency also diminished significantly their categories. Botulinum toxin doses were statistically increased over this treatment, independently of any patient conditions. Only eight patients showed adverse events (facial muscle weakness and ptosis). Conclusions: Recovery of functional status, and low rate of adverse events observed during botulinum toxin treatment might suggest that this therapy seems to be effective and low-risk under our conditions.

Uso de la toxina botulínica en pacientes con alteraciones espásticas palpebrales / Use of botulinum toxin in patients with palpebral spastic alterations

Objetivo: evaluar los resultados terapéuticos de la aplicación de toxina botulínica A en pacientes con alteraciones espásticas palpebrales. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo en 18 pacientes con estas afecciones, seleccionados en la consulta de Oculoplastia del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer en el período comprendido entre enero y diciembre del año 2016. Se describió la muestra según la edad, el sexo, el color de la piel, los antecedentes patológicos personales, las afecciones palpebrales y las limitaciones en tareas de la vida diaria. Se evaluó en el posoperatorio el tiempo de desaparición de los síntomas, la duración del efecto de la inyección de toxina botulínica, las complicaciones inmediatas y las mediatas. Resultados: el 70,6 por ciento estuvo comprendido en el rango de edad mayor de 60 años, y el 52,9 por ciento fueron mujeres. La piel blanca constituyó el 58,8 por ciento de la muestra. La afección que se presentó con mayor frecuencia fue el blefaroespasmo (47,1 por ciento). Todos los pacientes presentaron limitaciones para realizar tareas de la vida diaria. El 100 por ciento presentó dolor en el sitio de la inyección. En el 94,1 por ciento de ellos hubo desaparición de los movimientos involuntarios entre el cuarto y el quinto día posterior a la aplicación de xeomeen y en el 88,2 por ciento demoró la reaparición de los síntomas entre cuatro y seis meses. Conclusiones: la toxina botulínica es efectiva en la corrección de las afecciones palpebrales espásticas con desaparición de los síntomas en un período de tiempo entre cuatro y cinco días, con una rápida incorporación del paciente a la vida laboral y social por cuatro a seis meses(AU)

Objective: to evaluate the therapeutic results of the application of toxin botulínica A in patients with palpebral spastic alterations. Methods: an observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was performed on 18 patients with these conditions, who were selected at the Oculoplasty Service of Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology in the period from January to December 2016. The analyzed variables were age, sex, race, personal pathological history, eyelid disorders and restricted daily life. In the postoperative period, length of time for symptom relief, duration of the effect of botulinum toxin injection, and immediate and mediate complications were assessed. Results: in the group, 70,6 percent were included in the over 60 y age group and 52,9 percent were women. Caucasians accounted for 58,8 percent of the sample. The most frequent condition was blepharospasm (47,1 percent). All patients had limitations to perform daily life tasks. In 94,1 percent of the patients, involuntary movements disappeared between the 4th and the 5th day after the administration of Xeomeen and in 88,2 percent, the symptoms delayed to appear again from 4 to 6 months. Conclusions: botulinum toxin A is an effective alternative to correct palpebral spastic conditions, with symptoms disappearing in four to five days, and quick reincorporation of the patient to working and social life for 4 to 6 months(AU)