Variación en contenido de minerales en frutos de variedades autóctonas de Chile (Capsicum annuum L), cultivadas en invernadero / Variation in minerals content in fruits of pepper (Capsicum annuum L) landraces, grown in greenhouse

Antecedentes: La malnutrición es un problema tanto en países desarrollados como en desarrollo, y en Latinoamérica, una opción viable es reconsiderar las dietas precolombinas tradicionales basadas en las especies endémicas. En Mesoamérica el chile o chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) desempeñó una función esencial, y perdura en la gastronomía mexicana. Objetivo: evaluar la variación entre y dentro de cinco morfotipos de chile (C. annuum L.) nativo de Oaxaca, México, en relación al contenido de minerales en fruto. Métodos: Una colección de 45 muestras poblacionales de chile, agrupadas en cinco morfotipos, nominados como chile de Agua, Tabiche, Piquín, Solterito y Nanche, fueron sembradas en invernadero bajo un diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. A la cosecha se obtuvo una muestra de 300 a 500 g de frutos por población, a partir de la que se obtuvieron cenizas solubilizadas en medio ácido, y la determinación de Cu, Fe, Mg, Zn, Na, K, y Ca se hizo por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica, y S y P se cuantificó mediante un espectrofotómetro UV-visible. Resultados: En el análisis de varianza se determinaron diferencias significativas (P < 0,05) entre y dentro de morfotipos de C. annuum para todos los macro y microelementos evaluados. Solterito sobresalió en ocho elementos minerales, le siguen Piquín y de Agua. En contenido de Fe sobresalieron Piquín y Solterito con 8,0 y 8,5 mg/100 g de pesos seco de muestra. Dentro de cada morfotipo sobresalen diferentes poblaciones: CAG03 y CAG10 en chile de Agua; CNA02 de Nanche; CPI02 y CPI09 de Piquín; CSO01, CSO02 y CSO03 de Solterito; y CTA02 y CTA05 del tipo Tabiche. Las diferencias entre morfotipos se confirmaron mediante un análisis discriminante múltiple y las distancias de Mahalanobis. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran diferencias entre y dentro de morfotipos de C. annuum, y los valores del contenido de minerales reportados muestran que, el chile es un alimento con alto valor nutricional porque 100 g de peso seco potencialmente pueden suplir las necesidad diarias de Cu, Mg, P, y una proporción importante de Fe, Zn y K, entre otros elementos.

Background: Malnutrition is a major health problem in developed and developing countries, and in Latino American, a viable option is reconsider the pre-Columbian and traditional diets based on endemic species. In Mesoamerica, the chilli or pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) played an important role, and its contribution remain until today in the Mexican gastronomy. Objective: the aim of the present work was to evaluate the variation among and within five morphotypes of pepper (C. annuum L.) native of Oaxaca, Mexico, in relation to minerals content in fruits. Methods: a collection of 45 population samples of chilli pepper, which were grouped in five morphotypes named as chile de Agua, Tabiche, Piquin, Solterito and Nanche, and later planted in greenhouse conditions under a complete blocks randomized design with three replications. At harvest time a fruit samples from 300 to 500 g per population were obtained, and later the samples were incinerated to obtain ashes, which were solubilized in acid medium. The determinations of Cu, Fe, Mg, Zn, Na, K, and Ca were done by atomic absorption spectrometry, and the S and P elements were quantified by an UV-vis spectrometer. Results: in the analysis of variance, significant differences (P < 0.05) were determined among and within morphotypes of C. annuum over all macro and trace elements. Solterito presented the highest values in eight mineral elements, after Piquin and chile de Agua were the second more important. In Fe content, Piquin and Solterito showed high values between 8.0 and 8.5 mg/100 g of dry sample weight. Into each morphotype, the outstanding populations were: CAG03 and CAG10 from chile de Agua; CNA02 of Nanche; CPI02 and CPI09 of Piquin type; CSO01, CSO02 and CSO03 from Solterito; and CTA02 and CTA05 from Tabiche type. The differences among morphotypes were confirmed in the multiple discriminant analysis and the Mahalanobis' distances. Conclusions: The results showed differences among and within morfotypes of C. annuum, and the minerals content reported indicate that, the chilli pepper is a food with high nutritional values. In fact 100 g of dry weight, potentially can supply the dairy needs of Cu, Mg, P and an important proportion of the needs of Fe, Zn and K, among other nutritional elements.

Bioacumulación de níquel en encía, saliva y hueso alveolar de paciente con aparatología ortodóncica fija: reporte de un caso / Bioaccumulation of nickel in gingiva, saliva and alveolar bone in a patient with a fixed orthodontic appliance: a case report

Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 28 años, con tratamiento ortodóncico activo, que acudió a consulta odontológica por motivos estéticos. Luego del examen intraoral se le diagnosticó agrandamiento gingival y exostosis maxilar. El plan de tratamiento consistió en cirugía estética periodontal y exéresis de la exostosis. Durante el tratamiento quirúrgico se tomaron muestras de encía, saliva y hueso alveolar, previo consentimiento informado. Una vez procesadas las muestras se midieron las concentraciones de níquel en ng/ml mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica; el promedio de dichas concentraciones en cada una de las muestras fueron: 986,4 ng/ml en saliva, 779,5 ng/ml en hueso y 620,5 ng/ml para el caso de la encía. La acumulación de níquel evidenciada en cada una de las muestras resulta de especial interés, pues la exposición a metales contenidos en la aparatología ortodóncica constituye actualmente un importante tema de investigación.

A case is reported of a 28-year-old female patient, with active orthodontic treatment, who was treated in the dental practice for aesthetic reasons. The diagnosis was gingival overgrowth, induced by orthodontic treatment, and maxillary exostosis. The treatment consisted of periodontal cosmetic surgery and removing the exostosis. During surgery, samples of gingiva, saliva and alveolar bone were obtained. Before take the samples, the patient signed an informed consent. Nickel concentrations in ng/mL were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean nickel concentration in the samples were: 986.4 ng/ml in saliva, 779.5 ng/ml in alveolar bone, and 620.5 ng/ml in the case of gingiva. The high accumulation of nickel observed in each sample type is of particular interest because exposure to metals contained in orthodontic appliances is currently an important public health problem in dentistry.

Níquel en cavidad oral de individuos con agrandamiento gingival inducido por tratamiento ortodóncico / Nickel in oral cavity of individuals with gingival overgrowth induced by orthodontic treatment

El agrandamiento gingival es una de las alteraciones orales generadas por el uso de aparatología ortodóncica fija. Inicialmente fue descrito como producto de la respuesta alérgica del huésped al níquel, y estudios recientes demostraron que este metal induce proliferación fibroblástica. Sin embargo, se desconoce el grado de bioacumulación de este metal en la cavidad oral. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en cuantificar la concentración de níquel en muestras de saliva, placa dental y encía de individuos con aparatología ortodóncica fija con y sin agrandamiento gingival. El tamaño de la muestra se estableció según tendencia histórica, evaluando un total de 24 individuos con tratamiento ortodóncico activo, los cuales fueron clasificados en 2 grupos: 12 con agrandamiento gingival (grupo A) y 12 sin agrandamiento gingival (grupo B). De cada participante se obtuvieron muestras de: encía, saliva estimulada y placa dental. Una vez procesadas las muestras se midieron las concentraciones de níquel en mg/l, mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica (Thermo Scientific. Atomic absorption spectrometer iCE 3000, Reino Unido). El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante el software SPSS v20. Al comparar los niveles de níquel en muestras de saliva estimulada, placa dental y encía entre los individuos con y sin agrandamiento gingival, se observaron niveles significativamente mayores de níquel en las muestras de encía del grupo A (medias = 0,61 mg/l vs 0,36 mg/l; p = 0,001). Sin embargo, no se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa al comparar las concentraciones de Ni en saliva entre el grupo A y B (medias = 0,502 mg/l vs 0,473 mg/l; p = 0,178, respectivamente). A partir de estos resultados se concluye que el uso de aparatología ortodóncica fija conlleva distintos niveles de bioacumulación de iones níquel en la encía al comparar ambos grupos. Es probable que altas concentraciones de este metal estén relacionadas con la etiología del agrandamiento gingival, por lo que se requieren nuevos estudios para establecer causalidad.

Gingival overgrowth is an oral condition generated by the use of fixed orthodontic appliances. It was initially described as a product of the allergic response of the host to Nickel, and recent studies showed that this metal induces fibroblast proliferation. However, the degree of bioaccumulation of this metal in the oral cavity is unknown. The aim of this study was to quantify the concentrations of nickel in samples of saliva, dental plaque, and gingiva of individuals with fixed orthodontic appliances with and without gingival overgrowth. The sample size was established according to historical trends, evaluating 24 individuals with active orthodontic treatment, which were classified in two groups: 12 with gingival overgrowth (Group A) and 12 without gingival overgrowth (Group B). Samples of gingival, stimulated saliva and dental plaque were obtained from each participant. Once the sample were processed, nickel concentrations were measured in [mg/L] by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Thermo Scientific. Atomic absorption spectrometer iCE 3000, UK). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v20. The levels of Nickel in samples of stimulated saliva, dental plaque and gingiva were compared between individuals in group A and group B. There were significantly higher levels of nickel in gingiva samples in group A (mean = 0.61 mg/L vs. 0.36 mg/L, P = .001). However, no statistical difference was observed when comparing the concentrations of nickel in saliva between groups A and B (mean = 0.502 mg/L vs. 0.473 mg/L, P = .178, respectively). The use of fixed orthodontic appliances leads to different levels of bioaccumulation of nickel in gingiva when comparing both groups. High concentrations of this metal are probably associated with the origin of gingival overgrowth. Further studies are required to establish causation.

Poluição do ar em Salvador, Bahia: uma abordagem para a tomada de decisão baseada em análise de riscos / Air pollution in Salvador, Bahia: air pollution in Salvador, Bahia: an approach based on risk analysis for decision making

Bases científicas para o entendimento dos efeitos da poluição atmosférica sobre a saúde humana são ainda necessárias em todo o mundo, considerando que os dados locais devem ser utilizados como parâmetro para tomada de decisão e controle da poluição do ar. Países em desenvolvimento carecem de tecnologia para detecção e mensuração dos níveis de poluição do ar, o que dificulta a atualização de legislação sobre padrões da qualidade do ar para o controle das fontes emissoras. Diversas abordagens metodológicas tem sido sugeridas por agências internacionais, no entanto para o contexto local faz-se necessário adaptações que resulte em métodos replicáveis pelas agências brasileiras. No Brasil, o Ministério da Saúde, através da Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental, estimula o desenvolvimento de metodologias que possam viabilizar a implementação do programa de vigilância em saúde relacionada à qualidade do ar. O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar a metodologia de análise de riscos para avaliar a qualidade do ar na cidade de Salvador e o impacto sobre a saúde, na perspectiva de implantação de ações da Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental. Este estudo se caracteriza como ciência no contexto da ação. Foram realizados dois estudos para aplicação da metodologia proposta. No primeiro estudo, em fase de identificação do perigo, os poluentes foram caracterizados em termos de sua composição química, utilizando a técnica de biomonitoramento como ferramenta alternativa para acessar as partículas presentes na atmosfera urbana. Para a detecção de metais no material particulado foram utilizadas técnicas analíticas de espectrofotometria de absorção atômica e para a análise morfológica destas partículas foram utilizadas técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de varredura convencional e micro análises de raios-x. A composição química do material particulado foi estudada para entendimento das emissões locais. No segundo estudo, além da identificação do contaminante e caracterização do risco foi também...

Scientific bases for understanding the effects of atmospheric pollution on human health are still necessary in all parts of the world, considering that local data should be used as a parameter for decision-making and the control of air pollution. Developing countries lack the technology to detect and measure levels of air pollution, making it difficult to update legislation on air quality standards for the control of emission sources. Several methodological approaches have been suggested by international agencies, however for the local context it is necessary to make adjustments that will result in replicable methods across Brazilian agencies. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health, through the Environmental Health Surveillance, stimulates the development of methodologies that can facilitate the implementation of a health surveillance program related to air quality. The objective of this study was to apply risk analysis methods to evaluate the air quality of the city of Salvador and its impact on health, from the perspective of the Environmental Health Surveillance's regulatory actions. This study is characterized by science and decision. Two studies were conducted that applied the proposed methods. In the first study, during the hazard identification phase, pollutants were characterized in terms of their chemical composition using a biomonitoring technique as an alternative tool to access the particles present in the urban atmosphere. The analytic techniques of atomic absorption spectrophotometry were used for the detection of metals in the particulate matter, and for the morphologic analysis of these particles, conventional scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis techniques were used. The chemical composition of the particulate matter was then studied to understand local emissions. In the second study, in addition to contaminant identification and risk characterization, human health exposure was also evaluated. Risk communication strategies were use...

Cádmio no leite materno: concentração e relação com o estilo de vida da puérpera / Cadmium in human milk: concentration and relation with the lifestyle of women in the puerperium period

OBJETIVO: relacionar a concentração de cádmio do colostro materno com o estilo de vida das puérperas. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal, realizado em Goiânia, Goiás (região Centro-Oeste do Brasil). Participaram da pesquisa 80 mulheres, de acordo com critérios de inclusão, entrevistadas sobre características socioeconômicas e estilo de vida. Elas responderam a um questionário de frequência de consumo alimentar (QFCA). As amostras de colostro coletadas foram analisadas por espectrometria de absorção atômica por chama para quantificar os níveis de cádmio. Na análise estatística, além de medidas de tendência central, foram realizados os testes de Mann-Whitney e de Kruskal-Wallis, correlação e regressão. RESULTADOS: a média da concentração de cádmio foi de 2,3 μg/L, e a mediana de 0,9 μg/L. Variáveis como idade e paridade resultaram em correlação positiva não significativa com os níveis de cádmio no colostro. O hábito de fumar não se relacionou significativamente com o cádmio. CONCLUSÕES: a alimentação da puérpera influencia o nível de cádmio do colostro, especialmente o originado de alimentos vegetais, como cereais.

PURPOSE: to relate the cadmium concentration of colostrum with the lifestyle of women in the puerperium period. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was conducted in Goiânia, Goiás (Mid-western Region of Brazil). Eighty women, according to inclusion criteria, were interviewed about their socioeconomic characteristics and lifestyle. They answered a questionnaire about food frequency consumption (FFQ). The colostrum samples collected were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry to quantify cadmium levels. For statistical analysis, central tendency measures were obtained, and the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed, as well as correlation and regression tests. RESULTS: the average cadmium concentration was 2.3 µg/L and the median was 0.9 µg/L. Variables such as age and parity showed a nonsignificant positive correlation with cadmium. Smoking habit was not significantly associated with cadmium. CONCLUSIONS: postpartum food intake influences the level of cadmium in colostrum, especially vegetables such as cereals.

Coleta de amostras e métodos analíticos para determinaçãode chumbo / Collection of samples and analytical methods for lead determination

Chumbo é, frequentemente, usado como um indicador de poluição. Uma vez liberado no meio ambiente, este poluente pode seguir diferentes rotas, podendo ser convertido em espécies mais solúveis, tornado-se biodisponível. Neste artigo é apresentado de forma sucinta chumbo como poluente urbano, procedimentos de amostragem (coleta de amostras), transporte, armazenamento e preservação de amostras de interesse ambiental (solos e águas) e amostras clínicas (sangue e urina). A importância e classificação das Salas Limpas, assim como as principais técnicas analíticas para a determinação de chumbo - AAS, ICP OES e ICP-MS - também são abordadas.

The metal lead has frequently used as a sensitive pollution indicator. Once released in the environment, this pollutant can follow different ways, being converted in highly soluble species, became bioavailable. In this paper is presented in a succinct form, lead as urban pollutant, sampling procedures (collection of samples), transport, storage and preservation of environmental (soils and waters) and clinical (bloodand urine) samples. The importance and classification of clean rooms, as well as the main analytical techniques for lead determination - AAS, ICP-OES and ICP-MS - are broached too.