ABSTRACT
La aparición de una enfermedad crónica, como la diabetes mellitus (DM), pone a prueba la respuesta del universo físico y psíquico de un individuo. Como objetivo general, se propone evaluar el estado emocional de las personas con DM en la consulta ambulatoria. Como objetivo particular, detectar y monitorear las necesidades psicológicas que deben formar parte integral del cuidado de la DM mediante el uso de métodos validados. El cuestionario WHO-5 se incluye como índice de bienestar general, el PAID-5 revela la existencia de una posible angustia emocional vinculada a la enfermedad, y el PHQ- 9 como índice de depresión. Ante esta situación, el Comité de Aspectos Psicosociales recomienda explorar estos aspectos para optimizar el control y el tratamiento de la enfermedad, proponiendo estas herramientas para que el equipo de salud las emplee en la detección y el reconocimiento del estado emocional de las personas con DM
Occurrence of a chronic disease, such as diabetes, prove the response of the physical and psychic universe of individuals. As a general objective, is proposed to evaluate emotional state of people with diabetes in the outpatient clinic. As principal objective, detection and monitoring the psychological needs should be a main part of diabetes care, using validated tools to evaluate this aspect. WHO-5 questionnaire is included as an index of general well-being, PAID-5, reveals the existence of a possible emotional distress linked to disease, and PHQ-9 is used as an index of depression. At this situation, the Committee on Psycho-Social Aspects recommends explore these psychological aspects, as a way to optimize the control and treatment of disease, and propose the cited tools, to be used by the health team, in detection and recognition of emotional state in people with diabetes.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , Psychology , Depression , Psychological DistressABSTRACT
La insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) provoca cambios bruscos en la vida del individuo, como el desarrollo de trastornos emocionales que pueden conllevar a cuadros de ansiedad, depresión y estrés; afectando su estado emocional. Objetivo: Validar los instrumentos para analizar la influencia de la hemodiálisis en el estado emocional. Materiales y métodos: La investigación fue de diseño transversal con análisis descriptivo no experimental, modalidad cuali-cuantitativo. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron diseñados y validados por juicio de expertos y analizados estadísticamente con alfa de Cronbach, se empleó una prueba piloto compuesta por 15 personas con insuficiencia renal crónica para la validación de los instrumentos. Resultados: El instrumento cuantitativo presentó un coeficiente de fiabilidad de 0.75 en alfa de Cronbach y el instrumento cualitativo de acuerdo a la rúbrica de los expertos obtuvo un promedio de confiabilidad de 96; por lo que los instrumentos son aprobados y pueden aplicarse con resultados confiables. Conclusión: Los instrumentos tienen una validez, pertinencia y coherencia, adecuados para trabajar en la recolección de datos para determinar el estado emocional de los pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis. El estudio estableció las asociaciones entre las variables de acuerdo a las etapas de la enfermedad será la predisposición a trastornos del estado de ánimo. Los resultados obtenidos validan la utilidad científica y la efectividad de los instrumentos diseñado(AU)
Chronic renal failure (CRF) causes sudden changes in the individual's life, such as the development of emotional disorders that can lead to anxiety, depression and stress; affecting your emotional state. Objective: To validate the instruments to analyze the influence of hemodialysis on the emotional state. Materials and methods: The research was of a cross-sectional design with non-experimental descriptive analysis, qualitative-quantitative modality. The instruments used were designed and validated by expert judgment and statistically analyzed with Cronbach's alpha. A pilot test consisting of 15 people with chronic renal failure was used to validate the instruments. Results: The quantitative instrument presented a reliability coefficient of 0.75 in Cronbach's alpha and the qualitative instrument, according to the experts' rubric, obtained a reliability average of 96; so the instruments are approved and can be applied with reliable results. Conclusion: The instruments have validity, relevance and coherence, adequate to work on data collection to determine the emotional state of patients undergoing hemodialysis. The study established the associations between the variables according to the stages of the disease will be the predisposition to mood disorders. The results obtained validate the scientific usefulness and effectiveness of the instruments designed(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Anxiety , Nursing Diagnosis , Affective Symptoms , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic , Mood Disorders , Kidney DiseasesABSTRACT
Rojas-Ilama, V., Castro-Ramírez, M.L., Víquez-Arce, R., Jiménez-Díaz. y Montero-Herrera, B. (2022). Efecto del HIIT en el estado anímico en personas con sobrepeso en un entrenamiento virtual y presencial. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-17. El principal objetivo fue comparar los efectos de una sesión HIIT de 35 minutos, en modalidad virtual y presencial, en los estados anímicos y en el esfuerzo percibido en personas con sobrepeso. Se reclutaron un total de 13 personas (5 hombres y 8 mujeres) con una edad promedio de 37.85 ± 13.20 años (rango entre 17 y 60 años) los cuales fueron asignados a cada una de las tres condiciones de manera aleatoria (control, entrenamiento presencial y entrenamiento virtual). Previo a, e inmediatamente después de cada una de las intervenciones, se aplicó el test POMS para medir los estados anímicos. En lo que respecta al esfuerzo percibido (EP), su medición se llevó a cabo finalizado cada uno de los ejercicios HIIT (no se evaluó durante el calentamiento y el retorno a la calma). Al aplicar un ANOVA de 2 vías de medidas repetidas (condición (3) x medición (2)), se encontró que tanto la tensión como el vigor después de haber aplicado el tratamiento presencial presentaron un aumento significativo; además, la tensión aumentó en la sesión virtual. Por su parte, los valores de EP reportados en las mediciones de las sesiones presencial y virtuales estuvieron por encima de lo sugerido en la literatura. En conclusión, una sesión de HIIT para personas con sobrepeso de manera presencial o virtual presenta resultados similares en los estados de ánimo, excepto el vigor, el cual incrementa solo en la condición presencial; las otras variables mostraron un comportamiento similar.
Rojas-Ilama, V., Castro-Ramírez, M.L., Víquez-Arce, R., Jiménez-Díaz. & Montero-Herrera, B. (2022). Effects of HIIT on the mood of overweight people in virtual and face-to-face training. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-17. The main objective was to compare the effects of 35-minute HIIT session, in both virtual and face-to- face modes, on the mood and the perceived effort of overweight people. A total 13 people (5 men and 8 women) were recruited, in an average age of 37.85 ± 13.20 years (17-60 year range), who were randomly assigned to each of the three conditions (control, face-to-face training, virtual training). Prior to and immediately after each of the interventions, the POMS test was applied in order to measure mood. The measuring of perceived effort (PE) was carried out at the end of each of the HIIT exercises (it was not assessed during warm-up or return to calm). When a 2-way repeated-measure ANOVA was applied (condition (3) x measurement (2)), it was found that both stress and vigor after applying face-to-face treatment showed a significant increase. In addition, stress increased in the virtual session. For their part, the PE values reported in the measurements of the face-to-face and virtual sessions were above those suggested in the literature. In conclusion, a HIIT session for overweight people, whether face-to-face or virtual, shows similar results in their moods, except for vigor, which only increases in the face-to-face situation. The other variables showed a similar behavior.
Rojas-Ilama, V., Castro-Ramírez, M.L., Víquez-Arce, R., Jiménez-Díaz. e Montero-Herrera, B. (2022). Efeito do HIIT no estado anímico de pessoas com sobrepeso em um treinamento virtual e presencial. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(1), 1-17. O principal objetivo foi comparar os efeitos de uma sessão de HIIT de 35 minutos, em modalidades virtual e presencial, nos estados anímicos e no esforço percebido de pessoas com sobrepeso. Foram recrutadas um total de 13 pessoas (5 homens e 8 mulheres) com idade média de 37,85 ± 13,20 anos (faixa etária entre 17 e 60 anos) que foram designados a cada uma das três condições de maneira aleatória (controle, treinamento presencial e treinamento virtual). Antes e imediatamente depois de cada uma das intervenções, foi aplicado o teste POMS para medir os estados anímicos. Com relação ao esforço percebido (EP), a medição foi feita ao finalizar cada um dos exercícios HIIT (não foi avaliado durante o aquecimento e a volta à calma). Ao aplicar um ANOVA de 2 vias de medidas repetidas (condição (3) x medição (2)), observou-se que tanto a tensão quanto o vigor depois da aplicação do tratamento presencial aumentaram de maneira significativa; além disso, a tensão aumentou na sessão virtual. Por outro lado, os valores de EP relatados nas medições das sessões presenciais e virtuais estiveram acima do sugerido na literatura. Como conclusão, uma sessão de HIIT para pessoas com sobrepeso, seja presencial ou virtual, apresenta resultados semelhantes nos estados de ânimo, exceto o vigor, que aumento somente na condição presencial; as outras variáveis mostraram um comportamento semelhante.
ABSTRACT
Resumen La aparición de una enfermedad crónica, como la diabetes mellitus (DM), pone a prueba la respuesta del universo físico y psíquico de un individuo. Como objetivo general, se propone evaluar el estado emocional de las personas con DM en la consulta ambulatoria. Como objetivo particular, detectar y monitorear las necesidades psicológicas que deben formar parte integral del cuidado de la DM mediante el uso de métodos validados. El cuestionario WHO-5 se incluye como índice de bienestar general, el PAID-5 revela la existencia de una posible angustia emocional vinculada a la enfermedad, y el PHQ-9 como índice de depresión. Ante esta situación, el Comité de Aspectos Psicosociales recomienda explorar estos aspectos para optimizar el control y el tratamiento de la enfermedad, proponiendo estas herramientas para que el equipo de salud las emplee en la detección y el reconocimiento del estado emocional de las personas con DM.
Abstract Occurrence of a chronic disease, such as diabetes, prove the response of the physical and psychic universe of individuals. As a general objective, is proposed to evaluate emotional state of people with diabetes in the outpatient clinic. As principal objective, detection and monitoring the psychological needs should be a main part of diabetes care, using validated tools to evaluate this aspect. WHO-5 questionnaire is included as an index of general well-being, PAID-5, reveals the existence of a possible emotional distress linked to disease, and PHQ-9 is used as an index of depression.
ABSTRACT
Introducción:La hemodiálisis es el método más común para tratar la insuficiencia renal avanzada y permanente. La afectación está determinada por los cambios asociados a la enfermedad, pero se ve influida por múltiples factores, entre los que destaca la respuesta emocional, por su evidencia e implicación en el estilo de vida, las relaciones personales y el afrontamiento.Objetivo:Elaborar una estrategia de intervención de Enfermería para el mejoramiento del estado emocional de los pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis.Métodos:Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, explicativo, en un universo de 60 pacientes atendidos en el servicio de Hemodiálisis del Hospital General Ambato, las técnicas empleadas para la recolección de los datos fueron la encuestas y análisis documental siendo procesados en el programa SPSS.Resultados:Predominóen la investigación que el 66.7% no recibe información por parte del personal de enfermería sobre el proceso que está atravesando. También el 86.7% determinaron que la actuación de la familia en todos los procesos crónicos del paciente es fundamental, ya que éste presenta cambios, convirtiéndose así en un eje para la adaptación de su proceso y tratamiento. Se propusieron acciones estratégicas a cumplir por el personal de enfermería.Conclusiones:Los resultados de la investigación demostraron que las acciones del personal de enfermería fueron un factor determinante en el estado emocional del paciente hemodializado, de igual manera las relaciones familiares y de pareja. Se elaboró una estrategia de intervención de enfermería para mejorar el estado emocional de los pacientes hemodializados en el Hospital General Ambato
Introduction:Hemodialysis is the most common method to treat advanced and permanent renal failure. Affectation is determined by the changes associated with the disease, but it is influenced by multiple factors, among which the emotional response stands out, due to its evidence and involvement in lifestyle, personal relationships and coping.Objective:To develop a nursing intervention strategy to improve the emotional state of patients undergoing hemodialysis. Methods:A descriptive, explanatory study was carried out in a universe of 60 patients treated in the Hemodialysis service of the Ambato General Hospital. The techniques used to collect the data were the surveys and documentary analysis being processed in the SPSS program.Results:I predominate in the research that 66.7% does not receive information from the nursing staff about the process that is going on. Also, 86.7% determined that the action of the family in all the chronic processes of the patient is fundamental, since it presents changes, thus becoming an axis for the adaptation of its process and treatment. Strategic actions were proposed to be fulfilled by the nursing staff.Conclusions:The results of the investigation showed that the actions of the nursing staff were a determining factor in the emotional state of the hemodialysis patient, as well as the family and couple relationships. A nursing intervention strategy was developed to improve the emotional state of hemodialysis patients in the Ambato General HospitaL
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Mental Health , Nursing , Pain Management , Psychology, Applied , Disease ManagementABSTRACT
Se describe la crisis de salud pública más impactante en la actualidad, donde se han generado medidas paliativas originadas en organismos internacionales, y se ha establecido la necesidad de que las ciencias sociales analicen el efecto de la pandemia en la salud mental. Para este fin, proponemos priorizar el análisis de las formas más efectivas de abordar el estado emocional y de proyectar una propuesta general para enfrentar situaciones similares en el futuro en el contexto del país.
The most shocking public health crisis today is described, where palliative measures originated in international organizations have been generated, and the need for the social sciences to analyze the specific impact of the pandemic on mental health has been established. To this end, we propose to prioritize the analysis of the most effective ways to address the affective state, and to project a general proposal to face similar situations in the future in the context of the country.
Sumario É descrevida a crise de saúde pública mais chocante da atualidade, onde medidas paliativas originadas em organizações internacionais foram geradas, assim como foi estabelecida a necessidade que as ciências sociais analisem o impacto específico da pandemía na saúde mental. Para esse efeito, é proposto priorizar a análise das formas mais eficazes de enfrentar o estado afetivo e projetar uma proposta geral para enfrentar no futuro situações semelhantes no contexto do país.
ABSTRACT
O suicídio de um ente querido pode desencadear nas pessoas diversas reações. No presente artigo apresentam-se as especificidades para diferenciar o processo de luto após o suicídio dos demais lutos, causados por outros tipos de morte. O artigo tem o objetivo de refletir sobre o processo de luto pelo suicídio por meio da compreensão do luto de nove filhos de pessoas que consumaram o suicídio. Foram extraídas 14 unidades de significados a partir do método fenomenológico e compreendidas pela perspectiva da abordagem da Gestalt-terapia. Os depoimentos dos colaboradores, apontam que, ao enfrentar a morte, o filho pode experienciar o sofrimento com sentimentos de culpa, raiva, sensações de desamparo, abandono, rejeição, solidão, além da fragmentação de tudo o que era conhecido.
The suicide of a loved one can trigger different reactions in people. In the current article which intends to be a research report, the specificities are presented to differentiate the grieving process after a suicide of others grief, caused by other types of death. The article has a purpose of reflecting the process of grieving through the understanding of the nine children - sons and daughters of parents of people who consummated suicide. The results of the research from 14 units of meaning were extracted according to the phenomenological method and understood by the perspective of Gestalt therapy approach, this article has the purpose of reflection about the grieving process of suicide, show that when facing death, the child may live experience whose suffering causes guilt, anger, feelings of helplessness, abandonment, rejection, loneliness and fragmentation of all that was known.
El suicidio de un ser querido puede provocar en las personas diferentes reacciones. En este artículo, que pretende ser un informe de investigación, se presentan las especificidades para diferenciar el proceso de duelo tras el suicidio de los seres queridos, causado por otros tipos de muerte. En este artículo, pretende ser un informe de investigación, se presentan el proceso de duelo tras el suicidio por medio de la comprensión del luto de nueve hijos de personas que consumaron el suicidio. Los resultados de la investigación, muestran 14 unidades de significado fueron extraídos según el método fenomenológico y entendidos desde la perspectiva del enfoque de la terapia Gestalt, cuando se enfrenta a la muerte, el niño puede tener - vivir experiencias cuyo sufrimiento provoca culpa, ira, sentimiento de desamparo, abandono, rechazo, soledad y la fragmentación de todo lo conocido.
Subject(s)
Humans , Bereavement , Gestalt Therapy , Suicide , EmotionsABSTRACT
Se realizó una investigación prospectiva de 27 ancianos que acudían diariamente a la Casa de Abuelos del municipio de San Luis en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, los cuales intervinieron entusiastamente en ejercicios físicos, charlas educativas y técnicas grupales participativas; actividades desarrolladas para calibrar la influencia de estas sobre la salud de los senescentes, así como también para determinar su estado emocional. Entre las variables predominantes en los integrantes de la casuística figuraron: edades entre 75 _ 79 años, sexo masculino, padecimiento de artrosis, ánimo de tristes a alegres y compensación de los procesos morbosos al final del estudio
A prospective research of 27 elderly that attended the Municipal San Luis grandparents' house daily in Santiago de Cuba was carried out, who underwent with enthusiasm physical exercising, educative chats and participative group techniques, activities developed to measure their influences on health status of the aged, as well as to determine their emotional status. Among the predominant variables in the case material figured: ages between 75-79 years old, male sex, history of arthritis, changes of mood from sadness to happiness and compensation of the morbid processes at the end of study
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Affect , Aging/psychology , Health of Institutionalized Elderly , Health of the Elderly , Homes for the Aged , Communication , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
Summary: The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a type of sleep disorder that has called the attention of many researchers because of its widespread distribution among middle-aged subjects. The OSAS is a respiratory problem characterized by the existence of apneas, defined as 10 second minimum intervals during which no aerial flux exchange takes place through the upper airways and the hypopneas not characterized by an arrest, but by a reduction of aerial flux through the upper airways. The most widespread index used in the diagnosis of the OSAS severity has been the apnea/hypopnea index (AHI). There is little consensus based on the apnea/hypopnea index regarding the clinical definition of the sleep apnea syndrome, as there is not a single criterion for the categorization of sleep apnea patients into severity levels. Nowadays, it is estimated that about 70% of the patients referred to sleep laboratories suffer from snoring, and it is suspected that they might also suffer from sleep apnea. Obstructive sleep apnea patients may suffer from memory and cognitive problems, excessive daytime sleepiness, as well as mood disturbance, among other symptoms. Additionally, this disorder has severe medical and social consequences. One of the most characteristic symptoms in sleep apnea is snoring. Although snoring is one of the symptoms of sleep apnea, it should be remembered it is a typical phenomenon among population in general. There is a primary kind of snoring, the most frequent type in less severe cases, which even occurs among the normal population. In this case, the noise accompanying inspiration is made with almost every breath. Secondly, there is another kind of snoring that is either intermittent or cyclic, and snoring does not come with every breath but silent periods are also frequent. The latter indicates apnea. A considerable number of epidemiological studies regarding snoring have been produced of late. Several of them have concluded that snoring may have severe clinical consequences. Most patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea start having simple snores. In the last decade there has been a marked increase of patients who manifest respiratory disorders related to sleep who do not fall into the category of apnea patients. Nevertheless, the morbidity of these clinical disorders is not yet known, a circumstance that makes treatment more difficult. Only a reduced number of studies have tried to find out whether snorers show any kind of symptoms that could be used as a preventive measure against the development of sleep apnea. For all the previous reasons, the aim of this study is to assess whether there are any differences in daytime sleepiness, reaction time, short-term memory, depression, trait anxiety, state anxiety and neuroticism between a group of patients with obstructive sleep apnea and a group of snoring individuals who had not been diagnosed as suffering from OSAS. Material and method: The sample was made up of 11 snorers (two women and nine men), in an age range between 29 and 58 (X= 43.82 and SD= 8.67), and 14 patients with OSAS (two women and 12 men), in the age range between 30 and 65 (X= 49.64 and SD= 10.67), who were selected from a clinical population. The AHI used for establishing an OSAS diagnostic was of 10 apneas/hypopneas per sleeping hour. The patients were diagnosed to be snorers if they showed an apnea/hypopnea index <10. The following instruments were used in the evaluation of snoring subjects and obstructive sleep apnea patients: 1. Cardio-respiratory polygraph of every hour of sleep for each one of the patients. The procedure consists in night-time monitoring of the following parameters: a) electrocardiogram; b) respiratory movements (expansion and relaxation of the thorax and abdomen), which evaluate the respiratory force; c) oronasal flow and d) oxygen saturation. The snoring was measured through a tracheal microphone. 2. To measure the subjective daytime sleepiness, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale was used. 3. A BASIC software program was used to measure the simple perceptual reaction times in milliseconds. 4. The digits test of WAIS was used in straight and inverse order to evaluate the capacity of short term memory. 5. To evaluate the depressive symptoms, the Beck's Depression Inventory was employed. 6. The State/Trait Anxiety Inventory was used as a measurement of the state and trait anxiety levels. 7. As an index of neuroticism levels, the Eysenck Personality Inventory was used. Subjects under clinical risk of an OSAS diagnosis were referred to a sleep unit by primary care physicians. Respiratory pathologies other than OSAS were ruled out before the subjects' inclusion. Among these were, in particular, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. All the patients underwent a medical examination and a medical interview in which a detailed clinical history of each patient was compiled. Once the medical examination was over, each patient was given an appointment to sleep one night in hospital. Subsequently, cardio-respiratory poligraphy, registering height hours of sleep, was administered to each patient with the objective to establish a diagnosis. The morning after, a manual analysis was made of the following parameters which indicate the presence or absence of the disturbance and its severity: total number of nocturnal obstructive apneas, total number of hypopneas, value of saturation during the night, mean and minimum levels of SaO2% and apnea/hypopnea index. Afterwards, the sleep apnea diagnosis was established for those patients who showed an apnea/hypopnea index higher than 10. Snoring subjects with a lesser apnea/hypopnea index than 10 did not fit into the pathology of sleep apnea. Obstructive apneas were defined as the arrest of air flux during sleep along with the occurrence of respiratory movements lasting more than 10 seconds. Hypopnea was defined as an episode during which the partial obstruction of the upper airways produced a significant reduction of the air flux. The following morning, the psychological variables were evaluated (daytime sleepiness, short-term memory, reaction time, depression, neuroticism, state and trait anxiety). This process was carried out in the same place and under the same conditions for every subject. The tests were completed between 8:30 and 11:30 in the morning. Additionally, an exclusion criterion was established as the suffering from any psychiatric illness past or present in any way that could influence the psychological functioning of the patient. As a method of analysis of the results, a non-parametric analysis technique was used: the U Mann-Whitney test. All statistical analyses were made with the statistics package SPSS, 8.0, Spanish version. Results: Results from this study show that there are statistically significant differences between daytime sleepiness (p<0.05) and depressive symptoms (p<0.01) between both groups of subjects, whereas no statistically significant differences were found in terms of short term memory, reaction time, state anxiety levels, trait anxiety and neuroticism. Conclusions: The analysis of the results obtained reveals that the levels of daytime sleepiness are much higher in patients with OSAS than those in the snoring group. Some studies note that the fragmentation of sleep is responsible for excessive sleepiness during the day. Nevertheless, in this study we observed greater levels of obesity in patients with OSAS than in snoring patients, which could also explain the greater levels of sleepiness. In relation to the depression variable, the average scores show that depression levels are higher in apnea patients than in the snoring group. One of the possible explanations of this result is that the majority of apnea patients, due to the severity of the pathology, consequently present higher deficits in their daily social functioning, etc. Probably, the conditions previously described tend to influence an increase of depression levels.
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ABSTRACT
Relações entre emoções e saúde de alunos com e sem dificuldade de aprendizagem foram analisadas por indicadores de ansiedade, depressão, stress, doenças físicas, queixas somáticas, faltas escolares, peso e altura. Responderam ao Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado para Criança e à Escala de Stress Infantil 60 alunos (8-14 anos) da 3ª e 4ª série, divididos em G1 (desempenho inferior no Teste de Desempenho Escolar) e G2 (desempenho superior no Teste de Desempenho Escolar). A Escala de Sintomatologia Depressiva para Mestres e o questionário sobre doenças e queixas somáticas dos alunos foram respondidos por 6 professoras. Não houve diferenças significativas entre dados das escalas, mas naqueles obtidos com as professoras, identificando-se 23,3 da amostra com indicações de risco para problemas emocionais e de saúde. Formaram-se dois subgrupos - G1a e G2a - com 14 alunos, entrevistados individualmente sobre o estado de saúde e a escola, dados esses submetidos à análise funcional, identificando-se eventos do contexto escolar e familiar que dificultam o desempenho acadêmico.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Emotions , Learning Disabilities , StudentsABSTRACT
O estudo objetivou conhecer os efeitos do Treinamento de Problema aplicado em grupo, sobre as estratégias de enfrentamento, o estado de ansiedade, o nível de depressão, o bem-estar psicológico e a pressão arterial de mulheres hipertensas, em relação àquelas em atendimento individual para verificação da pressão arterial. A amostra constituiu-se de 37 pacientes no grupo experimental (GE) e 41 no grupo controle (GC). A coleta de dados compreendeu nove semanas. No que diz respeito ao procedimento usado, na primeira semana do estudo (pré-intervenção), os dois grupos (GE e GC) tiveram uma entrevista inicial e, na segunda semana, as pacientes responderam aos seguintes inventários: Ansiedade Traço-Estado de Spilberger, Depressão de Beck, Bem-estar Psicológico de Goldberg e Estratégias de Enfrentamento de Folkman e Lazarus. Da terceira à oitava semana, as pacientes do GC foram acompanhadas individualmente, para verificação da pressão arterial, enquanto o GE recebeu o Treinamento em Solução de Problema, em seis sessões grupais. Formaram-se inicialmente, quatro grupos fechados com dez, onze, doze e nove pacientes em cada grupo. Na nona semana (pós-intervenção), os inventários foram repetidos. A pressão arterial foi verificada semanalmente nas nove semanas da coleta de dados pelo método oscilométrico, com monitor automático, em todas as pacientes. O tratamento estatístico privilegiou a técnica de Análise de Perfis de Médias, com nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados evidenciaram: a) os dois grupos (GE e CC) não apresentaram diferença significante nas médias nas duas condições de avaliação (pré e Pós-intervenção), nas variáveis estudadas, evidenciando que eles se comportaram de maneira semelhante; b) houve diferença entre as respostas médias antes e depois da intervenção proposta, independente do grupo, com melhora significante dos escores no momento pós-intervenção, nas variáveis: depressão; bem-estar psicológico ) (nos fatores geral, estresse psíquico, desejo de morte, desconfiança no desempenho e distúrbio do sono); e pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica; e c) a média de estratégia de enfrentamento direcionada à solução de problema no momento pós-intervenção, aumentou significativamente nos dois grupos. Concluiu-se que a melhora das variáveis estudadas no momento pós-intervenção, nos dois grupos (GE que recebeu o treinamento e o GC que recebeu atenção), tenha ocorrido pelos efeitos não específicos da intervenção, como o ambiente terapêutico e a relação interpessoal estabelecida, proporcionando acolhimento, empatia e suporte. Quanto ao descenso significante da pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, ao final do estudo, além dos efeitos inespecíficos da intervenção, pode ter sofrido influência do uso menos irregular da medicação anti-hipertensiva ou das verificações repetidas da pressão (fenômeno de habituação).
The study had the purpose of knowing the effects of Problem-Solving Training used for groups, about the coping, the anxiety state, the depression level, the psychological welfare and the blood pressure of hypertension women, concerning those on individual care for blood pressure checking. The sample had 37 patients in the experimental group (EG) and 41 in the control group (CG). The collecting data was done in nine weeks. Concerning the procedure used on the first week study (pre treatment), both groups (EG and CG) had one initial interview and on the second week the patients answered the following inventories: Spilberger State-Trait Anxiety; Beck Depression; Goldberg Psychological Welfare and Folkman and Lazarus Coping. From the third to the eight week, the CG patients were followed individually to check the blood pressure while the EG group received the Problem-Solving Training in six group sessions. Initially four closed groups of ten, eleven, twelve and nine patients were formed. On the nineth week (post-treatment), the inventories were repeated. The blood pressure was weekly checked during the nine weeks of data collecting by the oscillometric method using an automatic monitor on all the patients. The statistical tratment favoured the Mean Profile Analysis technique with a significance level of 5%. The results demonstrated: a) both groups (EG and CG) haven't showed significant difference on the means in two assessment conditions (pre and post-treatment), in all the variables of the study, showing clearly that the groups behaved similarly; b) there was a difference between the mean of answers before and after the suggested treatment, independent of group, with a significant improvement of the scores at the post-treatment moment, on the variables: depression; psychological welfare (for general factor and psychic stress, desire of death, lack of self-confidence and sleep disturbance) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure; and c) the mean of coping aiming the problem-solving, at the post-treatment moment, improved significantly in both groups. In conclusion, the improvement of the variables of the study at the post-treatment moment, in both goups (EG which received the training and the CG which received attention), had occurred due to non-specific intervention effects as the therapeutic environment and the interpersonal relation established, providing a favourable reception, empathy and support. As for the significant decrease of systolic blood pressure, at the end of the study, besides the unspecific treatment effects, it could have been affected by the less irregular antihypertensive medication use or by the blood pressure reapeated measures (habituation phenomenon).