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As an important branch of artificial intelligence,the emerging medical artificial intelligence(MAI)is facing many ethical issues.MAI may offer the optimal diagnosis and treatment for patients but may also bring adverse effects on society and human beings.This article discusses the ethical problems caused by MAI and elucidates its development in a direction that meets ethical principles and requirements.
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Resumen La esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa de etiología desconocida, curso progresivo y pronóstico desfavorable, para la cual no existe tratamiento curativo. Muchos son los profesionales de la salud involucrados en la atención de un paciente con ELA. El manejo apropiado de los problemas éticos es de gran importancia en todas las etapas de la ELA. El objetivo del siguiente trabajo es identificar las categorías éticas más vulneradas que atentan la calidad de la atención a estos pacientes. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, cualitativa, observacional, descriptiva, longitudinal; se empleó la observación participativa y se tomó como base el espectro completo de cuestiones éticas en la atención de pacientes con ELA. Como resultado se encontró cumplimiento incompleto del respeto al derecho del paciente a una información completa, poca consideración de las consecuencias de la información insuficiente, así como irrespeto por las preferencias de la persona enferma en el tratamiento de situaciones de emergencia. Las categorías más vulneradas por los profesionales de salud fueron: el proceso de toma de decisiones, la toma de decisiones al final de la vida y la indicación médica.
Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease of unknown etiology, progressive course and unfavorable prognosis, for which there is no curative treatment. Many are the health professionals involved in the care of a patient with ALS. The proper handling of ethical problems is of great importance in all stages of ELA. The objective of the following work is to identify the most vulnerable ethical categories that threaten the quality of care for these patients. A qualitative longitudinal descriptive observational research was carried out, participatory observation was used and the full spectrum of ethical issues in the care of patients with ALS was taken as a basis. As a result, incomplete compliance with the patient's right to complete information was found, little consideration of the consequences of insufficient information, and disrespect for the preferences of the sick person in the treatment of emergency situations. The categories most affected by health professionals were: The decision-making process, decision making at the end of life and medical indication.
Resumo A esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) é uma doença neurodegenerativa de etiologia desconhecida, curso progressivo e prognóstico desfavorável, para a qual não há tratamento curativo. Muitos profissionais da saúde estão envolvidos na atenção de um paciente com ELA. O manejo apropriado dos problemas éticos é de grande importância em todas as etapas dessa doença. Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar as categorias éticas mais vulneradas que atentam a qualidade da atenção a esses pacientes. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, observacional, descritiva e longitudinal; foram utilizados a observação participativa e, como base, o espectro completo de questões éticas na atenção de pacientes com ELA. Como resultado, verificou-se que não se cumpriu totalmente o direito do paciente a uma informação completa, que houve pouca consideração das consequências da informação insuficiente, bem como desrespeito das preferências da pessoa doente no tratamento de situações de emergência. As categorias mais vulneradas pelos profissionais da saúde foram: o processo de tomada de decisões; a tomada de decisões no final da vida e a indicação médica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Problem Solving , Quality of Health Care , Motor Neuron Disease , Codes of Ethics , Amyotrophic Lateral SclerosisABSTRACT
Nesta tese defende-se que a sensibilidade moral é necessária para reconhecer, interpretar e responder de forma apropriada os problemas éticos vivenciados pelos enfermeiros nos Cuidados de Saúde Primários. Este estudo possui uma perspetiva luso brasileira na medida em que se insere no acordo de dupla titulação realizado entre a Universidade Católica Portuguesa e a Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade de São Paulo. A comparação luso-brasileira de resultados possibilita absorver a realidade de cada país, estratégias e caminhos para qualificar cada vez mais o cuidado da enfermagem. Esse estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a sensibilidade moral dos enfermeiros que atuam nos cuidados de saúde Primários em Portugal e no Brasil. Mais especificamente, traduzir e adaptar o questionário de sensibilidade moral para os enfermeiros da atenção primária à saúde de Portugal e do Brasil, validar o questionário de sensibilidade moral com os enfermeiros da atenção primária à saúde de Portugal e do Brasil e caracterizar os fatores associados ao nível de sensibilidade moral dos enfermeiros na atenção primária à saúde de Portugal e do Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, transversal, observacional e correlacional descritivo de duas amostras independentes. A amostra foi constituída por 331 enfermeiros de Portugal e 316 enfermeiros do Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. O questionário de sensibilidade moral versão Brasil (MSQ-B) e versão Portugal (MSQ-P) após a validação permaneceram com 27 itens, distribuidos em quatro dimensões: orientação interpessoal, conhecimento profissional, conflito moral e significado moral. O MSQ-B explicou 55,8% da variância total e teve um alfa de Cronbach de 0,82. O MSQ-P apresentou uma variância de 54,0% e um alfa de 0,89. A média de sensibilidade moral dos enfermeiros atenção primária à saúde no Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil foi de 4,49 e em Portugal 4,94 em 7. O questionário de sensibilidade moral é um instrumento válido e apropriado para avaliar a sensibilidade moral dos enfermeiros no Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil e em Portugal. Este estudo observou todos os preceitos éticos e legais das pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos, pois garantiu uma participação livre e voluntária. A pesquisa é desenvolvida sob a modalidade Bolsa de Doutorado Pleno no Exterior, concedida pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior- CAPES.
In this thesis it is argued that moral sensitivity is necessary to recognize, interpret and respond appropriately the ethical problems experienced by nurses in Primary Health Care. This study has a Luso-Brazilian perspective insofar as it is part of the double degree agreement between the Universidade Católica Portuguesa and the School of Nursing of the University of São Paulo. The Luso-Brazilian comparison of results makes it possible to absorb from the reality of each country, strategies and ways to increasingly qualify nursing care. This study aims to evaluate the moral sensitivity of nurses working in primary health care in Portugal and Brazil. More specifically, to translate and adapt the moral sensitivity questionnaire for nurses in primary health care in Portugal and Brazil, to validate the questionnaire of moral sensitivity with nurses of primary health care in Portugal and Brazil and to characterize the factors associated with Level of moral sensitivity of nurses in primary health care in Portugal and Brazil. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, observational and correlational study of two independent samples. The sample consisted of 331 nurses from Portugal and 316 nurses from Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil. The Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire Brazilian version (MSQ-B) and Portuguese version (MSQ-P) after validation remained with 27 items, distributed in four dimensions: interpersonal orientation, professional knowledge, moral conflict and moral meaning. The MSQ-B explained 55.8% of the total variance and had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.82. The MSQ-P presented a variance of 54.0% and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.89. The mean of moral sensitivity of nurses in primary health care in Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil was 4.49 and in Portugal was 4.94 of 7. The moral sensitivity questionnaire is a valid and appropriate instrument to evaluate the moral sensitivity of nurses in Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil and Portugal. The study observed all ethical and legal precepts of research involving human beings, since it guarantees a free and voluntary participation. The research is developed under the modality of full doctorate abroad, granted by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel-CAPES.
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Primary Health Care , Ethics, Nursing , NursingABSTRACT
The implementation of two-child policy has great significance.It can rationalize the population structure,diversify the family model,easethe pension problem significantly,and rationalize parent-child relationships.At the same time,there exist ethical problems in some aspects of society,such as the attribution of female reproductive fights,the anxiety the only child suffered from the second child,the continuing imbalance of gender,the occupational predicament of female reproduction,the effects on women health and family economy.Therefore,the country and society should respect and maintain women's reproductive rights,guarantee women's occupational stability,pay attention to the education of family ethics,promote the traditional values of respecting the old and cherishing the young,and develop the social old-age security system,thus to ensure the effective implementation of the two-child policy and build a harmonious family and society.
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Background: In medical practice, a team approach becomes more important, so a shared awareness of the ethical viewpoint is demanded. Aims & Objective: The present study was conducted to clarify problem points in the evaluation of ethical awareness of medical specialists via the national exams. Material and Methods: This study focused on national board exams for physicians, pharmacists, and speech therapists (STs), specifically targeting the problems posed to exam takers by the 2007 national exams in Japan. Seven researchers first extracted from the exams what were referred to as “ethical problems,” and then they categorized these problems by forms and contents. Results: The percentages of ethical problems were 5.8% for the physicians’ exam, 3.8% for the pharmacists’ exam, and 1.0% for the STs’ exam. The results showed that the exams for physicians, compared to other specialists, contained a greater number of ethical problems and the proportion of ethical problems is also relatively large for the physicians’ exam. Moreover, in terms of taxonomy, problems posed to physicians not only elicited acquired knowledge but also required the exam taker to make decisions about specific cases. These ethical problems vary in forms and contents among the three exams. Conclusion: The results suggest that standardized criteria are necessary for national exams to raise a shared awareness of the ethical viewpoint among medical specialists.
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A bioética já analisou com bastante destreza os conflitos éticos que surgem no ambiente hospitalar, caracterizado sempre mais por crescentes intervenções biotecnológicas, desenvolvendo um instrumental teórico apropriado para equacioná-los, identificado, em geral, com os tradicionais princípios da bioética: autonomia, beneficência, não maleficência e justiça. Essa mesma destreza não acontece quando se trata de conflitos éticos da atenção primária, pois não se pode simplesmente aplicar o mesmo tipo de análise, já que a configuração dos problemas é bem diversa e porque o serviço se organiza a partir de outra lógica.
Bioethics has already quite skillfully dealt with ethical conflicts that arise in the hospital setting, ever increasingly characterized by growing biotechnological interventions, and has developed an appropriate range of theoretical tools to analyze them, in general identified with the traditional principles of bioethics: autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice. However, such skill does not seem to be effective when dealing with ethical conflicts of primary care, as in this setting one cannot simply apply the same type of analysis, since the configuration of the problems is quite different and because the service is organized from a different logic.
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Humans , Primary Health Care , BioethicsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study was conducted to study on 1) What is nursing students' experience of ethical problems involving nursing practice? 2) What is nursing students' experience of using ethical decision-making models? METHOD: In order to answer these two questions, we selected 97 senior baccalaureate nursing students from two Korean universities using a conceptual framework and method of content analysis. RESULT: From 97 ethical problems emerged five content categories, the largest being ethical problems involving health professionals (69%); the basic nature of the nursing students' experience of ethical problems consisted of conflict, resolution, and rationale; 94% of the students stated that using an ethical decision-making model was helpful. CONCLUSION: Although additional research is needed, these findings have important implications for nursing ethics education and practice.
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Humans , Education , Ethics, Nursing , Health Occupations , Nursing , Students, NursingABSTRACT
In modern warfare,ethical problems correlated to combat stress reaction contain three aspects: the perplexities of reactor's role orientation,the issues of the PIE pattern treatment,and the defects of the broken-discipline reaction.In order to cope with these problems,medical officers and battle commandants should insist on the scientific principle,the permissible principle and the commonweal principle.
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This article revealed the difficulty problem of ethics existing developing mednicine and the practice,and analyzes the cause to products and proposed the way to solvating them.
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The paper indicates the clinic ethical problems that AIDS brings and the countermeasures according-
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Virus hepatit is a severe infectious disease which threaten people's health.There is no specific and effective methods to treat it untill now.In recent years,gene therapy,anti-hepatitis virus,has made great progress in vitro and in animal.Gene therapy is going to be a important measure for treating virus hepatitis.However,ethical problems should be solved before appling it in clinic.
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Owing to medical students'joining in, the correlation between doctors and patients have expanded into the relationship between doctors and medical students and patients in clinical teaching of sexually transmitted disease ( STD). It is easy to disobey ethical principle and lead to medical dispute happened if not be cautious to deal with the relationship. So we present that ① strictly to following medical ethical principle; ② establishing a harmonious doctor - patient relationship; ③improveing teaching ways to a rational extent in medical treatment of medical students were concerned with patients, and disposing the relationship between " Teaching" and " Learning" ; ④enhancing the professional morality culture of doctors( clinical teachers) and medical students, and providing the high quality service for patients. Thus ethical problems can be avoided effectively in clinical teaching of STD, and clinical teaching can be ensured go on wheels effectively too.