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Propósito/Contexto. En este artículo se analizan los distintos factores que han afectado el acceso a las vacunas para la prevención de la infección por SARS-CoV-2, con particular atención a los intereses que atraviesan las negociaciones. Se detalla un análisis de los procesos de investigación, producción, contratación, distribución y comercialización de vacunas, así como las normas éticas internacionales que orientan estas prácticas. Metodología/Enfoque. De igual modo, se identifican un marco de excepciones científicas, metodológicas, éticas y legales para la investigación, la producción y la comercialización de vacunas, al tiempo que se ha mantenido y profundizado, sin excepciones, las normas impuestas por el sistema global de mercado en lo referente a protección de propiedad intelectual (Adpic), negociaciones y contratos, defensa de intereses privados y de las empresas. También se pone en evidencia el rol que han tenido los países más ricos, acumulando más dosis de las necesarias, lo cual impactó seriamente en el acceso de los países de bajos ingresos. Resultados/Hallazgos. Se analizan las normas éticas internacionales y los acuerdos realizados por los gobiernos que deberían limitar conductas como estas, evitar sus consecuencias y que no han sido cumplidas. Discusión/Conclusiones/Contribuciones. Se concluye con una propuesta concreta que podría aliviar la situación actual y se incluye una reflexión sobre el impacto en la vida y la salud de los países y los grupos más vulnerables, si el orden internacional sigue regido por el sistema global de mercado en lugar de un nuevo pacto global más justo.
Purpose/Context. This article discusses the various factors that have affected access to vaccines for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with particular attention to the interests involved in the negotiations. An analysis of the processes of vaccine research, production, procurement, distribution, and marketing is detailed, as well as the international ethical standards that guide these practices. Methodology/Approach. Similarly, a framework of scientific, methodological, ethi-cal and legal exceptions for research, production and commercialization of vaccines is identified, while the rules imposed by the global market system regarding intellec-tual property protection (TRIPS), negotiations and contracts, defense of private and corporate interests have been maintained and deepened without exceptions. It also highlights the role played by the richest countries, accumulating more doses than necessary, which seriously impacted the access of low-income countries. Results/Findings. The international ethical norms and agreements made by gover-nments that should limit conducts such as these, avoid their consequences and that have not been complied with, are analyzed. Discussion/Conclusions/Contributions. It concludes with a concrete proposal that could alleviate the current situation and includes a reflection on the impact on the life and health of the most vulnerable countries and groups, if the international order continues to be governed by the global market system instead of a new and fairer global agreement.
Finalidade/Contexto. Este artigo discute os vários factores que afectaram o acesso às vacinas para a prevenção da infecção pelo SRA-CoV-2, com especial atenção para os interesses envolvidos nas negociações. Detalha uma análise dos processos de investigação, produção, aquisição, distribuição e comercialização de vacinas, bem como as normas éticas internacionais que orientam estas práticas. Metodologia/Aproximação. Do mesmo modo, é identificado um quadro de excepções científicas, metodológicas, éticas e legais para a investigação, produção e comercialização de vacinas, enquanto as regras impostas pelo sistema de mercado global em termos de protecção da propriedade intelectual (Adpic), negociações e contratos, defesa de interesses privados e empresariais foram mantidas e aprofundadas sem exceções. Salienta também o papel desempenhado pelos países mais ricos, acumulando mais doses do que as necessárias, o que teve um sério impacto no acesso dos países de baixos rendimentos. Resultados/Findings. Normas e acordos éticos internacionais feitos pelos governos que deveriam limitar comportamentos como este e evitar as suas consequências são analisados e não têm sido cumpridos. Discussão/Conclusões/Contribuições. Conclui com uma proposta concreta que poderia aliviar a situação actual e inclui uma reflexão sobre o impacto na vida e saúde dos países e grupos mais vulneráveis, se a ordem internacional continuar a ser regida pelo sistema de mercado global em vez de um novo pacto global, mais justo.
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Resumen En internet ha crecido la inteligencia artificial hasta convertirse en un programa con códigos y algoritmos que aprenden y se reprograman para efectuar tareas preestablecidas con mayor eficiencia; si bien lo anterior se traduce en mejoría, el programador desconoce los alcances de los resultados y de la reprogramación. Ante el riesgo de desviación de los objetivos preestablecidos y de los reglamentos éticos, se tienen que implementar filtros al inicio, durante y al final del proceso, como alarmas cuando existan desviaciones con implicación bioética. La interacción de la inteligencia humana con la inteligencia artificial ha tenido desencuentros negativos y positivos. Al principio, bastó con adecuar normas, leyes laborales y derechos humanos; ahora se requiere establecer normas éticas, como las formuladas en la Declaración de Barcelona para el Adecuado Desarrollo y Uso de la Inteligencia Artificial en Europa.
Abstract On the internet, artificial intelligence has grown to become a program with codes and algorithms that learn and reprogram themselves to carry out pre-established tasks with greater efficiency; although this translates into improvements, the scope of the results and reprogramming are unknown to the programmer. Given the risk of deviation from pre-established objectives and ethical regulations, filters must be installed at the beginning, during and at the end of the process, as alarms for detecting deviations with bioethical implications. The interaction of human intelligence with artificial intelligence has had negative and positive disagreements. Initially, adapting regulations, labor laws and human rights was enough; now it is necessary for ethical standards to be established, such as those formulated in the Barcelona Declaration for the Proper Development and Usage of Artificial Intelligence in Europe.
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Humans , Artificial Intelligence , Intelligence , Algorithms , Human Rights , MoralsABSTRACT
@#<p style="text-align: justify;">Compliance with ethics guidelines for research are even more critical in the time of emergency public health situations such as a pandemic. Underpinned by the principles laid out in the 1979 Belmont report, conduct of research at any time should focus on respect for persons, beneficence and justice. Certain Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in research ethics committees may be revised to provide a quicker turn-around and timely review. Key elements in effective review of studies include rigorousness, responsiveness and timeliness. It is crucial to recognize that ethics review committees share responsibility with researchers and its institutions, funding agencies and regulatory agencies for upholding ethical principles in research at all times.</p>
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ABSTRACT: Ethical concerns and medical advances unique to children and adolescents make pediatric research an evolving endeavor. The current regulations for clinical research are based on a combination of ethical thought and history, some of it being very tragic. This article presents the ethical and historical underpinnings of these regulations, including elaborative discussion on ethical standards in research. In addition, the article highlights that every effort should be made to actively involve children as participants in the research process and care must be taken to protect the rights of all children, as well as specific groups of children, in research activity.c