International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification (IFAC): evaluation of frontoethmoidal cells prevalence in a Brazilian population

Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of the frontal cell variants according to International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification (IFAC), in the population of a Brazilian tertiary hospital, and analyze the reliability of the classification between observers. Methods: A cross-sectional study in the Hospital de Clínicas of the State University of Campinas, Brazil. One hundred and three Computed Tomography's (CTs) were evaluated by radiologists and otorhinolaryngologist to estimate the prevalence of frontoethmoidal cells according to the IFAC. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) among examinators was used to evaluate reliability of this findings. Results: 103 CT scans, totaling 206 sides, were evaluated independently. The agger nasi cell was the most prevalent, present in 95.63% of cases, 37.86% of the exams contained supra agger cells, frontal supra agger cell showed prevalence 37.37%; suprabularcell was present in 77.18% of the sides. As for the frontal suprabular cell, the prevalence was 30.09%, the supraorbital ethmoid cell was present in 32.03%, and frontal septal cell had a 33.49% prevalence. The ICC among the evaluators was classified as "good reliability" or "excellent reliability" for all cells. Conclusion: This study describes the frontal cell prevalence among a population in tertiary Brazilian hospital, using the IFAC. This classification had a high ICC. Level of evidence: Level 2: Individual cross-sectional study with consistently applied reference standard and blinding.

Relationship of the anterior ethmoid sinus to the lacrimal sac: a computed tomography study

Abstract Objective: To analyze the anatomical relationship between the lacrimal sac and the agger nasi cell on Computed Tomography (CT); to correlate the right and left sides on each scan. Methods: CT scans of adult patients were reviewed for pneumatization of the agger nasi and its relationship to the lacrimal sac. The degree of agreement between the right and left sides was also evaluated. Results: A total of 130 CT scans were examined. An agger nasi cell was found medial to the lacrimal sac in 59.23% of scans. On 86.15% of scans, pneumatization was similar on both sides. Conclusion: The agger nasi air cell is located medial to the lacrimal sac in more than half of individuals. The right and left sides exhibit the same pneumatization pattern in approximately 80% of cases. Level of evidence: 4.

Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the nasal cavity and ethmoidal sinus in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient

Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) occurring in the nose and paranasal sinus regions are rare with a male preponderance in the fifth and seventh decades of life. We report a case of EMP of the nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus in a 28-year-old female with human immunodeficiency virus infection

Correlations between anatomical variations of the nasal cavity and ethmoidal sinuses on cone-beam computed tomography scans

PURPOSE: Anatomical variations of the external nasal wall are highly important, since they play a role in obstruction or drainage of the ostiomeatal complex and ventilation and can consequently elevate the risk of pathological sinus conditions. This study aimed to assess anatomical variations of the nasal cavity and ethmoidal sinuses and their correlations on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study evaluated CBCT scans of 250 patients, including 107 males and 143 females, to determine the prevalence of anatomical variations of the nasal cavity and ethmoidal sinuses. All images were taken using a New Tom 3G scanner. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: The most common anatomical variations were found to be nasal septal deviation (90.4%), agger nasi air cell (53.6%), superior orbital cell (47.6%), pneumatized nasal septum (40%), and Onodi air cell (37.2%). Correlations were found between nasal septal deviation and the presence of a pneumatized nasal septum, nasal spur, and Haller cell. No significant associations were noted between the age or sex of patients and the presence of anatomical variations (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Radiologists and surgeons must pay close attention to the anatomical variations of the sinonasal region in the preoperative assessment to prevent perioperative complications.

Giant fronto-ethmoidal osteoma - selection of an optimal surgical procedure / Osteoma fronto-etmoidal gigante - escolha do procedimento cirúrgico ideal

Abstract Introduction Osteomas of the paranasal sinuses are benign bone tumours that produce clinical signs depending on their size and location. In most reported cases large tumours are excised by an external approach or in conjunction with an endoscopic technique. Endoscopic treatment of such tumours is a huge challenge for the operator. Objective Determine the optimal surgical approach by analysing giant osteomas of the frontal and ethmoidal sinuses in the literature. Methods Group of 37 osteomas obtained from the literature review. A group of osteomas removed only by endoscopy was compared with a group in which an external approach (lateral rhynotomy or craniotomy) or combined external and endoscopic approach was applied. Results The authors, based on the statistical analysis of the literature data, have found that the average size of osteomas excised endoscopically and those removed by external approaches does not differ statistically, when the osteomas are located in the ethmoidal cells (p = 0.2691) and the frontal sinuses (p = 0.5891). Conclusion The choice of surgical method appears to be independent of the osteoma size and the decision is likely to be taken based on the experience of the surgeon, available equipment and knowledge of different surgical techniques.

Resumo Introdução Osteomas dos seios paranasais são tumores ósseos benignos cujas manifestações clínicas ocorrem em função de seu tamanho e localização. Na maioria dos casos relatados os tumores grandes são excisados por uma abordagem externa ou associada a uma técnica endoscópica. O tratamento endoscópico destes tumores ainda é um grande desafio para o cirurgião. Objetivo Determinar a abordagem cirúrgica ideal ao analisar osteomas gigantes dos seios frontal e etmoidal na literatura. Método Um total de 38 osteomas foram avaliados a partir da revisão da literatura. Um grupo de osteomas removidos apenas por cirurgia endoscópica foi comparado com um grupo para o qual foi utilizado uma abordagem externa (rinotomia lateral ou craniotomia) ou uma abordagem combinada, externa e endoscópica. Resultados Os autores, com base na análise estatística dos dados da literatura, observaram que o tamanho médio dos osteomas excisados endoscopicamente e daqueles que foram removidos através de uma abordagem externa não diferiram estatisticamente, tanto para osteomas localizados no seio etmoidal (p = 0.2691) quanto para os localizados no seio frontal (p = 0.5891). Conclusão A escolha do método cirúrgico parece ser independente do tamanho do osteoma e a decisão provavelmente será tomada com base na experiência prévia do cirurgião, nos equipamentos disponíveis e conhecimento de diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas.

A Case of Frontoethmoidal Mucopyocele Combined with Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak and Complicated Tension Pneumocephalus after Marsupialization

After the trauma of frontoethmoidal sinus, post-traumatic mucocele may occur. Surgical removal of the lesions rarely produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and even delayed tension pneumocephalus. We experienced a case of fronto-ethmoid mucocele complicated with peri-operative CSF leakage and post-operative tension pneumocephalus which was improved by conservative treatment. It is imperative to take into account the potential for tension pneumocephalus when a patient suffers from severe headache after sinus surgery.

Study of Anthropometric Measurements of the Anterior Ethmoidal Artery using Threedimensional Scanning on 300 Patients

Abstract Introduction The anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) is one of the main arteries that supply both the nasal mucosa and the ethmoid sinuses. The AEA shows variability regarding its distance from adjacent structures. Several studies have developed techniques to identify the AEA. Objective This study aimed to compare the measurements from the AEA to the ethmoid bulla and to the frontal beak by using computed tomography of the face, while identifying their intraindividual and interindividual variations. Methods We analyzed 300 CT scans of the face performed at the CT scan Center at Hospital. The average age of subjects was 36 ± 15.1 years (range 4-84). Results We found that the average distance from the AEA to the ethmoid bulla was 17.2 ± 1.8 mm and the distance from the AEA to the frontal beak was 15.1± 2.2 mm. Regarding the average distance from the AEA to the frontal beak (AEA-frontal beak), there was a difference between the right and left sides, with the former being 0.4 mm higher on average than the latter. Among the age groups, there was a significant difference of distances between the AEA and the ethmoid bulla (AEA-ethmoid bulla), which were shorter in the ≤ 12 years group. There was a positive and significant correlation between both measurements analyzed, with low values (high) of AEAethmoid bulla distance corresponding to low values (high) of AEA-frontal beak distance. Conclusion Themeasurements obtained adds anatomical knowledge that can serve as a parameter in frontal and ethmoid sinus surgery.

Drug-Eluting Sinus Stent for Chronic Rhinosinusitis / 대한이비인후과학회지

Chronic rhinosinusitis is one of the most common surgical disease in otorhinolaryngology field. Since the introduction of functional endoscopic sinus surgery in Korea in the early 1990s, the development of surgical equipments and techniques has led to a dramatic improvement in surgical outcomes. However, achieving good surgical outcomes with sinus surgery depends on postoperative care for avoiding local complications, such as scar formation, lateralization of middle turbinate, formation of synechia, stenosis of ostium, and mucosal polypoid change. Various medications and methods have been used to address these problems. Several types of drug-eluting stents have been used since the early 2000s to address these problems. There were a lot of researches on off-label local drug releasing system combining nasal packing material, topical medication, and ethmoid sinus was a main target lesion. The combination of steroids such as dexamethasone, triamcinolone and absorbable nasal packing material have been reported. Since 2010, products have been developed that are capable of sustained and constant drug outflow and are being used in clinical practice. There are still some problems to be solved, such as stent migration, not enough volume of drug in stents, and the high price of device, but if these problems are solved in the future, they may be more widely used in clinical practice.

Eyeball Displacement into Ethmoid Sinus with Good Visual Restoration

PURPOSE: To report a case of eyeball displacement into the ethmoid sinus followed by early surgical intervention and good visual recovery. CASE SUMMARY: A 46-year-old female visited our hospital after she injured the right side of her face. Her visual acuity could not be measured and computed tomography revealed displacement of the right eyeball into the ethmoid sinus, as well as right medial orbital wall fracture and rupture of the right medial rectus muscle. She underwent surgical reduction of the herniated eyeball and surgical correction of the medial orbital wall fracture within 20 hours after the accident. Eighteen months after the surgery, visual acuity of the right eye improved from light perception to 20/28, and her color vision and visual field of the right eye improved to normal range. CONCLUSIONS: Displacement of the eyeball in the orbital wall fracture is very rare, and eyeball displacement into the ethmoid sinus is even rarer. We achieved good visual outcome through early surgical intervention. The early anatomical reduction of the displacement and wall fracture may promote improved final visual outcome in other similar cases.

Giant ethmoidal sinus osteoma with intraorbital extension: a case report.

Osteoma is the most frequent benign tumor of paranasal sinuses. Usually osteomas are asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during radiological imaging for other reasons. A giant osteoma with intraorbital extension is rare. Plain radiograph may be useful; however CT scan is the best modality of investigation for diagnosing and treatment planning. In asymptomatic osteomas, serial follow-up can be done. Surgery is performed in the presence of symptoms and signs. We report a case of 60 years old woman with a large osteoma of right ethmoid sinus extending into the ipsilateral orbital cavity.

The Relationship of the Medial Maxillary Sinus Roof to the Sphenoid and Posterior Ethmoid Sinuses in Korean: A Radiologic Study / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to perform radiologic study assessing the utility of the medial maxillary sinus roof (MMSR) as a reference point for providing a safe route of entry into the sphenoid and the posterior ethmoid sinuses in Korean patients. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed 82 consecutive ostiomeatal computed tomographic scans of Korean adult patients performed from January 2014 to December 2014. Using the nasal floor as a reference point, the vertical distances to the highest MMSR, natural sphenoid ostium, anterior sphenoid roof and floor and posterior ethmoid skull base were measured. Then the vertical distances from the highest MMSR to the sphenoid ostium, anterior sphenoid roof and floor and posterior ethmoid skull base were calculated. The maxillary sinus to posterior ethmoid height ratio was calculated. RESULTS: The average height of the highest MMSR relative to the nasal floor was measured to be 33.95+/-3.36 mm. The vertical distance from the highest MMSR to the natural sphenoid ostium, anterior sphenoid roof and floor and posterior ethmoid skull base was 1.87+/-3.52 mm, 11.77+/-3.30 mm, 6.09+/-3.16 mm, and 15.46+/-3.07 mm respectively. The mean ratio of the maxillary sinus to the posterior ethmoid height was 2.3+/-0.56. CONCLUSION: The MMSR can be used as a reliable landmark to localize the natural sphenoid ostium and to enable a safe entry into the posterior ethmoid. Moreover, it provides a reasonable margin of safety from the skull base.

Sudden Hemianopsia Secondary to Ethmoid Sinus Mucocele

Paranasal sinus mucoceles are benign cystic lesions, filled with mucus, occurring due to an obstruction of involved sinus ostium. They are indolent, locally expansive, and destructive. Surgical treatment must be performed and, when done at the correct time, may prevent sequelae. We present a case of ethmoid sinus mucocele with orbit involvement and permanent optical nerve injury...

Fibroma osificante juvenil, presentación de un caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Juvenil ossifying fibroma, case report and review of the literature

Se presenta el caso de una paciente de seis años, de sexo femenino sin antecedentes mórbidos ni familiares de importancia, quien consulta por proptosis izquierda en abril de 2011. Se realiza resonancia magnética de cerebro evidenciándose un tumor de seno etmoidal con compromiso de órbita izquierda que ocasiona exoftalmo. La biopsia endoscópica nasal fue compatible con fibroma osificante juvenil. Posteriormente se realiza antrostomía con etmoidectomía en dos tiempos, con resultados satisfactorios para la paciente. Aunque el fibroma osificante juvenil es un tipo de lesión benigna poco frecuente, puede llegar a ser muy agresiva y con una alta tasa de recidiva en ciertas ocasiones, por lo que se debe tener en cuenta para realizar un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz, con un seguimiento programado a largo plazo.

This paper presents the case of a patient of six years old female without background or important morbidly in her family, who consults for left-sided proptosis in April of 2011. It performs brain magnetic resonancebeing demonstrated a tumor of theethmoid sinus with commitment to the left orbit that causes exophthalmus. Nasal endoscopic biopsy was compatible with juvenile ossifying fibroma. It was subsequently performed ananthrostomy whitethmoidectomy in two times, with satisfactory results for the patient. Although the Juvenile ossifying fibroma is a rare type of benign lesion, can be very aggressive and have a high recurrence rate in certain occasions, by what should be taken into account to make an early diagnosis and treatment, with a scheduled follow up in the long term.

A Case of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of Sinonasal Tract with Acute Visual Disturbance / 대한이비인후과학회지

Malignant lymphoma of the sinonasal tract is relatively uncommon. In particular, B-cell lymphoma is hardly found in the Asian population although the NK/T-cell type of lymphoma is relatively commonly found. The authors experienced a case of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma originating from the ethmoid sinus, which caused the unexpected visual disturbance without nasal symptoms and/or systemic B symptoms, such as fever, night sweat, and weight loss. Diagnosis of B cell lymphoma is often delayed because it does not always show the specific symptoms of lymphoma. Therefore, starting with careful physical and imaging studies are always important while higly suspecting malignancy. Furthermore, early precise biopsy is of great important for precise diagnosis and proper management for the treatment of malignant lymphoma.

A Case of Ethmoid Osteoma with Orbital Extension Presenting with Occipital Headache

Osteoma is a slow-growing benign tumor composed of mature bone. Paranasal sinus osteoma is benign, well-circumscribed, slow-growing, frequently asymptomatic and usually diagnosed incidentally. However, depending on the location, osteoma may lead to headaches, proptosis, rhinorrhea, diplopia, hyposmia and facial deformity. While it is generally agreed that surgical intervention is not indicated, symptomatic osteomas are always treated surgically, typically with open procedures. As an alternative, the endonasal technique presents several important advantages: better visualization of anatomic structures; preservation of the natural drainage pathway; absence of scar formation; reduced morbidity; shorter hospital stay; and limited bleeding. We experienced a case of osteoma presenting with occipital headache and that was removed using anintranasal endoscopic approach. Here we report this case with a review of literature.

Análise das dimensões da célula do Agger nasi e do óstio do seio frontal utilizando tomografia computadorizada de seios paranasais / Analysis of the Agger nasi cell and frontal sinus ostium sizes using computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses

A célula do Agger nasi (CAN) e o óstio do seio frontal (OF) são estruturas importantes que podem influenciar a anatomofisiologia do recesso frontal. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a presença e as dimensões da CAN e do OF e correlacioná-las de acordo com o sexo, raça e entre si. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo com 40 pacientes submetidos à tomografia computadorizada de seios paranasais com reconstrução sagital. Foram realizadas as medidas: diâmetro ântero-posterior da CAN (AGAP), diâmetro crânio-caudal da CAN (AGCC), diâmetro látero-lateral da CAN (AGLL), diâmetro ântero-posterior do OF (OFAP) e diâmetro látero-lateral do OF (OFLL). RESULTADOS: Vinte e dois pacientes eram do sexo masculino e 18, do feminino; média de idade de 33,7 anos. A maioria dos pacientes era da raça branca (45%), seguidos pelos da raça parda (32,5%), da raça negra (20%) e da raça amarela. A CAN esteve presente em 98,7% das fossas nasais. Houve diferença estatística para AGAP no sexo feminino e AGLL no sexo feminino e na amostra total. Não houve diferenças para as medidas tanto quanto ao sexo como quanto à raça. As medidas da CAN e do OF apresentaram correlação, mas de maneira ruim ou péssima. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência da CAN em nossa amostra foi alta e não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para a maioria das medidas realizadas. A correlação das medidas da CAN e do OF foi ruim ou péssima.

The Agger nasi cell (ANC) and the frontal sinus ostium (FO) are important structures that can influence the anatomy and physiology of the frontal recess. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence and size of ANC and the FO and correlate them according to gender, race and among themselves. METHOD: A prospective study with 40 patients who underwent CT of the paranasal sinuses with sagittal reconstruction. Measurements: ANC (APAN) anteroposterior diameter, ANC (CCAN) craniocaudal diameter, ANC (LLAN) side-to-side diameter, anteroposterior diameter of the FO (APFO) and side-to-side diameter of the FO (LLFO). RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were male and 18 females, mean age 33.7 years. Most patients were white (45%), followed by browns (32.5%), blacks (20%) and asians (2.5%). The ANC was present in 98.7% of patients. There was statistical difference for APAN on females and LLAN on females and on the total sample. There were no differences for all measurements regarding gender, as well as the race. ANC and FO measurements showed positive correlation, but poor or very poor. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of ANC in our sample was high and did not show a statistically significant difference for most measurements. The correlation between measurements of ANC and the FO was poor or very poor.

A Case of Glomangiopericytoma of the Ethmoid Sinus / 대한이비인후과학회지

Glomangiopericytoma, a new term referring to the sinonasal type hemangiopericytoma, is a rare sinonasal tumor arising from modified perivascular glomus-like myoid cells. It is a borderline, low grade malignancy tumor, which has good prognosis following a complete surgical resection. Recently, we experienced a case of a glomangiopericytoma in a 68-year-old woman who presented with epistaxis and unilateral nasal obstruction. Endoscopic examinations revealed polypoid mass with bleeding tendency in the left middle meatus. The tumor was located mainly in the left ethmoid sinus and we removed it successfully by endoscopic approach. Histological examination and immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of glomangiopericytoma. We present the clinical and histological characteristics, therapeutic principles, and prognosis of this rare disease entity with a literature review.

Tomografia computadorizada das células etmoidais intra e extramurais: ensaio iconográfico / Computed tomography of intra- and extramural ethmoid cells: iconographic essay

O desenvolvimento dos seios paranasais é um processo intricado que se inicia na vida intrauterina e termina na idade adulta. Dos seios da face, as células etmoidais são provavelmente as estruturas mais complexas e as que estão associadas com o maior número de variantes da normalidade. Variações no padrão de pneumatização das células etmoidais podem ser divididas em intra ou extramurais. Intramurais são aquelas que ao se desenvolverem mantêm contato com o labirinto etmoidal, e extramurais as que se desenvolvem isoladamente. A tomografia computadorizada é a ferramenta mais útil na avaliação de processos inflamatórios dos seios paranasais. De igual modo, ela é importante para o planejamento pré-operatório e controle pós-operatório, pois possibilita grande detalhe anatômico das estruturas normais e detecção precisa de suas variantes. Neste ensaio iconográfico os autores descrevem as principais variantes da normalidade do labirinto etmoidal e suas relações com estruturas adjacentes. Cirurgias endoscópicas para o tratamento de afecções dos seios paranasais têm-se tornado cada vez menos invasivas, o que certamente aumentará a demanda por relatórios de imagem cada vez mais ricos em detalhes desta região.

The development of the paranasal sinuses is an intricate process that begins in the intrauterine life and terminates in early adulthood. Among the paranasal sinuses, the ethmoid cells or labyrinth are probably the most complex structures, being associated with the highest number of normal variants. Variations in the pattern of pneumatization of the ethmoid cells can be divided into intra- and extramural cells. Intramural cells are those which develop within the ethmoid labyrinth. Extramural cells are those that develop isolatedly. Computed tomography is the most useful tool in the evaluation of inflammatory processes of the paranasal sinuses. Computed tomography also plays a relevant role in the preoperative planning as well as in the postoperative follow-up, since it demonstrates exact anatomical details of normal structures with accuracy in the detection of variants. In the present pictorial essay, the authors describe the most common anatomical variants of the ethmoid labyrinth and their relationship with adjacent structures. Endoscopic sinonasal surgery has become increasingly less invasive, requiring more detailed anatomical imaging of this region.

Ligadura endoscópica da artéria etmoidal anterior: estudo de dissecção em cadáveres / Endoscopic ligation of the anterior ethmoidal artery: a cadaver dissection study

Ligadura da artéria etmoidal anterior (AEA) pode ser necessária em casos de epistaxe grave refratária ao tratamento tradicional. O uso da ligadura endoscópica endonasal da AEA ainda é bastante limitado. Existem poucos estudos na literatura sobre a técnica de abordagem endoscópica desta artéria. OBJETIVOS: Demonstrar a aplicabilidade técnica da ligadura periorbitária da AEA por via endoscópica transetmoidal. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo. 50 fossas nasais de cadáveres foram dissecadas. Após a realização de uma etmoidectomia anterior e remoção parcial da lâmina papirácea, a periórbita foi cuidadosamente dissecada até a identificação da AEA. Após sua identificação, a artéria foi exposta e ligada dentro da órbita. RESULTADOS: Todas as dificuldades inerentes ao procedimento, as complicações associadas, a curva de aprendizado e variações anatômicas foram coletados. CONCLUSÕES: A abordagem endoscópica da AEA na órbita de cadáveres mostrou-se factível. A identificação da artéria é fácil e a técnica evita incisões externas. Este acesso parece ser uma excelente alternativa para a abordagem da AEA. Estudos clínicos futuros são necessários para comprovar os benefícios desta técnica.

Anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) ligation may be necessary in cases of severe epistaxis not controllable with traditional therapy. Endoscopic endonasal ligation of the AEA is not used frequently; there are few studies in the literature for standardization of the endoscopic technique for this vessel. AIM: To demonstrate the feasibility of periorbital AEA ligation in a transethmoidal endoscopic approach. METHODS: A prospective study where 50 nasal cavities were dissected. After anterior ethmoidectomy and partial removal of lamina papyracea, the periorbital area was carefully dissected along a subperiosteal plane to identify the AEA. The vessel was exposed within the orbit and dissected. RESULTS: Data on technical difficulties, complications, the learning curve and anatomical variations were gathered. CONCLUSION: An endonasal endoscopic approach to the AEA within the orbit was shown to be feasible. Identifying the artery is not difficult, and this technique avoids external incisions. This approach appears to be an excellent alternative for approaching the AEA. Further clinical studies are needed to demonstarte the benefits of this technique.