Current Situation and Problems of the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中医杂志

@#The intangible cultural heritage of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is the essence of the treasure house of TCM. The State Council has successively announced five batches of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects and lists of inheritors， including 182 projects and 130 inheritors in traditional medicine. A systematic analysis of current traditional medicine projects and inheritors has found problems such as unreasonable categorization， obvious category bias， large regional distribution gap， serious aging of the inheritance team， and under emphasizing in ethnic minority medicine. Therefore， it is suggested to adjust categories， balance development， rationalize categories， and increase attention， thereby providing reference for the protection of TCM intangible cultural heritage.

Current Situation and Problems of the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中医杂志

The intangible cultural heritage of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is the essence of the treasure house of TCM. The State Council has successively announced five batches of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects and lists of inheritors， including 182 projects and 130 inheritors in traditional medicine. A systematic analysis of current traditional medicine projects and inheritors has found problems such as unreasonable categorization， obvious category bias， large regional distribution gap， serious aging of the inheritance team， and under emphasizing in ethnic minority medicine. Therefore， it is suggested to adjust categories， balance development， rationalize categories， and increase attention， thereby providing reference for the protection of TCM intangible cultural heritage.

Current situation of blood donation of ethnic minorities in Pu′er City, 2019~2021 / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the participation of ethnic minorities in voluntary blood donation, so as to provide research basis for understanding and promoting blood donation of local ethnic minorities, and further improve the participation rate of ethnic minorities in voluntary blood donation. 【Methods】 The information management system of our blood station was used to statistically analyze the blood donors of ethnic minorities in our station from 2019 to 2021. 【Results】 A total of 41 ethnic minorities participated in blood donation in our station, with a total participation rate of 44.63%, of which Yi(15.45%) and Hani(12.88%) were relatively high. The blood donors were mainly 18~45 years old; the male to female ratio of ethnic minorities is 0.94∶1; the majority were female blood donors. In the past two years, the proportion of ethnic minorities participating in voluntary blood donors had increased significantly. 【Conclusion】 In ethnic minority dominated areas, there is a large space and potential to mobilize and develop ethnic minorities to participate in voluntary blood donation. Maintaining the young blood donors and formulating strategies suitable for ethnic minority areas are conducive to the sustainable development of voluntary blood donation in ethnic minority areas.

Política Nacional de Saúde Integral da População Negra: uma proposta de avaliação / National Comprehensive Health Policy for the Black Population: an evaluation proposal

RESUMO Objetiva validar um plano de indicadores para a avaliação da implementação da Política Nacional de Saúde Integral da População Negra nos municípios brasileiros. O estudo empregou procedimentos teóricos e metodológicos para o alcance da validade de conteúdo, por meio da aplicação da taxa de concordância e do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo. Participaram do estudo especialistas das áreas de saúde da população negra e avaliação em saúde. Dos 36 indicadores, na avaliação de concordância, 35 alcançaram o ponto de corte e 32 alcançaram Índice de Validade de Conteúdo superior a 0,80. Na análise geral desse índice, o plano de indicadores obteve 0,86 como pontuação, considerado como válido em seu conteúdo por ter superado o ponto de corte estabelecido (0,80). Conclui-se que o plano de indicadores ora apresentado possui a concordância, a pertinência e a clareza necessárias para a sua utilização nos municípios brasileiros, contudo, se faz necessária a continuidade de seu aperfeiçoamento nas fases subsequentes à sua validação.

ABSTRACT The aim was to validate a plan of indicators to evaluate the implementation of the National Comprehensive Health Policy for the Black Population in Brazilian municipalities. The study used theoretical and methodological procedures to reach the validity of content, through the application of the concordance rate and the Content Validity Index. Experts from the black population's health areas and health assessment participated in the study. Of the 36 indicators, in the agreement assessment, 35 reached the cut-off point, and 32 reached Content Validity Index higher than 0.80. In the general analysis of this index, the indicator plan obtained the score 0.86, considered validated in its content because it exceeded the cutoff point of the 0.80. It is concluded that the indicators plan has the agreement, pertinence and clarity necessary for its use in the Brazilian municipalities, however, it is necessary to continue its improvement in the phases subsequent to its validation.

Practice of management personnel training in county hospital of West China-Mabian Medical Alliance / 中华医院管理杂志

The construction of hospital administration talent echelon has become a " bottleneck" problem in the core competence construction of county-level public hospitals in ethnic regions. West China-Mabian Medical Alliance has made a preliminary exploration on the cultivation of hospital management talents in county-level public hospitals. The hospital carried out the working principle of " setting up a talent pool by post" , and gradually established a reserve talent pool with suitable scale and dynamic adjustment by providing part-time project management positions for young employees in the hospital. There were three kinds of part-time project management positions: part-time assistant to president, part-time project supervisor and part-time department management assistant. In addition, the hospital strengthened the ideological and political education, medical management theory training and practical training of the reserve talents in a planned way. The practical experience of hospital reserve management personnel training based on West China-Mabian Medical Alliance can be used for reference by other county-level hospitals.

A Sampling Survey of the Oral Health Status and Awareness among Primary School Students in Lhasa / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To investigate the oral health status and awareness of urban children in Lhasa,aiming to provide a data basis for the prevention and treatment of children's caries and the promotion of oral health education. Methods A total of 504 Tibetan students were selected by cluster sampling from 2 primary schools in Chengguan District of Lhasa.All the participants were required to take oral health examination and complete a questionnaire about oral health awareness and behavior. Results The caries prevalence rate and mean decayed-missing-filled tooth(DMFT)of permanent teeth were 75.00% and 2.18±1.91,respectively.The rates of pit and fissure sealant and filling of permanent teeth were 3.77% and 6.81%,respectively.The caries prevalence rate of first permanent molars was 47.62%.The mean DMFT of permanent teeth and caries prevalence rate of first permanent molar were significantly higher in female group(

Awareness of chronic diseases prevention and control among high school students in ethnic minority areas / 预防医学

Objective @#To learn the awareness of chronic diseases prevention and control and its influencing factors among high school students in regions inhabited by ethnic groups,so as to strengthen the prevention of chronic diseases among adolescents in these regions. @*Methods@#Totally 1 050 high school students in Tuquan County,Hinggan League,Inner Mongolia were selected by cluster sampling method. The general information,family factors,attitude to learning,psychological factors,behavioral styles and awareness of chronic diseases prevention and control were investigated,and the influencing factors for the awareness were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression model.@*Results@#There were 1 001 valid questionnaires recovered,with a response rate of 95.33%. There were 685 Han students,accounting for 68.43%,241 Mongol students,accounting for 24.08%,and 75 students with other ethnic minorities,accounting for 7.49%. The average awareness rate of chronic diseases prevention and control was 53.25%;the awareness rates of hypertension prevention measures,smoking and drinking hazards,food susceptible to aflatoxin pollution and high cholesterol food were high,all more than 70%;while the awareness rates of long-term high lipid hazards,high blood pressure diagnosis standard and diabetes symptoms was low,all less than 40%. There was no significant difference in the awareness rate of chronic diseases prevention and control among different nationalities（P>0.05）. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the students who were female（OR=1.309,95%CI：1.008-1.700）,had high achievement（OR=1.509,95%CI：1.055-2.159）,and thought exams were important（OR=1.570,95%CI：1.204-2.046）were more likely to have high awareness,while the students who spent five to less than eight hours a day on screens（OR=0.514,95%CI：0.335-0.789）were less likely to have high awareness. @*Conclusions@#The awareness rate of chronic diseases prevention and control of high school students in Tuquan County is 53.25%,and there is no significant difference between Mongol and Han students. Gender,academic performance,attitude to examination and time spent on screens can affect the awareness rate.

Vitamin D status and determinants among children aged 6 to 23 months in 4 poverty-stricken ethnic minority areas of Yunnan Province / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To investigate the vitamin D (VD) level and determinants among young children aged 6 to 23 months in 4 poverty-stricken ethnic minority areas of Yunnan Province. Methods Multistage stratified cluster sampling method was used. 1 255 young children aged 6-23 months from 3 to 4 towns of Jianchuan County, Yiliang County, Mojiang County and Lushui County. Questionnaires on caregivers, physical and serum 25(OH)D measure were achieved. VD level and influencing factors were described and analyzed. Results Overall VD level was 20.6(16.3,25.4) ng/ml. The proportion of VD deficiency, VD insufficiency and VD sufficiency were 7.1%, 39.2% and 53.7% respectively. The risk of VD insufficiency elevated with children’age increasing or no VD supplement (P<0.05). Hani minority can decrease the risk of VD deficiency and insufficiency (all P<0.05). Thus, the risk of VD deficiency and insufficiency in children of female, Lisu or Bai minority, or in children who had no nutritional package supplement would increase (all P<0.05). Conclusions The VD level of children aged 6-23 months in poverty-stricken ethnic minority areas of Yunnan Province was low. VD insufficiency was dominating. The intervention of VD deficiency and insufficiency may focus on the children of female, Lisu minority, Bai minority or older than 18 months. This study highlight that enhancing caregivers’ knowledge of VD nutrition, adding VD and nutritional package supplement actively are beneficial to improve VD nutrition of young children in minority poverty areas of Yunnan.

The Mental Health of Ethnic Minority Youths in South Korea and Its Related Environmental Factors: A Literature Review

OBJECTIVES: With increasing concerns for the rapidly growing minority population in South Korea, this literature review addressed a range of mental health risks among multiethnic youths (MY) in South Korea by 1) comparing mental health outcomes with those of native-born youths and 2) identifying multiple layers of relevant environmental factors, from family and school relationships to culture. METHODS: We reviewed 54 studies that fulfilled specific inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Multiple common risk/protective factors, including family separation, family relationship quality, parental socioeconomic and mental health status, social relationships at school, and cultural acceptance, were noted. CONCLUSION: In general, empirical evidence indicates that minority youths have relatively heightened risks for emotional and behavioral problems. Future studies must elucidate the complex interplay between multiple risk and protective factors and the long-term adaptation and mental health service utilization of MY.

Development Practice, Restricting Factor and Regulatory Path for Social Capital Running Medical Institutes in Ethnic Minority Areas / 中国卫生经济

Objective: Through analyzing the development practice and restricting factors of social capital running medical institutes in ethnic minority areas, it explored the regulation path for social capital running medical institutes in ethnic minority areas. Methods: Through researching the policy practice, hold practice and operation practice, it selected 8 ethnical provinces as research areas and summarized the development practice of social capital running medical institutes in ethnic minority areas. Results: The current constraints of social capital running medical institutes in China’s ethnic areas mainly reflected in the constraints of the economic depth of poverty to restrict the medical treatment of the patients in the society, the lack of policy guarantee restricted the competitiveness of the social medical market and the agglomeration of social medical personnel. Conclusion: Social capital running medical institutes in ethnical areas should regulate the path of institutional construction, the regulatory path of the industry and the regulatory path of PPP (Public Private Partnership) path.

Establishment of reference ranges of T lymphocyte subsets in healthy Zhuang ethnic minority in Guangxi,China:analysis of the influence of gender,age and nationality / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To establish the normal reference ranges of T lymphocyte subsets in healthy Zhuang ethnic minority across different age/ gender groups in Guangxi for providing the scientific guidance for clinical diagnosis and treatment evaluation of immunodeficiency diseases and viral infections as well as relat-ed researches. Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from 405(196 male and 209 female) healthy subjects of Zhuang ethnic group including 82 adolescents and 323 adults. Single platform FACSCali-bur flow cytometry analysis was performed to detect the absolute counts of T lymphocyte subsets(CD45+, CD3+,CD4+ and CD8+)in peripheral blood samples. Results Reference ranges of T lymphocyte absolute counts in healthy Zhuang Chinese aged 14 to 59 were 2 377±696,1 503±459,802±253,581±243 and 1. 52±0. 57 for CD45+,CD3+,CD4+,CD8+ and CD4+ / CD8+. Significant differences in CD45+,CD3+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were found between adolescents and adults(t = 0. 000,P﹤0. 05),but no significant difference in CD4+ T lymphocytes was observed between the two groups of people(t = 0. 373,P﹥0. 05). Significant difference between male and female groups was observed only in the absolute counts of CD8+ T lymphocytes(t= 0. 036,P﹤0. 05). The absolute counts of T lymphocyte subsets were on the decline along with the growth of the age. Conclusion This study indicates that the counts of T lymphocyte subsets vary with ethnic group,age and gender. Therefore,it is important to establish normal reference ranges of T lym-phocyte subsets for local healthy people based on gender and age for accurate evaluation of local patients' im-mune system status and treatment efficacy.

Result analysis of carotid ultrasonography screening in minority population at high risk of stroke in a community in Beijing / 中国脑血管病杂志

Objective To investigate the correlation between the stroke-related risk factors and carotid stenosis lesions of ≥40 year′s old Han and minority populations in a community in Beijing as well as the clinical value of carotid ultrasound screening. Methods An investigation of risk factors for stroke and the results of carotid artery ultrasound screening in 510 cases (≥40 years old) Han population and 243 minority population in a community in Minzu University of China in Beijing in April 2014 were analyzed. Results (1)The prevalence of hypertension of the Han population was significantly higher than that of the minority population (53. 5% [n=273] vs. 44. 4% [n=108]; χ2 =5. 43,P=0. 02). (2) The detected rate of carotid intima-media thickness ( IMT ) of the Han population was higher than that of the minority population (77. 5% [n=395] vs. 69. 1% [n=168]; χ2 =6. 03,P=0. 01). There was no significantly difference in the detected rates of carotid plaques and carotid artery stenosis between the two groups (χ2 =0. 56,1. 13 respectively,all P>0. 05). (3) Hypertension and smoking were the independent risk factors for carotid-intima thickening in Han population ( hypertension:OR,1. 851;95% CI 1. 213-2. 825; smoking:OR,2. 311;95% CI 1. 065-5. 016;all P<0. 05). Hyperlipidemia was an independent risk factor for carotid artery intima-media thickening in the minority population (OR,2. 586;95% CI 0. 952-8. 694,P<0. 01). Conclusion To investigate the risk factors for stroke in minority population in China are of particular importance for the prevention of carotid atherosclerotic disease. Carotid ultrasound examination is an important diagnostic technique for early detection of carotid atherosclerotic disease.

Epidemiological study on disabilities among ethnic minorities in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the prevalence rates of disabilities among the ethnic minority people in China. Methods Utilizing stratified, multiphase, and cluster probability sampling design, 2 526 145 persons were investigated and screened by trained interviewers,including 297 761 persons with ethnic minority backgrounds. Respondents scoring positive for potential problems were referred to physician for further diagnosis on disability and on scale measurement.Results The overall prevalence rate of disability for both ethnic minority and Han population were 6.24% (95%CI:6.16%-6.51% ) and 6.41% (95% CI: 6.38%-6.51% ) respectively. The total aggregate age-adjusted prevalence rate of disability was 7.31% for persons with ethnic minority. The prevalence rate of disabilities in male was significantly higher than that in females (7.31% vs. 6.75% ). The ranking of prevalence rates on different type of disabilities were: physical disability 1.90% (95%CI:1.89%-1.91%), hearing disability 1.34%(95%CI: 1.33%-1.35%), multiple disability 1.14%(95%CI:1.13%-1.15% ), vision disability 0.99% (95%CI: 0.97%-1.01% ), psychiatric disability 0.38%(95%CI:0.37%-0.40% ), intellectual disability 0.38% (0.37%-0.39%) and speech disability 0.12% (0.11%-0.13% ). Cerebral Palsy, genetic diseases, tympanitis, cerebral disease and mental retardation (not including unknown items) were the major causes for disabled children with ethnicity background.Degenerated diseases, including osteoarthropathy, cerebrovascular disease, elderly-related deafness or cataract were most important causes for ethnic minority persons aged 60 or over. Injury, including traffic accident was important disabled-related factor for persons with minority ethnicity aged 15-59.The main causes and ranking of causes for ethnical minority were similar with that for Han population.Conclusion The prevalence rate of disability for ethnic minority persons was significantly higher than that for Han population in China. Prevention for different types of disability should be provided accordingly to persons with ethnic minority, in different age groups.

Study on knowledge, attitude, risky behavior and HIV prevalence among The Khmer ethnic group in Kien Giang, An Giang and Hau Giang - 2007

Background: The rate of Khmer ethnic minority living in An Giang, Kien Giang and Hau Giang were 3%, 12.9% and 3%, respectively.These provinces had some specific factors such as low education, income and knowledge about HIV/AIDS, high risk behavior and it is difficult to practice intervention methods therefore the awareness of HIV infection risk on this group is required. Objectives: To determine the HIV prevalence, describe knowledge, attitude and risky behaviors that led to syphilis and HIV infection of the Khmer ethnic group, which are used to propose suitable intervention and prevention models. Subject and methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted from September 2006 to June 2007 in the Khmer ethnic group, including both genders at the age ranging from 15 to 49, living in some districts of An Giang, Hau Giang and Kien Giang. Results: A total of 877 households and 2.400 people were interviewed. 98.62% of the people agreed to take a blood test for HIV. The average age of first intercourse was 20. The condom usage proportion was very low. The number of men using condoms in the latest intercourse with their wives or lovers accounted for only 7.2%. Moreover, only 3% of the women used condoms in the last 12 months. The drug usage was 0.6% in Hau Giang and 0.1 % in Kien Giang. The knowledge about HIV/AIDS of both men and women were 9.2% and 4.5%. The prevalence of people, who made HIV test in the three provinces accounted for only 3 to 4.6%. HIV infection rate was 0.2% in An Giang, 0.5% in Kien Giang and 0.5% in Hau Giang. Syphilis infection rates were 1.6%, 1.4% and 1.5%, respectively. Conclusions: Appropriate communicative model is an effective way for the prevention HIV/AIDS among Khmer ethnic group.

Nutritional status, EPI results of children under five years old and parasitic infestation of Ruc ethnic minority in Thuong Hoa - Quang Binh province

A athropometry survey was conducted on 102 Ruc ethinic minority living in Thuong Hoa commune, Quang Binh province. The results showed that the general rates of intestinal parasitic-infestation was 91.2%, ascaris infestation rate was 71.6%, ankylostoma parasitic rate was 62.7%. The malnutrition rate among children under five years of age was 68.3%. Rate of children receiving adequate immunizations was 45.5%. Measles campaign vaccination rate in 2003 was 91.3%

Low awareness of malaria among the raglai ethnic minority group living in the mountainous province of Ninh Thuan, Vietnam

Background: The vulnerability to contract malaria was researched among the Raglai ethnic minority population living in the mountainous areas of Ninh Thuan province, South-central Viet Nam, one of the areas with highest incidence rates in the country. Objective: To investigate the bed net use, risk perception of contracting malaria in Raglai ethnic minority. Subject and Method: The study used qualitative and quantitative method and was carried out in Ninh Thuan from 8/2005 to 8/2006. Result: Raglai exposure to malaria was related to farmers' forest activity and forest sleep which were directly related to the combination of sleeping and living in a government supported home in newly established villages along the road with a second home or reduced plot hut near fields in the forest to meet work requirements during the labor intensive malaria transmission and rainy season. In this context, access to health care, bed net use, risk perception of contracting malaria and health seeking behavior were researched. Conclusion: The results of the study do not only show the vulnerability of an impoverished ethnic minority population but as well the urgent need to better understand ethnic minorities' social context and culture to improve malaria control strategies.

Study on "Information - Education and Communication (IEC)" and "knowledge - attitude and practice (KAP)" of community on malaria and its control after intervention of health education

Background: Since 1991-2000, the prevalence of malaria is reduced remarkably in Vietnam. The malaria related mortality reduced 98%. Objective: To evaluate effect of health education in malaria control for ethnic minority people. Subject and Method: The study was carried out in 4 districts: Hoang Su Phi and Quan Ba (Ha Giang); Ia grai and K'Bang (Gia Lai). Qualitative and quantitative method was used in this study. Results: The findings of the study after 2 years showed that the Information - Education and Communication (IEC) is increased in 2007. The proportion of the households have radio, TV, leaflets/pictures is higher than year 2005: 39.1 %, 60.0% and 6.3%. The number of people were communicated about malaria is increased by 61%. The most information channel that the people received is from health staff (93%); from radio and TV: 22.5 and 25.6%. People know the right cause and its prevention of malaria is increased 55% in 2005 to 80% in 2007. The proportion of bed net coverage among community is increased, the number of bed net per households is 2.8 and number of people per bed net is 2.2. Conclusion: Almost people in this study site desired to utilize bed net: 99%. About 88.3% (2005) and 87.5% (2007) of people utilized the public health service when they get sick. After two years of health education intervention, the malaria morbidity in the study site is reduced remarkably by 45 - 50%.

Research on the experiences of using traditional drugs of the H\u2019mong ethnic minority in Sa Pa commune, Sa Pa district, Lao Cai province

Background: Sa Pa is one of the mountain communes with a temperate climate that is appropriate for the growing of traditional medicinal herbs. Objectives: To investigate the experiences of using traditional remedies of the H\u2019mong ethnic minority in Sa Pa commune, Sa Pa district, Lao Cai province. Subjects and method: The cross-sectional study had enrolled 28 traditional herbal practitioners, 23 commune officers and 289 family\u2019s representatives who had experiences in traditional herb usage. Results: 72 traditional remedies were collected. In which, 58.33% of remedies had 1 medicinal component, 13.89% of remedies had 2 medicinal components. 158 common herbal medicines used for primary health care were collected. In which, the herbs belonged to Asteraceae family accounted for the highest rate: 11 species (7.4%); followed by the Lamiaceae family: 8 species (5.4%); Rosaceae, Zingilbeaceae and Convallariaceae family: 5 species (3.4%); then the Acanthaceae, Araceae, Poaceae and Ranunculaceae family: 4 species (2.7%). Decoction was the most recurrent use (68.99%), followed by poultice on the skin (10.13%), ingesting the herbs (7.6%) and others (<10%). Conclusion: The traditional medicinal herbs of the H\u2019mong ethnic minority at Sa Pa commune, Sa Pa district, Lao Cai province were multiform and were used in different ways.