An investigation on ABO blood type distribution and gene frequency of Buyi,Shui ethnic populations in Libo county of Guizhou province / 重庆医学

Objective To understand the ABO blood type distribution of Buyi and Shui ethnic populations in Libo county of Guizhou province .Methods Totally 726 Buyi and 163 Shui individuals who were unrelated within three generations were detected ABO blood stype with glass-clotted method .Results The ABO blood type distributions in the Buyi and Shui ethnic populations both were in line with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium .The Buyi ethnic population ABO phenotypic distribution and gene frequen-cies were O>B>A>AB and r>q>p (r=0 .676 9 ,q=0 .176 7 ,P=0 .146 4) and the national index was 0 .842;while the Shui eth-nic population ABO phenotypic distribution and gene frequencies were O>A>B>AB and r>p>q(r=0 .522 6 ,q=0 .104 0 ,P=0 .164 7) and the national index was 1 .529 .Conclusion The Buyi and Shui ethnic populations′ABO blood type distribution in Libo county of Guizhou province is basically consistent with that of the same ethnic populations in other regions of Guizhou Province of the same ethnic groups .The genetic distance analysis prompts that the regional and ethnic differences exist in ABO blood type dis-tribution .

Ethics dilemmas and relevant case in nursing care / 中国实用护理杂志

In clinical nursing practice, ethnics dilemmas which nurses facing with are not usually a simple question of right and wrong or yes and no, but two or more mutual conflicts under some special circumstances; In order to help nurses to understand and deal with ethnics dilemmas effectively and reasonably, the authors summarize the four different ethnics dilemmas: the different ethical principles selection dilemma, the different stakeholder selection dilemma, the different interpersonal ethnics dilemmas and the conflict of the nursing professional ethics and the role morality. Typical cases of common ethnic dilemmas were summarized and analyzed in this paper.

Caracterización de hábitos relacionados con enfermedades crónicas en población universitaria de Honduras / Characterization of habits related to chronic diseases in the university population of Honduras

Objetivo: caracterizar por primera vez los principales hábitos relacionados con las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en estudiantes universitarios. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal en una muestra estimada de 248 estudiantes entre indígenas y mestizos que ingresaron en 2012 en la Universidad Nacional de Agricultura, Honduras. Se contó con la aprobación del Comité de Ética del Instituto de Nutrición de Centroamérica y Panamá y con el consentimiento de los participantes. Se aplicó el cuestionario STEPS para recolectar información sociodemográfica, consumo de frutas, verduras, tabaquismo, alcoholismo y actividad física. Se realizó examen físico que incluyó toma de presión arterial, medida de la cintura, talla, peso y glucometría. Resultados: en la muestra, 139 (56,28 por ciento) eran hombres. La edad promedio fue de 21,5 años. El 22,22 por ciento tenía sobrepeso; 4,12 por ciento bajo peso y 3,29 por ciento obesidad; 12,75 por ciento declararon fumar y 53,5 por ciento consumir alcohol. En promedio, hombres y mujeres, consumían 1,6 y 1,1 porciones de frutas y verduras al día respectivamente. El 94,74 por ciento utilizaba bicicleta o caminaba al menos 10 minutos; 58,1 por ciento practicaba deportes. El 98 pior ciento tenía presión arterial normal y el 5,74 por ciento prediabetes (101-125 mg/dL en ayunas). Conclusiones: la población estudiantil lenca y otras etnias no se diferencian en su estado nutricional de los mestizos. La población posee factores protectores para las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como actividad física y bajo consumo de tabaco, pero ingieren apenas frutas y verduras. Las mujeres participan menos en deportes(AU)

Objective: to characterize for the first time the main habits related to non-communicable chronic diseases in university students. Methods: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted in an estimated sample of 248 students from native and mixed groups, who joined the National University of Agriculture in 2012 in Honduras. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama. The participants gave their informed consent. The questionnaire STEPS was used for collecting socio-demographic information, data on consumption of fruits, vegetables, smoking, alcohol and physical activity. A physical examination including measurement of height, weight, waist, blood pressure and blood glucose levels was performed in all of them. Results: of the surveyed 248 students, 139 (56.28 percent) were men. The average age was 21.5 years and 63.71 percent of the participants had a monthly family income of less than US$255. In the group, 22.22 percent ere overweighed, 3.29 percent obese and 4.12 percent low weighed. Alcohol was taken by 53.5 percent and 12.75 percent were current smokers. An average of 1.6 and 1.1 portions of fruits and vegetables per day were consumed, respectively. In this sample, 94.74 percent rode a bicycle or walked at least 10 minutes a day; 58.1 percent played sports. Most of them (98 percent ad normal blood pressure and 5.74 percent howed pre-diabetic glucose levels (101-125 mg/dL on fasting). Conclusions: the lencas and other native groups were not important different in nutritional status from students of mixed race. The population has protective factors that prevent it from developing non communicable diseases like physical activity and low smoking indexes; however, they barely consume fruits and vegetables. Women were especially less involved in sports(AU)

Analysis and intervention of ethical problems in new technique therapy of wound care / 医学研究生学报

Objective Medical ethical problems have become underlying risks since the introduce of Negative pressure wound therapy ( NPWT) in Wound Care Center .The article was to analyze ethical problems in applying new technology in wound care and take intervention countermeasures to investigate the effects . Methods Patients treated by NPWT from January 2009 to Decem-ber 2012 were collected as objectives of investigation from the indexes of compliance rate , cure rate and adverse event rate .The ethical problems related to efficacy ,safety and conflicts of patients′economic interests during the application of NPWT were analyzed .On the basis of the ethnical core principle which was harmless , beneficial, respectful and justifiable , the details of effectiveness and safety of NPWT technique , informed consent form and emergency response protocols of the adverse events were designed according to interna -tional guidelines .Nurses received standardized training to learn new technology . Results 78 cases with chronic wounds accepted negative pressure wound therapy and all cooperated to complete treatment , compliance rate was 100%, no adverse events , the average cure rate was 91 .03%.The treatment costs are less than international and national costs from 75%to 66%. Conclusion Following the ethical principle , informed consent , good communication , strict entry system and standardized operation process make sure the safety and effectiveness of new technology and optimize patients′benefits .

A imagem social de mulheres negras universitárias: a silhueta esculpida durante o processo de formação / The social image of African-descendent college women: the silhouette sculptured during the formation process

Este estudo aborda a temática das relações existentes entre a formação universitária e a imagem social de mulheres negras universitárias da área da saúde e suas possíveis transformações pessoais e sociais. Considerando que a formação universitária produz uma valorização social e os seus desdobramentos influenciam nos papéis sociais vividos por este grupo. Buscamos assim, descrever a imagem social de mulheres negras na perspectiva de mulheres negras universitárias e sua autoimagem social; e analisar a influencia da formação universitária na autoimagem social das mesmas. Metodologia: Pesquisa descritivo-exploratória com abordagem qualitativa, realizada com roteiro de entrevista semi estruturada com dez entrevistadas que se autodeclararam pretas ou pardas matriculadas em Programa de Pós-graduação (Mestrado) de uma universidade pública estadual no município do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil). Os dados produzidos foram analisados e interpretados à luz da análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Deste processo emergiram três categorias. A primeira categoria – A imagem social da mulher negra na perspectiva de mulheres negras universitárias descreve a condição desigual da mulher negra na sociedade a partir da desvalorização do gênero feminino e da raça (sexismo e o racismo) e o corpo da mulher negra como objeto de sensualidade. A segunda categoria - A formação universitária na vida de mulheres negras desdobrou-se em duas categorias intermediárias: Situações positivas vivenciadas durante a formação (formação universitária como veículo para as transformações sociais e pessoais a partir da ampliação do conhecimento científico e a melhora na inserção social); Situações negativas (desigualdades de classes, sentimentos de indecisão, frustração frente à escolha do curso e limitações na aprendizagem e adaptação)...

This study approaches the theme of existing relationships between college background and social image for African-descendant women in the health care field and its possible personal and social transformations. We bear in mind that college background results in social appreciation and its consequences influence the social roles played by this group. Therefore, we seek to describe African-descendant women's social image from the perspective of African-descendant college women and their social self-image; we further seek to analyze the influence of college background in their social self-image. Methodology: Descriptive exploratory research with qualitative approach, carried out with partially-structured interview scripts with ten interviewees who have self-declared African-descendants or dark-skinned individuals enrolled in Graduate Programs (Master's Degree) from a public state university in the district of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). The data produced were analyzed and interpreted according to Bardin's content analysis technique. Three categories emerged from this process. The first category – African-descendant women's social image from the perspective of African-descendant college women describes the unequal condition of from the perspective of African-descendant women in society from the depreciation of female gender and race (sexism and racism), as well as the African-descendant women body as sex object. The second category - College background in the life of African-descendant women broke down into two intermediary categories: Positive situations experienced during education (college education as a vehicle for social and personal transformation from the broadening of scientific knowledge and improved social insertion); Negative situations (class inequalities, feelings of indecision, frustration towards the choice for the course and learning and adaptation constraints)...

Investigation and analysis in present situation of vocational ethnics of clinical nursing teachers / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To carry out investigation and analysis in present situation of vocational ethnics of clinical nursing teachers in order to supply reference for quality improvement of nursing staff. Methods Inter-views were carried out in 40 clinical nursing teachers in 3 teaching hospitals, Meanwhile, 700 nursing stu-dents who were in practice and probation were investigated by questionnaires about vocational ethnics of clinical nursing teachers. Results 91.5% students thought that clinical nursing teachers were uncorrupt-ed and self- disciplined, 93.0% of them considered that they could hold their ground. Most students gave positive evaluation about the teaching attitude, teaching ability and teaching practice. Conclusions We should further perfect the vocational ethnics criterion, improve cultivation system, strengthen the moral edu-cation in order to promote the vocational ethnics construction.

Equidad de salud y etnia desde la perspectiva de género / Health equity and ethnics from a gender perspective

El concepto de la equidad en salud asumido como el tener iguales oportunidades de acceso a los recursos disponibles, una distribución democrática del poder y de los conocimientos en el sistema de salud; una política de salud que beneficie a todos sin consentir privilegios debido a diferencias de raza, género, territorio, discapacidad u otro rasgo de distintividad grupal o personal, es una sentencia que presenta importantes fracturas cuando se penetra en el interior de las realidades sociales de los pueblos. Las principales organizaciones internacionales y gubernamentales se han expresado en las Cumbres y otros eventos de los que han surgido mandatos vinculantes dirigidos a lograr la equidad social y en particular la equidad en salud, en plazos temporales definidos, tales como los Programas de Cairo (1994) y Beijing (1995) y mas cercanamente los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, pero sus resultados quedan aún en marcos teóricos que no se expresan en la realidad de los pueblos. El propósito del presente trabajo está dirigido a colocar las principales problemáticas de la equidad en salud y etnia desde la perspectiva de género, en el punto de mira que sustente la necesidad perentoria de darle respuesta a las realidades iniquitativas que aún prevalecen.

The concept of health equity considered as equal opportunities of access to available resources, the democratic distribution of power and knowledge in the healthcare system, a health policy for the benefit of all citizens without any privilege on account of race, gender, territory, disability or another feature of group or personal distinctiveness is a statement that shows substantial breaks when one deepens into the social realities of the peoples. The main international and governmental organizations have expressed their views in Summit Conferences and other events from which mandates have originated aimed at attaining social equity and particularly health equity in specific time periods such as The Cairo (1994) and Beijing (1995) Programs as well as the recent Milenium Development Goals, but their results still lay down in theoretical frameworks that do not show the realities of the nations. The objective of this paper was to place the main health equity and ethnics problems from a gender perspective in the forefront so as to underline the urgent need of responding to the realities full of inequalities that still prevail.

Epidemiological features of Helicobacter pylori infection inchildren of five different ethnics in mountainous village (Banqua, Batxat, Lao Cai)

Background: There is nearly 3,5 billion people infected Helicobacter pylori in over the world. Objectives: To investigate Helicobacter pylori (HP) seroprevalence (by ELISA technique) and related risk factors (by questionnaire set) in children of different ethnics. Subjects and method: This cross - sectional study was carried out in Ban Qua, a mountainous village of a northern border province with a population of 408 children under 18 from 245 households (consisting of 781 members) with 5 ethnics. HP seroprevalence was determined by ELISA technique and risk factors by structure questionnaire. Results: HP seroprevalence in children under 18 was 26.7% without sex predominance but with significant ethnical difference: 16.1 % in H\u2019mong, 16.7% in Tay, 20.3% in Dao, 38.5% in Giay and 41.0% in Kinh (p < 0.001); and increased with age, particularly in 3 - 6 aged group, by the rate of 1-1.5%/year. The study results showed that age, HP infection in sibling, breastfeeding beyond 12 months and family history of gastro duodenal disorders were independently associated to HP infection in children. In addition, HP infection in parents and illiteracy in mothers were also significantly related to higher seropositivity in children (p<0.03 and <0.045, respectively). Conclusion: This study showed that although the rate of HP infection in minority ethnics was lower than in the majority (Kinh), but risk factors for the infection were somewhat similar to those identified in other studies in Kinh people.

Philosophic Considerations of a Few Problems of the Study and Education of Medical Ethics / 中华医学教育探索杂志

At present,Chinese medical ethnics hasn't been a theory system and can't get its absolute status.So,on the one hand,we must aggravate its theory in teaching,on the other hand,we must make up its own language system and its own theory system,so that we can make medical ethnics get its absolute status both in class and among subjects.

Analysis of Ethical Problems in Gynecologic Clinical Teaching / 中华医学教育探索杂志

By analyzing the characteristics of gynecologic teaching we discussed the ethical problems existing in Gynecologic clinical teaching and suggested some advice such as enhancing ethical teaching,protecting patients' rights,and attempting to adopt some new technology,to solve those problems.

Countermeasures and suggestion to intensify moral education work of medicine graduate students under the new situation / 中国医学伦理学

With a view to some common problems and characteristics of medicine graduate students education,how to intensify the moral education work of medicine graduate students under the new situation is researched and discussed,and some countermeasures and suggestion are put forward in this article.to systemically organize the ideological and political education work for freshmen;to exert the theory guidance of medical ethnics in moral education of graduate students;to intensify education and management in graduate students,and fully play the education role in management and serving;to adopt detailed measures to promote the performance of tutors and specialty departments in teaching,scientific research and academic education;to include medical social practice of poor-salvation into moral education program for medicine graduate students.

Thought of the Sociological and Ethnics Reasons about Pancreas Transplantation Alone / 中国医学伦理学

Pancreas transplantation alone(PTA) which dose not popularize in clinical therapy the insulin-dependent diabete mellitus patients who have not occurred end-stage complications,which was resulted in not only the technical but also the sociological and ethnics reasons.There are some reasons to restrict the development of clinical PTA at present.In this article the sociological and ethnics reasons to circumscribe the development of clinical PTA were discussed.

Ethic Problems of Animal Experiments / 中国医学伦理学

Animal experiments play an important role in development of biomedicine.But with the rise of aniaml protection,animal experiments are suffering the challenge from the theory on animal rights and animal welfare act.The theory about animal rights is a genre of ecoethics,which claims animal has congenital survival and freedom rights as well as human.Medicine people should have scientific,serious and humane attitudes to take aniaml experiments.

Promote the ducation of Military Medical Ethics by Developing the Spirit of Anti-SARS / 中国医学伦理学

Medical ethics is an important constitutes of medicine project. The medical ethics of military has its particularity and realism meaning. Combined with the spirit of anti-SARS and the actuality of military medicine ethnics,we must adopt some availability measure to promote the education of military medicine ethnics.

Limitations of Modern Medicine:Situation and Ethics Thinking of Organ Transplantation in China / 中国医学伦理学

The approach to the further development of organ transplantation in China was investigated. The analysis on the siuation of organ transplantation in China and the faced difficulties demonstrated that the people's traditional cultural background,ideas and the ethnics mental view were the factors responsible for the development of organ transplantation in China lt was proposed that changing opinions,implementation of brain death method and legislation lf organ transplantation were the fundamental way to promote the development of organ transplantation in China and get rid of the difficulty of the modern medicine

Ethical Reflection on the Over-use of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / 中国医学伦理学

The problem of over-treatment of percutaneous coronary intervention is expounded in the paper.From the prospective of ethics,several factors such as doctor,patient and even society,all of which can affect the excessive implement of percutaneous coronary intervention,are analyzed in the article.Effective counter-measures to help the development of the technique are also discussed.