Psicólogos europeos en los países andinos (Bolivia, Ecuador y Perú) durante la primera mitad del siglo XX / European Psychologists in Andean Countries (Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru) in the First Half of the 20th Century

Un reducido número de psicólogos y pedagogos europeos trabajó en Bolivia, Ecuador y Perú, los así llamados países andinos, en la primera mitad del siglo XX. En Bolivia, Georges Rouma, un educador belga, fue el responsable de la reforma educativa emprendida por el Gobierno boliviano, organizando una expedición antropológica en los Andes. En Ecuador, Oliver Brachfeld, un psicólogo húngaro de orientación adleriana, se desempeñó por un corto tiempo en la Universidad de Quito, en tanto que en el Perú, Walter Blumenfeld, un psicólogo alemán, obligado a dejar su país en los años del nacionalsocialismo, trabajó en la Universidad de San Marcos desde 1935 y fue un pionero de la orientación objetiva en la psicología en ese país.

A small number of European psychologists and educators worked in the so called Andean countries, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru, in the first half of 20th. century. In Bolivia Georges Rouma, a Belgian teacher, was responsible for the education reform in the 1910s, and organized an anthropological expedition in the highlands. Oliver Brachfeld, an Hungarian adlerian psychologist, was in Colombia (1965-1966) and Ecuador (1966-1967), where he dead in 1967, teaching at the University of Quito. In Peru the German psychologist Walter Blumenfeld, forced to leave Germany in the years of Hitlerian regime, worked since 1935 at the San Marcos University and was a pioneer of the objective orientation of psychology in this country.

The STR polymorphism (AAAAT)n within the intron 1 of the tumor protein 53 (TP53) locus in 17 populations of different ethnic groups of Africa, America, Asia and Europe

The STR (AAAAT)n within intron 1 of the TP53 locus was screened in 17 populations from 3 main ethnic groups: Europeans, Asiatics, and Africans, and from the hybrid population of Costa Rica (1968 samples). Three alleles, 126/7 (bp/copies of the repeat), 131/8 and 136/9 were the most prevalent in all populations. Other alleles rarely reached frequencies of 10% or higher. Observed heterozygosities ranged between 0.351 and 0.829. Patterns of diversity fit well with both the geographic origin of the samples and the history of the populations screened. A statistical test suggests that single-step mutational events have been the main mechanism producing new alleles at this locus. Fixation indexes (R(ST)) for this marker showed an effect of population subdivision on divergence only within the Asiatic group; they were insensitive at the level of major ethnic groups as well as within Africans and within Europeans.