Elderly people with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-associated myelopathy present an early impairment in cognitive skills / Idosos com mielopatia associada ao vírus da leucemia de células T humanas tipo 1apresentam comprometimento precoce em habilidades cognitivas

Abstract Background Cerebral changes occur in individuals with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1 )-associated myelopathy (HAM) and seem to predominate in subcortical areas. Little is known about the cognitive decline in the elderly living with HTLV-1. Objective To evaluate the cognitive aging of individuals infected with HTLV-1 aged ≥ 50 years. Methods This is a cross-sectional study of former blood donors infected with HTLV-1 who have been followed in the cohort of the Interdisciplinary Research Group on HTLV-1 since 1997. The groups of study consisted of 79 HTLV-1 infected individuals aged ≥ 50 years, with 41 of them presenting symptomatic HAM and 38 being asymptomatic carriers, and 59 seronegative individuals (controls) aged ≥ 60 years. All were submitted to the P300 electrophysiological test and neuropsychological tests. Results Individuals with HAM presented delayed P300 latency in relation to the other groups, and this latency delay increased progressively with aging. The performance of this group in the neuropsychological tests was also the worst. The HTLV-1- asymptomatic group performance was similar to that of the control group. Conclusions Individuals with HAM presented cognitive decline that progressed with aging and, although HTLV-1-asymptomatic carriers appear to present cognitive aging similar to that of healthy elderly people, concern about a subclinical cognitive impairment is warranted in this population.

Resumo Antecedentes Alterações cerebrais ocorrem em indivíduos com mielopatia associada ao vírus da leucemia de células T humanas tipo 1 (HTLV-1) (HAM) e parecem predominar em áreas subcorticais. Pouco se sabe sobre o declínio cognitivo em idosos vivendo com HTLV-1. Objetivo Avaliar o envelhecimento cognitivo de indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-1 com idade ≥ 50 anos. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal com ex-doadores de sangue infectados pelo HTLV-1 acompanhados na coorte do Grupo Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em HTLV-1 há 20 anos. Os grupos de estudo foram compostos por 79 indivíduos infectados pelo HTLV-1 com idade ≥ 50 anos, sendo que 41 apresentavam HAM e 38 eram portadores assintomáticos, e 59 indivíduos soronegativos (controles) com idade ≥ 60 anos. Todos foram submetidos ao teste eletrofisiológico P300 e testes neuropsicológicos. Resultados Indivíduos com HAM apresentaram atraso na latência do P300 em relação aos demais grupos, e esse atraso de latência aumentou progressivamente com o envelhecimento. O desempenho desse grupo nos testes neuropsicológicos também foi o pior. O desempenho do grupo HTLV-1- assintomático foi semelhante ao do grupo controle. Conclusão Indivíduos com HAM apresentaram declínio cognitivo que progrediu com o envelhecimento e, embora os portadores assintomáticos do HTLV-1 pareçam apresentar envelhecimento cognitivo semelhante ao dos idosos saudáveis, justificase a preocupação com um comprometimento cognitivo subclínico nessa população.

MTL-P300 as a marker of the epileptogenic zone and hippocampal functionality in the presurgical evaluation of temporal lobe epilepsy: a systematic review / MTL-P300 como um marcador da zona epileptogênica e da funcionalidade hipocampal na avaliação pré-operatória da epilepsia do lobo temporal: revisão sistemática

Abstract Background In the past twenty years, there has been an increasing interest among neuroscientists and physicians in mapping the cortical areas involved in the epileptogenic zone (EZ) through event-related potentials (ERPs) that enable the evaluation of the functional preservation of these areas. The present review is an update on publications on this topic. Objective To investigate the accuracy of the cognitive evoked of the medial temporal lobe P300 (MTL-P300) potential in detecting the EZ in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Methods The systematic review of articles on the PubMed, Embase and Lilacs databases was conducted between February and December 2020. Articles published in English from 1985 to December 2020 were included. Additional studies were identified by searching the references of the selected studies and review articles. The studies were included for the following reasons: in-depth intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) analysis of hippocampal activity; investigations of patients with TLE; and correlations between regarding the ERP results obtained in the temporal regions (MTL-P300) and the EZ. Results In the three studies analyzed, the authors were able to define the laterality of the EZ during the preoperative investigation through the MTL-P300 results. The sensitivity of this method was of ~ 70% to 80%, and the specificity between 70% and 94.7%. One of the limitations of the present review was the low number of studies. Conclusion There is evidence that the reduced amplitude of the MTL-P300 has high specificity in identifying the EZ, and this is a good marker for diagnosis in unilateral TLE. The low sensitivity and negative likelihood ratios negative that a normal MTL-P300 response does not exclude the epileptogenicity of the hippocampus.

Resumo Antecedentes Nos últimos 20 anos, tem havido um crescente interesse de neurocientistas e médicos em mapear áreas corticais envolvidas na zona epileptogênica (ZE) por meio de potenciais relacionados a eventos (PREs), que permitem avaliar a preservação funcional dessas áreas. Esta revisão é uma atualização das publicações sobre esse tema. Objetivo Investigar a acurácia do potencial evocado cognitivo do lobo temporal medial P300 (medial temporal lobe P300, MTL-P300, em inglês) na detecção da ZE em casos de epilepsias do lobo temporal (ELT). Métodos A revisão sistemática de artigos nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase e Lilacs foi realizada entre fevereiro e dezembro de 2020. Foram incluídos artigos publicados em inglês de 1985 a dezembro de 2020. Estudos adicionais foram identificados por meio de busca nas referências dos estudos selecionados e artigos de revisão. Os estudos foram incluídos pelas seguintes razões: análise detalhada por meio de eletroencefalografia intracraniana (iEEG) da atividade hipocampal; investigações de pacientes com ELT; e correlações entre os resultados de ERP obtidos nas regiões temporais (MTL-P300) e na ZE. Resultados Nos três estudos analisados, os autores foram capazes de definir a lateralidade da ZE durante a investigação pré-operatória por meio dos resultados do MTL-P300. A sensibilidade deste método foi de 70% a 80%, e a especificidade, entre 70% e 94.7%. Uma das limitações desta revisão foi o baixo número de estudos. Conclusão Há evidências de que a amplitude reduzida do MTL-P300 tem alta especificidade na identificação da ZE, e este é um bom marcador para o diagnóstico na ELT unilateral. A baixa sensibilidade e a razão de verossimilhança negativa indicam que a resposta MTL-P300 normal não exclui a epileptogenicidade do hipocampo.

Clinical study of acupuncture combined with medication for the elderly with Alzheimer disease / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective: To observe the impact of mind-regulating acupuncture plus donepezil on the cognitive ability, mean cerebral blood flow velocity, event-related potential P300, and activities of daily living (ADL) in the aged patients with Alzheimer disease (AD).Methods: Sixty senile AD patients were divided into a treatment group and a control group following the envelope method for random allocation, with 30 cases in each group. Based on the conventional treatment of the internal medicine, the control group received oral donepezil, and the treatment group received oral donepezil plus mind-regulating acupuncture. After 4-week treatment, the two groups were evaluated by the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Alzheimer disease assessment scale-cognitive part (ADAS-Cog), and ADL; changes in P300 and the mean cerebral blood flow velocity were also observed.Results: Before treatment, there were no significant differences in the scores of MMSE, ADAS-Cog, or ADL between the two groups (P>0.05). The MMSE score increased after treatment in both groups and was notably higher in the treatment group than in the control group, showing intra-group and inter-group statistical significance (P<0.05). After treatment, the ADAS-Cog and ADL scores dropped in both groups and were markedly lower in the treatment group than in the control group, also showing intra-group and inter-group statistical significance (P<0.05). Compared with the same group before treatment, the latency of P300 was shortened and the amplitude was extended in both groups, all with statistical significance (P<0.05); the latency was shorter and the amplitude was larger in the treatment group than in the control group after treatment, presenting significant between-group differences (P<0.05). The mean blood flow velocity accelerated after the intervention in both groups, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05); the improvement in the treatment group was more notable than that in the control group (P<0.05).Conclusion: Mind-regulating acupuncture plus donepezil can regulate the latency and amplitude of P300, increase cerebral blood flow, and improve the learning and memory abilities of AD patients.

Morfología de los potenciales evocados auditivos de latencia tardía P300 y su rol en la evaluación de la conducta suicida / Morphology of auditory evoked potentials, and its role in the evaluation of suicidal behavior

El suicidio es un problema de salud a nivel mundial, siendo la conducta suicida uno de los predictores de mortalidad por suicidio; sin embargo, su valoración aún sigue siendo compleja. Aunque la cantidad de literatura que ha abordado distintas perspectivas de la conducta suicida es abundante, se requiere ahondar en nuevos métodos que permitan una valoración rápida y objetiva de ésta, proporcionando a los clínicos y pacientes, un sistema de evaluación que registre los cambios de estados emocionales de manera dinámica. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue proporcionar una visión general de la morfología de los potenciales evocados auditivos de latencia tardía p300 y su rol en la evaluación de la conducta suicida.

Suicide is a global health problem, with suicidal behavior being one of the predictors of suicide mortality; however, its assessment is still complex. Although the amount of literature that has addressed different perspectives of suicidal behavior is abundant, it is necessary to deepen new methods that allow a rapid and objective assessment of it, providing clinicians and patients with an evaluation system that allows changes in emotional state to be recorded dynamically. The aim of this manuscript was to provide an overview of morphological patterns of auditory evoked potential P300 latency late in the assessment of suicidal behavior.

Emotional memory in patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To explore the characteristics of emotional memory in patients with earlystage Parkinson's disease (PD).Methods The methods of emotional memory neuro-cognitive test and event-related evoked potentials (ERPs) test were set.The emotional memory was detected in 30 early-stage PD patients without treatment (PD group) and 30 matched (including education level,etc) healthy controls (control group),who were recruited in the Department of Neurology,Anqing Municipal Hospital from June 2016 to June 2018.Results Compared with the control group (55.83％±4.17％),the negative valence picture recognition rate in the PD group (50.30％±4.04％) showed statistically significant difference (t=4.85,P＜0.05).The ERPs-P300 latency was (337.47 ± 7.87) ms,the amplitude was (6.34 ± 0.62) μV,and the reaction time was (3 729.21±226.85) ms in the control group,showing statistically significant difference (t=-3.30,4.04,2.76,P＜0.05) compared with that in the PD group ((344.20±7.94) ms,(5.75±0.52) μV,(3 935.33±222.24) ms,respectively).There was no statistically significant difference in positive and neutral stimuli recognition between the two groups (P＞0.05).In the PD group,the correct recognition in positive,neutral and negative valence pictures (57.97％ ±4.44％,49.77％ ±4.49％,50.30％ ±4.04％,respectively)showed statistically significant difference (F=39.17,P＜0.05),also seen in the reaction time ((3 725.87 ±210.10) ms,(4 085.80±231.67) ms and (3 935.33±222.24) ms,respectively;F=9.58,P＜0.05),P300 latency ((328.07±6,07) ms,(347.37±7.49) ms and (344.20±7.94) ms,respectively;F=60.32,P＜0.05),and amplitude ((6.55±0.66) μV,(5.57 ± 0.63) μV and (5.75 ± 0.52) μV,respectively;F=22.44,P＜0.05).But there was no statistically significant difference between negative and neutral stimuli recognition in the PD group (P＞0.05).In the control group,the correct recognition in positive,neutral and negative valence pictures (59.47％ ±4.61％,50.63％±4.96％,55.83％±4.17％,respectively) also showed statistically significant difference (F=25.85,P＜0.05),also seen in the reaction time ((3 657.13±218.85) ms,(4 026.81±221.23) ms and (3 729.21±226.85) ms,respectively;F=8.57,P＜0.05),P300 latency ((326.13±5.96) ms,(345.10±7.95) ms and (337.47±7.87) ms,respectively;F=51.04,P＜0.05),and amplitude ((6.69±0.68) μV,(5.59±0.67) μV and (6.34±0.62)μV,respectively;F=22.15,P＜0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the rating of valence of emotional pictures between the PD and the control groups (P＞0.05).However,there was statistically significant difference in the latency and amplitude of P300 in the rating of negative valence of emotional pictures between the two groups (t=-5.63,4.16,P＜0.05).Conclusions The results suggest that there is emotional memory impairment in early stage of PD,which is mainly based on selective negative emotional valence.Testing the emotional memory of patients with PD is helpful for early identification and intervention.

Effect of upper limb rehabilitation robot assisted training on event-related potential P300, upper limb function and quality of life in stroke patients / 中国基层医药

Objective@#To investigate the effect of upper limb rehabilitation robot assisted training on the event-related potential P300, upper limb function and quality of life in stroke patients.@*Methods@#A total of 90 stroke patients admitted to Yuyao People's Hospital from May 2017 to January 2018 were randomly divided into control group(45 cases) and observation group(45 cases) according to the digital table.The control group received conventional rehabilitation exercise, and the observation group was supplemented by Motorika ReoGo upper limb rehabilitation robot on the basis of the control group.The P300 latency, P300 amplitude, upper limb function and quality of life of the two groups were compared before and after treatment.@*Results@#Before training, the latency of P300, amplitude of P300, upper limb function and quality of life score had no statistically significant differences between the two groups(all P>0.05). After training, the latency of P300, amplitude of P300 in the control group were (389.54±28.19)ms, (2.79±0.23)μV, respectively, which in the observation group were (356.25±24.54)ms, (3.06±0.19)μV, respectively.The latency of P300 in both two groups was significantly shorter than those before training(t=4.490, 12.342, all P<0.05), and the amplitude of P300 were significantly higher than those before training(t=-3.476, -10.061, all P<0.05), which of the observation group were significantly better than those of the control group(t=-5.975, 6.071, all P<0.05). After training, the Fugl-Meyer scale(FMA) and Barthel scale(MBI) scores of the control group were (35.62±9.72)points, (81.35±10.96)points, respectively, which of the observation group were (44.65±11.23)points, (89.63±11.59)points, respectively.The FMA and MBI scores in the two groups were significantly higher than those before training(t=-5.107, -8.595, -9.039, -11.417, all P<0.05), which of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group(t=4.078, 3.482, all P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Motorika ReoGo assisted upper limb rehabilitation robot can significantly improve P300 latency, amplitude, upper limb function and quality of life in stroke patients.

Effect of upper limb rehabilitation robot assisted training on event - related potential P300, upper limb function and quality of life in stroke patients / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the effect of upper limb rehabilitation robot assisted training on the event-related potential P300, upper limb function and quality of life in stroke patients. Methods A total of 90 stroke patients admitted to Yuyao People＇s Hospital from May 2017 to January 2018 were randomly divided into control group(45 cases) and observation group(45 cases) according to the digital table.The control group received conventional rehabilitation exercise, and the observation group was supplemented by Motorika ReoGo upper limb rehabilitation robot on the basis of the control group. The P300 latency, P300 amplitude, upper limb function and quality of life of the two groups were compared before and after treatment.Results Before training,the latency of P300,amplitude of P300, upper limb function and quality of life score had no statistically significant differences between the two groups(all P>0.05).After training,the latency of P300,amplitude of P300 in the control group were (389.54 ± 28.19)ms,(2.79 ± 0.23) μV,respectively,which in the observation group were (356.25 ± 24.54)ms, (3.06 ± 0.19) μV,respectively.The latency of P300 in both two groups was significantly shorter than those before training(t=4.490,12.342,all P <0.05),and the amplitude of P300 were significantly higher than those before training(t= -3.476,-10.061,all P<0.05),which of the observation group were significantly better than those of the control group(t= -5.975,6.071,all P<0.05).After training,the Fugl-Meyer scale(FMA) and Barthel scale (MBI) scores of the control group were (35.62 ± 9.72) points,(81.35 ± 10.96) points,respectively,which of the observation group were (44.65 ± 11.23) points,(89.63 ± 11.59) points,respectively.The FMA and MBI scores in the two groups were significantly higher than those before training(t= -5.107,-8.595,-9.039,-11.417,all P<0.05),which of the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group(t=4.078,3.482, all P<0.05).Conclusion Motorika ReoGo assisted upper limb rehabilitation robot can significantly improve P300 latency,amplitude,upper limb function and quality of life in stroke patients.

Potencial evocado auditivo de longa latência em crianças com desenvolvimento típico / Long-latency auditory potential in children with typical development / Potencial evocado auditivo de larga latencia en niños con desarrollo típico

Introdução: O Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Longa Latência é utilizado para avaliar o processamento cortical da informação acústica. Objetivo: Descrever e comparar os valores de latência e amplitude do Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Longa Latência em crianças. Além disso, fornecer valores de referência. Material e Método: Estudo transversal e quantitativo, no qual foram avaliados 20 indivíduos com idade entre 5 e 9 anos e 11 meses, com desenvolvimento típico. Realizou-se tal potencial auditivo, com o equipamento Smart EP (Intelligent Hearing Systems), com estímulos verbais utilizando fones de inserção. Teste de Wilcoxon e teste de Mann-Whitney foram utilizados. Resultados: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação aos valores de latência e amplitude dos componentes deste potencial, considerando as variáveis orelha e gênero. Forneceram-se os valores de referência para latência e amplitude dos componentes deste potencial. Conclusão: A partir deste estudo foi possível propor valores de referência para os componentes deste potencial para a amostra estudada, considerando que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para as variáveis estudadas.

Introduction: The Long Latency auditory evoked potential is used to evaluate the cortical processing of the acoustic information. Objective: To describe and compare the values of latency and amplitude of the Long Latency Evoked Potential in children. Also, to provide reference values. Material and Method: Quantitative and cross-sectional study. 20 individuals were evaluated with ages between 5:00 -9:11 with typical development. Evoked Potential was performed with the equipment Smart Ep (Intelligent Hearing Systems) with verbal stimuli using insert headphones. Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney test were used. Results: There were no statistical significant differences between latency values and components amplitude of this potential, considering variables of ear and gender. The following reference values for components latency and amplitude potential were obtained. Conclusion: By this study, it was possible to propose values of reference for the components of the potential into the sample, considering that no statistically significance difference was found in the variables studied.

Introducción: El Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Larga Latencia es usado para evaluar el procesamiento cortical de la información acústica. Objetivo: Describir y comparar los valores de latencia y amplitud del Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Larga Latencia en niños. Además, proporcionar valores de referencia. Material y método: Estudio transversal y cuantitativo, en el cual fueron evaluados 20 individuos con edad entre 5 a 9 años y 11 meses, con desarrollo típico. El potencial auditivo se evaluó con el equipo Smart EP(Intelligent Hearing Systems), con estímulos verbales utilizando auriculares de inserción. La prueba de Wilcoxon y la prueba de Mann-Whitneyfueron utilizadas. Resultados: No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en relación a los valores de latencia y amplitud de los componentes de este potencial, considerando las variables oreja y género. Se han proporcionado los valores de referencia para la latencia y la amplitud de los componentes de este potencial. Conclusión: A partir de este estudio fue posible proponer valores de referencia para los componentes de este potencial para la muestra estudiada, considerando que no hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa para las variables estudiadas.

Potencial evocado auditivo de longa latência (P300) em adolescentes / P300 - long-latency auditory evoked potential in adolescents / Potencial evocado auditivo de larga latencia (P300) en adolescentes

Introdução: O P300 é um procedimento objetivo para avaliação da função auditiva. O eliciar de seus componentes envolve áreas corticais relacionadas à percepção, atenção, memória auditiva e ecanismos de cognição. Objetivo: avaliar as latências dos componentes N1 , N2 , P1, P2 e P3 em adolescentes segundo variáveis sócio-econômico-demográficas, educacionais, e estado nutricional. Método: Estudo do tipo série de casos envolvendo 32 adolescentes de 13 a 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, das escolas públicas do Recife - PE. Foram analisados os componentes do P300 com 200 estímulos mediante uso do equipamento Smart Ep Intelligent Hearing Systems (I.H.S). Resultados: Observou-se que os adolescentes com repetência escolar apresentaram prolongamento da latência do componente P1 maior (p= 0,04), quando comparados aos adolescentes sem registro de repetência escolar, assim como adolescentes da maior classe social apresentaram melhor latência (p= 0,03) no componente P3, quando comparados com aqueles de menor classe social. Conclusão: Prolongamento na latência dos componentes P1 e P3 foram encontrados em adolescentes com repetência escolar e com nível socioeconômico mais baixo.

Introduction: The P300 is an objective procedure for assessment of hearing function. The elicitation of its components involves cortical areas related to perception, attention, auditory memory and cognition mechanisms. Objective: To evaluate the latencies of N1 , N2 , P1 , P2 and P3 in adolescents according to nutritional status and social, economic, demographic and educational variables Methods: A case series study was carried out involving 32 adolescents aged 13-18 years of both sexes attending public schools in Recife - PE. The P300 components were analyzed with 200 stimuli by using the Ep Smart Intelligent Hearing Systems (IHS) device. Results: It was observed that adolescents with records of class repetition had higher (p= 0.04) extension of P1 component latency when compared to adolescents without class repletion records, as well as adolescents from higher social-economic profile had better P3 component latency, when compared with those situated in lower socio-economic level. Conclusion: Prolongation in latency of P1 and P3 components were found in adolescents with class repetition records and lower socioeconomic status.

Introducción: El P300 es un procedimiento objetivo para la evaluación de la función auditiva. El provocador de sus componentes implica áreas corticales relacionadas con los mecanismos de percepción, atención, memoria auditiva y cognición. Objetivo: Evaluar las latencias de los componentes N1 , N2 , P1 , P2 y P3 en adolescentes de acuerdo a las variables socioeconómicas y demográficas, educacionales y estado nutricional. Método: Estudio de tipo serie de casos involucrando 32 adolescentes de 13 a 18 años de edad, de ambos sexos, de las escuelas públicas de Recife - PE. Los componentes P300 fueron analizados con 200 estímulos mediante el uso del equipo Smart Ep Intelligent Hearing Systems (I.H.S). Resultados: Se observó que los adolescentes con fracaso escolar presentaron prolongación de la latencia del componente P1 mayor (p = 0,04) en comparación con los adolescentes sin antecedentes de fracaso escolar, y adolescentes de clase social más alta mostraron una mejor latencia (p = 0,03) en el componente P3 cuando comparados con los de clase baja. Conclusión: Prolongación de la latencia de los componentes P1 y P3 se encontraron en los adolescentes con fracaso escolar y con nivel socioeconómico más bajo.

Resolução temporal e potenciais corticais em diferentes níveis de proficiência da língua inglesa / Temporal resolution and cortical potential in different levels of English proficiency

RESUMO Objetivos: investigar e comparar as habilidades auditivas entre normo-ouvintes bilíngues estudantes de diferentes níveis de proficiência do inglês por meio de teste comportamental e eletrofisiológico. Métodos: este estudo tem caráter descritivo, quantitativo e transversal. A amostra foi composta por 39 sujeitos (alunos de escolas de idiomas: 13 no nível avançado (GA); 13 no nível intermediário (GI); 13 no nível básico (GB)), com idade entre 18 a 35 anos, limiares auditivos tonais dentro dos limites da normalidade e sem queixas de habilidades de processamento auditivo. Foram submetidos aos testes comportamentais: teste de detecção de gap (RGDT); e ao teste eletrofisiológico potencial evocado auditivo de longa latência (PEALL), com estímulos verbais (sílabas /ba/ - frequente - e /di/ - raro) Resultados: verificou-se diferença estatisticamente significante entre as orelhas para: o GB, para a amplitude de N1 e P2, com maiores valores para a orelha esquerda; o GI, para a amplitude de P1, N1 e P2, com maiores valores para a orelha esquerda, o GA, para a latência do componente N1, com maiores valores para a orelha esquerda, e, para as amplitudes dos componentes P2, N2 e P3, com maiores valores para a orelha esquerda. Entre os grupos, o teste RGDT mostrou menores valores para GA e para latência do componente N1, com maiores valores para o GB. Conclusões: pode-se concluir que o nível de proficiência avançado da língua inglesa estimula a velocidade de conexões neurais desencadeando a ocorrência mais rápida do potencial N1, assim a habilidade de resolução temporal é significantemente melhor à medida que o tempo de estudo aumenta.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to investigate and compare hearing abilities in normal hearing bilingual students, at different levels of English proficiency (basic, intermediate and advanced), using behavioral testing and electrophysiological testing. Methods: this study is descriptive, quantitative and transversal. The sample consisted of 60 subjects (language schools students at different English proficiency levels: 20 at advanced level (AG); 20 at intermediate level (IG); 20 at basic level (BG)) with normal hearing and no complaints about auditory processing abilities, aged 18-35 years. They were subjected to behavioral test: Random Gap Detection Test (RGDT) that assesses ability of temporal resolution; and electrophysiological test Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potential (LLAEP) with verbal stimuli (syllables /ba/ - frequent stimulus and /di/ - rare stimulus) evaluating memory, attention and auditory discrimination. Results: it was noticed a statistically significant difference between ears for: BG, to amplitude of N1 and P2, with higher values for left ear; IG to amplitude of P1, N1 and P2, with higher values for left ear; AG to latency of N1, with higher values for left ear, and amplitudes of components P2, N2 and P3, with higher values for left ear. Between groups, RGDT showed lower values of AG, and latency of N1 component, with higher values for BG. Conclusion: there were significant differences in temporal resolution ability, better for students in advanced level of English and also to the latency of evoked cortical N1 with higher values for students at a basic level.

Potenciais corticais auditivos: uso de diferentes estímulos de fala em populações infantis / Auditory cortical potential: using different types of speech stimuli in children

RESUMO Introdução Os potenciais evocados auditivos são respostas elétricas que ocorrem nas vias auditivas centrais, resultantes de estimulação acústica. O uso de estímulos de fala para eliciar a resposta desses potenciais possibilita a compreensão de informações sobre codificação e decodificação da fala no sistema nervoso central. Objetivo Comparar o resultado do potencial evocado auditivo de latência longa com dois diferentes estímulos de fala. Métodos Participaram do estudo 30 escolares saudáveis, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 8 e 12 anos. Para os potenciais evocados auditivos, foram utilizados dois diferentes estímulos de fala para a discriminação auditiva: Teste 1 /ba/ x /da/ e Teste 2 /pa/ x /da/. Os estímulos foram aleatoriamente apresentados, sendo 20% raros e 80% frequentes. Os escolares participaram de uma tarefa auditiva ativa e disseram [da] para identificar os estímulos raros. A normalidade dos dados foi determinada utilizando o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Para comparar a média com o Teste 1 e Teste 2, foi realizada a estimulação t de Student. Resultados Houve diferença significativa na latência P3 na orelha direita, amplitude P2 na orelha direita e amplitude P3 na orelha esquerda. Ocorreram valores mais longos com estímulo /ba/ x /da/. Conclusão As respostas dos potenciais evocados auditivos de latência longa variam em função do estímulo e do cuidado em sua análise, quando se utilizam estímulos de fala na avaliação.

ABSTRACT Introduction Auditory Evoked Potentials are electrical responses that occur in the central auditory pathways, resulting from acoustic stimulation. The use of speech stimuli to elicit the response of these potentials allows to understand information about speech coding and decoding in the central nervous system. Purpose To compare the Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potential of two different speech stimuli. Methods Thirty healthy school children of both genders, aged between 8 and 12 years, participated in the study. For the auditory evoked potentials, different speech stimuli were used for the auditory discrimination: Test 1 /ba/ x /da/ and Test 2 /pa/ x /da/. The stimuli were randomly presented: 20% infrequent and 80% frequent. The school children participated in an active auditory task and said [da] to identify the infrequent stimuli. The normality of the data was determined using the Shapiro-Wilk test. To compare the mean with Test 1 and Test 2, stimulation was performed using Student t test. Results There was a significant difference in P3 latency in the right ear, P2 amplitude in the right ear and P3 amplitude in the left ear. Longer values occurred with stimulus /ba/ x /da/. Conclusion The responses of long latency auditory evoked potentials vary depending on the stimulus and care in the analysis when using speech stimuli in the evaluation.

Clinical efficacy and adverse effects of nimodipine combined with rivastigmine in the treatment of senile vascular dementia / 中国基层医药

Objective To learn the clinical efficacy and adverse effects of nimodipine combined with riva stigmine in the treatment of senile vascular dementia,and to provide effective treatment for the disease.Methods 151 elderly patients with senile vascular dementia were randomly divided into observation group (78 cases) and control group (73 cases) by using the random number table method.The control group was given nimodipine,and the observation group was given nimodipine combined with rivastigmine.The cognitive function was assessed by mini mental state examination(MMSE) scale,clinical dementia rating (CDR) scale was used to evaluate the degree of dementia,and activity of daily living (ADL) scale was used to evaluate the ability of daily activities.P300 test was performed before and after treatment for 12 weeks,and latency period (P300-PL) and amplitude (P300-A) of P300 were determined.The adverse drug reactions of the two groups were observed during the treatment period.Results After 12 weeks of treatment,the MMSE scores of the two groups were higher than before treatment,the CDR,ADL scores of the two groups were significantly lower than before treatment (t =8.353,18.289,6.627,2.463,10.681,5.201,all P ＜ 0.05).After 12 weeks of treatment,the MMSE score of the observation group [(23.17 ±3.95) points] was significantly higher than that of the control group [(19.88 ± 4.43) points],the ADL,CDR scores of the observation group were (1.47 ± 0.26) points and (39.87 ± 7.43) points,which were significantly lower than (1.80 ± 0.34) points,(41.16 ± 6.40) points of the control group (t =4.823,6.725,5.278,all P ＜ 0.05).After 12 weeks of treatment,the P300-PL of the two groups were lower than those before treatment,the P300-A of the two groups were significantly higher than those before treatment (t =12.051,6.429,2.477,2.104,all P ＜ 0.05).After 12 weeks of treatment,P300-PL of the observation group [(321 ± 39)ms] was significantly lower than that of control group [(356 ± 44) ms] (t =5.180,P ＜ 0.05).In the course of treatment,the incidence rate of adverse reaction of the control group was 9.59％,that of the observation group was 11.54％,there was no statistically significant difference (x2 =0.151,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Nimodipine combined with rivastigrnine can effectively treat senile vascular dementia,improve cognitive function,degree of dementia and daily activity ability of patients,the incidence rate of adverse drug reaction is low,and the therapeutic method is well tolerated with good clinical application value.

Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Longa Latência – P3 em crianças com e sem queixas de dificuldade de aprendizagem / Auditory Latency Response – P3 in children with and without learning complaints

RESUMO Introdução Crianças com queixas de dificuldades de aprendizagem podem apresentar alterações no funcionamento do sistema auditivo central. O Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Longa Latência - P3 é útil na avaliação funcional das estruturas auditivas centrais, podendo ser utilizado como método auxiliar na identificação precoce das dificuldades de aprendizagem. Objetivo Analisar e comparar latências e amplitudes obtidas no P3 de crianças com e sem queixa de dificuldades de aprendizagem, com limiares auditivos normais. Métodos A amostra foi composta por 30 crianças com queixa de dificuldades de aprendizagem (grupo estudo) e 14 crianças sem queixa (grupo controle), com idades entre 9 anos e 12 anos e 11 meses. Todas as crianças realizaram avaliação audiológica periférica e a pesquisa do P3. Resultados Verificou-se que a média da latência do P3 do grupo estudo mostrou-se significativamente mais elevada que no grupo controle. Quando comparados os valores de amplitude do P3, não houve diferença, embora a média do grupo estudo tenha se mostrado menor, quando comparada ao grupo controle. Observou-se que, entre idade e latência do P3, não foi detectada correlação significativa. Situação semelhante foi evidenciada na relação entre a idade e a amplitude, que, mesmo tendo sido negativa, não foi significante. Conclusão O grupo de crianças com queixas de dificuldades de aprendizagem apresentou valores de latência do P3 maiores que as crianças do grupo sem queixas. Não foi evidenciada correlação nos valores de amplitude das ondas do P3 entre os grupos.

ABSTRACT Introduction Children with learning impairment complaints may show changes in the functioning of the central auditory system. The Long Latency Auditory Evoked Potential - P3 is useful in the functional evaluation of the central auditory structures, and can be used as an auxiliary method in the early identification of learning impairment. Purpose To analyze and compare latencies and amplitudes obtained in P3 of children that complained or not of learning impairment with normal hearing. Methods The sample consisted of 30 children complaining of learning impairment (study group) and 14 children that did not complain (control group), aged 9 years and 12 years and 11 months. All the children underwent peripheral audiologic evaluation and the P3 study. Results It was found that the mean P3 latency of the study group was significantly higher than the control group. When comparing P3 amplitude values, there was no difference, although the mean of the study group was lower when compared to the control group. It was observed that, for age and P3 latency, no significant correlation was detected. A similar situation was observed in the relation of age and amplitude, which, even though negative, it was not significant. Conclusion The group of children with learning impairment complaints presented P3 latency values greater than the children in the group of children that did not complain. No correlation was found in the P3 wave amplitude values between groups.

Privação e plasticidade sensorial auditiva em idosos: potenciais corticais e questionários de autoavaliação / Auditory plasticity and deprivation in the elderly: cortical potentials and outcome measurements

Objetivo: Determinar os efeitos da privação sensorial auditiva e o uso de amplificação em adultos e idosos com perda auditiva sensorioneural. Métodos: Os sujeitos foram avaliados pelo registrodos Potenciais Evocados Auditivos de Longa Latência logo após odiagnóstico da perda auditiva e após um mês de uso dos aparelhos auditivos, considerando o período de aclimatização. Participaram 20 indivíduos, novos usuários de aparelhos auditivos com idades entre 28 e 88 anos, com perdas auditivas de grau moderado a severo. Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os valores dos componentes N2 e P3 nos registros realizados antes e depois do uso da amplificação para cada orelha em todos os sujeitos. Não foram encontradas relações estatisticamente significantes entre N2 e P3 e as variáveis idade, duração da privação auditiva e o tempo de uso dos aparelhos auditivos. Conclusão: Os efeitos da privação auditiva e do uso da amplificação puderam ser observados pelas mudanças nos valores de latência dos Potenciais Evocados Auditivos de Longa Latência nos componentes N2 e P3. O uso da amplificação como estimulação efetiva pode prevenir ou minimizar a privação auditiva em adultos e idosos deficientes auditivos e pode ser considerado essencial para a plasticidade do Sistema Nervoso Auditivo Central. (AU)

Objective: Determine the effects of sensory deprivation and use of amplification in adults and elderly individuals with sensorineural hearing loss. Design: The subjects underwent measurements of long latency auditory evoked potentials, soon after the diagnosis of hearing loss and once again after the use of amplification, considering the acclimatization period. Study sample: Participated in the study, 20 individuals, new hearing aid users. Their ages ranged from 28 to 88 years, with varying degrees of hearing loss, from mild to severe. Results: There was a significant difference between N2 and P3 latencies before and after the use of amplification for each ear. There was no statistically significant relationship between the N2 and P3 latencies and the variables age, duration of auditory deprivation and time of use of hearing aids. Conclusion: The effects of deprivation and use of stimulation can be observed through changes in latencies of N2 and P3 components of auditory evoked potentials latencies, in all subjects. The use of amplification as an effective stimulation may prevent or minimize sensory deprivation in hearing impaired adults and can be considered essential for the plasticity of the central auditory nervous system. (AU)

Auditory evoked potential P300 in adults: reference values / Potencial evocado auditivo P300 em adultos: valores de referência

ABSTRACT Objective To establish reference intervals for cognitive potential P300 latency using tone burst stimuli. Methods This study involved 28 participants aged between 18 and 59 years. P300 recordings were performed using a two-channel device (Masbe, Contronic). Electrode placement was as follows: Fpz (ground electrode), Cz (active electrode), M1 and M2 (reference electrodes). Intensity corresponded to 80 dB HL and frequent and rare stimulus frequencies to 1,000Hz and 2,000Hz, respectively. Stimuli were delivered binaurally. Results Mean age of participants was 35 years. Average P300 latency was 305ms. Conclusion Maximum acceptable P300 latency values of 362.5ms (305 + 2SD 28.75) were determined for adults aged 18 to 59 years using the protocol described.

RESUMO Objetivo Estabelecer valores de referência para a latência do potencial cognitivo P300 com estímulos tone burst. Métodos Participaram do estudo 28 indivíduos entre 18 e 59 anos. O registro do P300 foi realizado no equipamento Masbe da marca Contronic. Os eletrodos foram fixados nas posições Fpz (eletrodo terra), Cz (eletrodo ativo), M1 e M2 (eletrodos referência). A intensidade foi de 80 dB NA. A frequência do estímulo frequente foi de 1.000Hz e a do estímulo raro de 2.000Hz. Os estímulos foram apresentados na forma binaural. Resultados A média de idade dos indivíduos foi de 35 anos. A média de latência para P300 de 305ms. Conclusão Usando o protocolo descrito, o valor máximo de latência aceitáveis para P300 foram de 362,5ms (305 + 2DP 28,75) na faixa etária do adulto de 18 a 59 anos.

Long-latency auditory evoked potentials with verbal and nonverbal stimuli, / Potenciais evocados auditivos de longa latência com verbais e não verbais

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Long-latency auditory evoked potentials represent the cortical activity related to attention, memory, and auditory discrimination skills. Acoustic signal processing occurs differently between verbal and nonverbal stimuli, influencing the latency and amplitude patterns. OBJECTIVE: To describe the latencies of the cortical potentials P1, N1, P2, N2, and P3, as well as P3 amplitude, with different speech stimuli and tone bursts, and to classify them in the presence and absence of these data. METHODS: A total of 30 subjects with normal hearing were assessed, aged 18-32 years old, matched by gender. Nonverbal stimuli were used (tone burst; 1000 Hz - frequent and 4000 Hz - rare); and verbal (/ba/ - frequent; /ga/, /da/, and /di/ - rare). RESULTS: Considering the component N2 for tone burst, the lowest latency found was 217.45 ms for the BA/DI stimulus; the highest latency found was 256.5 ms. For the P3 component, the shortest latency with tone burst stimuli was 298.7 with BA/GA stimuli, the highest, was 340 ms. For the P3 amplitude, there was no statistically significant difference among the different stimuli. For latencies of components P1, N1, P2, N2, P3, there were no statistical differences among them, regardless of the stimuli used. CONCLUSION: There was a difference in the latency of potentials N2 and P3 among the stimuli employed but no difference was observed for the P3 amplitude.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: Os potenciais evocados auditivos de longa latência representam a atividade cortical relacionada às habilidades de atenção, memória e discriminação auditiva. O processamento do sinal acústico ocorre de maneira diferente entre estímulos verbais e não verbais, podendo interferir nos padrões de latência e amplitude. OBJETIVO: Descrever as latências dos potencias P1, N1, P2, N2 e P3 e a amplitude do P3 com os diferentes estímulos e classificar em presença e ausência estas informações. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 30 indivíduos, com faixa etária de 18 a 32 anos. Equiparados quanto ao gênero e normo-ouvintes. Foram utilizados estímulos não verbais (1.000 HZ -frequente e 4.000 Hz -raro) e verbais (/ba/-frequente e /ga/, /da/, /di/-raros). RESULTADOS: Considerando o componente N2, para o tone burstencontrou-se a menor latência em torno de 217,45 ms e para o estímulo BA/DI a maior latência em torno de 256,5 ms. No que diz respeito a componente P3, a latência encontrada com tone burst foi a menor em torno de 298,7 ms e com o estimulo BA/GA a maior em torno de 340 ms. Para a amplitude em P3, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os diferentes estímulos. Quanto às informações referentes aos valores das latências dos componentes P1, N1, P2, N2 e P3, independente do estímulo utilizado houve presença dos componentes sem diferenças estatísticas entre eles. CONCLUSÃO: Houve diferença na latência do potencial N2 e P3 entre os estímulos, mas não foi observada diferença para a amplitude do P3.

Potenciais evocados auditivos de longa latência em campo sonoro em crianças audiologicamente normais / Long-latency auditory evoked potentials in sound field in normal-hearing children

RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar os Potenciais Evocados Auditivos de Longa Latência (PEALL) (P1, N1, P2, N2, P300) em campo sonoro, em crianças audiologicamente normais, bem como verificar a estabilidade destes potenciais. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, longitudinal, composto por 17 crianças audiologicamente normais, na faixa etária de 6 a 13 anos de idade, com limiares de audibilidade dentro da normalidade. Foram captados os PEALL P1, N1, P2, N2, P300 com estímulos de fala e tone burst, em três momentos de avaliação: avaliação inicial (M0), três meses após a avaliação inicial (M3) e nove meses após a avaliação inicial (M9). Resultados: Foi observada diminuição dos valores de latência dos componentes P1 (M0xM3 / M0xM9 / M0xM3xM9) e P2 (M0xM9) e aumento no valor de amplitude do P300 (M0xM3), quando obtidos com estímulo de fala, e diminuição no valor de latência do P300 (M0xM9), obtido com estímulo tone burst. Conclusão: Foi possível identificar os componentes do PEALL na maioria dos indivíduos. Os componentes P1, N1, P2, N2 (tone burst) e N1 e N2 (fala) não sofreram modificações em latências e amplitudes entre os diferentes momentos de avaliação, sugerindo estabilidade deste potencial no período de nove meses. O P300 demonstrou ser um componente mais sensível a esse intervalo de tempo entre as avaliações, pois sofreu modificações indicativas de maturação do sistema nervoso auditivo central. As latências de todos os componentes obtidos com estímulo de fala foram maiores do que com tone burst, demonstrando que estímulos diferentes geram respostas corticais distintas.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To characterize the Long-Latency Auditory Evoked Potentials (LLAEP) (P1, N1, P2, N2, P300) with acoustic stimuli presented in sound field system in children with normal hearing, as well as to verify the stability of these potentials. Methods: This prospective, longitudinal study comprised 17 children with ages between 6 and 13 years and hearing thresholds within normal. The LLAEP P1, N1, P2, N2, P300 were recorded with speech stimuli and tone burst presented in sound field system, in three different moments: initial assessment (M0), three months after the initial assessment (M3), and nine months after the initial assessment (M9). Results: When the speech stimuli was used, there was a decrease in the latency values of components P1 (M0xM3/M0xM9/M0xM3xM9) and P2 (M0xM9), as well as an increase in the amplitude of P300 (M0xM3) over time. With the tone bust stimuli, it was verified a decrease in the latency values of P300 (M0xM9) over time. Conclusion: it was possible to identify the components of the LLAEP in most individuals. The P1, N1, P2, N2 (tone burst) and N1 and N2 (speech) did not change their latencies and amplitudes between the different moments of evaluation, suggesting stability of this potential in the period of 9 months. The P300 was the component most sensitive to the time intervals considered, since it presented modifications over time that indicated maturation of the central auditory nervous system. The latencies of all components obtained with speech stimulus were higher than with tone bursts, indicating that different stimuli generate different cortical responses.

P300 in individuals with sensorineural hearing loss / P300 em indivíduos com perda auditiva sensorioneural

INTRODUCTION: Behavioral and electrophysiological auditory evaluations contribute to the understanding of the auditory system and of the process of intervention. OBJECTIVE: To study P300 in subjects with severe or profound sensorineural hearing loss. METHODS: This was a descriptive cross-sectional prospective study. It included 29 individuals of both genders with severe or profound sensorineural hearing loss without other type of disorders, aged 11 to 42 years; all were assessed by behavioral audiological evaluation and auditory evoked potentials. RESULTS: A recording of the P3 wave was obtained in 17 individuals, with a mean latency of 326.97 ms and mean amplitude of 3.76 V. There were significant differences in latency in relation to age and in amplitude according to degree of hearing loss. There was a statistically significant association of the P300 results with the degrees of hearing loss (p = 0.04), with the predominant auditory communication channels (p < 0.0001), and with time of hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS: P300 can be recorded in individuals with severe and profound congenital sensorineural hearing loss; it may contribute to the understanding of cortical development and is a good predictor of the early intervention outcome. .

INTRODUÇÃO: As avaliações comportamentais e eletrofisiológicas auditivas contribuem para o entendimento do sistema auditivo e do processo de intervenção. OBJETIVO: Estudar P300 em indivíduos com perda auditiva sensorioneural severa ou profunda. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo transversal descritivo. Participaram 29 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 18 e 45 anos com perda auditiva sensorioneural, congênita severa ou profunda e sem comorbidades, avaliados por meio de avaliação audiológica comportamental e potencial evocado auditivo de longa latência. RESULTADOS: O registro da onda P3 foi obtido em 17 indivíduos, com latência e amplitude média de 326,97 ms e 3,76V, respectivamente. Houve diferenças significativas da medida de latência em relação à idade e da amplitude segundo o grau da perda auditiva. Evidenciou-se associação do resultado do P300 aos graus de perda auditiva (p = 0,04) e ao canal de comunicação auditiva predominante (p = 0,0001) e ao tempo de privação auditiva (teste exato de Fisher). CONCLUSÕES: P300 pode ser registrado em indivíduos com perda auditiva sensorioneural congênita e colaborar para a compreensão do desenvolvimento cortical auditivo e ser preditor do resultado da intervenção. .

Cortical inhibition effect in musicians and non-musicians using P300 with and without contralateral stimulation / Efeito da inibição cortical utilizando o P300 em músicos e não músicos com e sem estimulação contralateral

Introduction: Musicians have more robust and efficient neural responses in the cortical and sub-cortical regions, demonstrating that musical experience benefits the processing of both non-linguistic and linguistic stimuli. Objective: This study aimed to verify P300's latency and amplitude behavioral using contralateral stimulation in musicians and non-musicians. Methods: This was a case-control study. Subjects were divided in two groups: musicians, comprising 30 professional musicians, and non-musicians, comprising 25 subjects without musical experience. Results: The present study showed that the musicians had lower latencies and higher amplitudes than the non-musicians in the P300 without contralateral noise. For the P300 amplitude values, the difference between groups persisted, and the musicians presented significantly higher amplitude values compared with the non-musicians; additionally, the analysis of the noise effect on the P300 response showed that the latency values were significantly increased in the musicians. Conclusion: The central auditory nervous system of musicians presents peculiar characteristics of electrophysiological responses probably due to the plasticity imposed by musical practice. .

Introdução: Os músicos possuem respostas neurais mais robustas e eficientes em regiões corticais, mostrando que a experiência musical beneficia o processamento de estímulos linguísticos e não linguísticos. Objetivo: Verificar como a latência e a amplitude do P300 se comporta usando estimulação contralateral, em músicos e não músicos. Método: Estudo de caso-controle. Os indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos: GM (grupo de músicos) com 30 músicos profissionais e GNM (grupo de não músicos) com 25 indivíduos sem experiência musical. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que: GM teve latências menores e amplitudes maiores do que a GNM no P300 sem ruído contralateral. Para os valores de amplitude do P300, a diferença entre os grupos se manteve, e o GM apresentou valores de amplitude significativamente maiores em comparação com o GNM; e a análise do efeito do ruído sobre a resposta P300 mostrou que os valores de latência foram significativamente maiores no GM. Conclusão: Concluímos que o sistema nervoso auditivo central de músicos apresenta características peculiares de respostas eletrofisiológicas provavelmente devido à plasticidade imposta pela prática musical. .

Estimation of Eyewitness Identification Accuracy by Event-Related Potentials / 대한법의학회지

We investigated event-related potentials (ERPs) to estimate the accuracy of eyewitness memories. Participants watched videos of vehicles being driven dangerously, from an anti-impaired driving initiative. The four-letter license plates of the vehicles were the target stimuli. Random numbers were presented while participants attempted to identify the license plate letters, and electroencephalograms were recorded. There was a significant difference in activity 300-500 milliseconds after stimulus onset, between target stimuli and random numbers. This finding contributes to establishing an eyewitness recognition model where different ERP components may reflect more explicit memory that is dissociable from recollection.