Associação entre parâmetros do sono e atividade física em corredores durante a pandemia de COVID-19 / Association between sleep parameters and physical activity in runners during the COVID-19 pandemic

Determinar associação entre qualidade do sono (QS), sonolência diurna excessiva (SDE) e a atividade física (AF) em corredores de rua durante a pandemia deCOVID-19. Em86 voluntários, as seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas: QS (pelo Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh, ESE (pelaEscala de Sonolência de Epworth) e a AF (pelo aplicativo Google Fit®).Utilizou-se o teste de correlação de Pearson ou teste de correlação de Spearman. A análise de regressão linear simples foi realizada entre as variáveis que apresentaram correlação. Consideraram-se significantes os valores de p<0,05. Houve correlação entre a SDE e a contagem de passos, bem como entre a SDE e a AF. Verificou-se associação entre a SDE e a AF, mas não entre a QS e a AF.

To determine the association between sleep quality (SQ), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and physical activity (PA) in amateur street runners during the COVID-19pandemic. Eighty-six volunteers were evaluated, and the analyzed variables were: SQ (By Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), EDS (By Epworth Sleepiness Scale), and PA (By the Google Fit® app). The data was collected remotely, via email, using Google Forms. Pearson correlation test or Spearman correlation test was used for data correlation. Simple linear regression analysis was performed between variables that showed correlation. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. There was a correlation between EDS and step count [r (p) = 0.219 (0.042)], and only an association between PA and EDS was observed. Based on the results, an association was found between EDS and PA. However, no association was found between SQ and PA.

Sleep characteristics and excessive daytime sleepiness in adolescents and adults: results from the birth cohorts of three Brazilian cities — RPS Consortium / Características do sono e sonolência diurna excessiva em adolescentes e adultos: resultados das coortes de nascimento de três cidades brasileiras - Consórcio RPS

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the prevalence of insufficient sleep duration, long sleep latency, terminal or maintenance insomnia, subjective sleep quality, and excessive daytime sleepiness among participants of birth cohorts conducted in three Brazilian cities, and to evaluate differences in prevalence rates within cohorts according to sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses involving adolescents and adults participating in four birth cohorts conducted in Ribeirão Preto (RP78 and RP94), Pelotas (PEL93) and São Luís (SL97/98). Sleep duration, latency, terminal or maintenance insomnia, and subjective sleep quality were obtained through the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; and excessive daytime sleepiness was assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Differences in the prevalence of the outcomes were analyzed in each cohort according to sociodemographic characteristics (skin color, marital status, socioeconomic status, study and working at the time of the interview) stratified by sex. Results: Insufficient sleep duration was the most common outcome at the four cohorts, with higher frequency among men. Long latency was more frequently reported by young adult women in RP94 and PEL93 cohorts, and insomnia by women of the four cohorts, when compared to men of the same age. Women generally suffered more from excessive daytime sleepiness and evaluated the quality of their sleep more negatively than men. In addition to sex, being a student and working were associated with the largest number of outcomes in both sexes. Conclusion: Sleep disorders are more prevalent in women, reinforcing the need for greater investment in sleep health in Brazil, without disregarding gender and socioeconomic determinants.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência de duração do sono, latência, insônia terminal, qualidade subjetiva do sono e sonolência diurna excessiva entre participantes de coortes de nascimentos realizadas em três cidades brasileiras, bem como avaliar as diferenças nas taxas de prevalência das coortes de acordo com características sociodemográficas. Métodos: Análises transversais envolvendo participantes de quatro coortes de nascimento realizadas em Ribeirão Preto (RP78 e RP94), Pelotas (PEL93) e São Luís (SL97). A duração, a latência, a insônia terminal e a qualidade subjetiva do sono foram obtidas por meio do Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh; e a sonolência diurna excessiva foi avaliada pela Escala de Sonolência de Epworth. As diferenças na prevalência dos desfechos foram analisadas em cada coorte segundo características sociodemográficas estratificadas por sexo. Resultados: A duração insuficiente do sono foi o desfecho mais comum nas quatro coortes, com maior frequência entre os homens. Latência longa foi mais frequentemente relatada por mulheres adultas jovens nas coortes RP94 e PEL93, e insônia por mulheres das quatro coortes, quando comparadas a homens da mesma idade. As mulheres geralmente sofriam mais com sonolência diurna excessiva e avaliavam a qualidade do sono de forma mais negativa do que os homens. Além do sexo, ser estudante e trabalhar estiveram associados ao maior número de desfechos em ambos os sexos. Conclusão: Os distúrbios do sono são mais prevalentes em mulheres, reforçando a necessidade de maior investimento na saúde do sono no Brasil, sem desconsiderar gênero e determinantes socioeconômicos.

Histamine H / 中国药理学通报

Pitolisant is an orally active histamine H

Progresses in clinical manifestations and treatments of narcolepsy / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

Narcolepsy is a rare disease that presents with sleep-wake disorder, which divided into narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and narcolepsy type 2 (NT2). NT1 accounts for more than 75%, which is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), cataplexy attacks and nocturnal sleep symptoms (e.g. sleep paralysis, hallucinations, sleep disruptions, sleep movement disorders, etc.), accompanied by metabolic, psychiatric and emotional disturbances. The main clinical manifestation of NT2 is EDS, without cataplexy and nonspecific other symptoms of NT1. The treatments of narcolepsy mainly include the treatments of EDS and cataplexy, as well as the improvement of nocturnal sleep. This article will elaborate the advances in clinical manifestations and treatments of narcolepsy.

Association of excessive daytime sleepiness and freezing of gait in Parkinson′s disease / 中华神经科杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between excessive daytime sleepiness and freezing of gait in Parkinson′s disease (PD).Methods:A total of 136 participants with PD were consecutively recruited between August 2017 and January 2018 at the Department of Neurology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. The patients were divided into freezers with 50 patients and nonfreezers with 86 patients. The clinical characteristics of freezers and nonfreezers in PD patients were assessed. In the longitudinal study, a cohort of nonfreezers with 86 patients at baseline clinical visit for a maximum of 18 months were prospectively followed. The patients were divided into the excessive daytime sleepiness group ( n=14) and the non-excessive daytime sleepiness group ( n=72). Then a Cox regression analysis was performed to further investigate the relationship between excessive daytime sleepiness and freezing of gait in PD, and explore risk factors for freezing of gait. Results:The freezers had significantly worse sleep compared with the nonfreezers. The proportion of patients with excessive daytime sleepiness in freezers was higher than nonfreezers [40% (20/50) vs 16% (14/86), χ2=9.49, P=0.002]. The proportion of freezers in the patients with excessive daytime sleepiness was significantly higher than that in the patients without excessive daytime sleepiness [59% (20/34) vs 29% (30/102), χ2 =9.49, P=0.002]. During a maximum of 18-month follow-up, freezing of gait incidence (6/7) in the excessive daytime sleepiness group was significantly higher than that in the non-excessive daytime sleepiness group [21% (8/39) , χ2 =9.04, P=0.003]. Excessive daytime sleepiness ( HR=8.03, 95% CI 2.58-24.99, P<0.01) and high L-dopa equivalent daily dose ( HR=5.92, 95% CI 1.95-17.93, P=0.002) were significantly associated with an increased hazard of freezing of gait. Conclusion:Excessive daytime sleepiness and high L-dopa equivalent daily dose may be risk factors for the development of freezing of gait in PD in the future.

Lisdexamfetamine to improve excessive daytime sleepiness and weight management in narcolepsy: a case series

Objective: To report the successful use of lisdexamfetamine in the management of narcolepsy. Methods: Five narcoleptic patients received lisdexamfetamine, at different dosages and for different periods, for management of excessive daytime sleepiness and weight control. Results: All patients experienced improvement of excessive daytime sleepiness and lost weight without side effects. Conclusion: Lisdexamfetamine appears promising for the treatment of two of the most common symptoms of narcolepsy: excessive daytime sleepiness and weight gain.

Utility of the Epworth sleepiness scale: Hindi version in identifying obstructive sleep apnoea in adult patients with symptoms of sleep disordered breathing in a tertiary care centre

Background: Excessive daytime sleepiness is a key symptom in patients with sleep- breathing disorders (SBD) and represents a new major public health issue due to its repercussions. The ESS is a simple and validated method, which measures the probability of falling asleep in a variety of situations. Aims and objectives is to study the accuracy of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) questionnaire in the identification of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) in patients with symptoms of sleep disordered breathing in a tertiary care centre.Methods: This present study was conducted in the Department of Respiratory medicine, New Medical College, Kota on 70 adult patients who presented with symptoms of Sleep Disordered Breathing and underwent Type 2 Polysomnography after answering Epworth sleepiness score in Hindi Language.Results: Epworth sleepiness scale has predicted excessive day time sleepiness in 60% of study subjects with ESS score more than 10 taken as cut off. Mean value for ESS in the study was 10.78. 35.71% of the patients had severe OSA diagnosed by polysomnography and 30% patients had moderate OSA. Mild OSA was detected in 7.14% patients. Sensitivity of the ESS score >10 in diagnosing OSA was found to be 72.5%. Specificity of the scale was 73.6%.There was significant correlation between ESS score and diagnosis of OSA (p value <0.001).Conclusions: The study concludes that ESS has got good relevance in predicting OSA in patients with sleep disordered breathing.

Fatores Associados aos Níveis de Fadiga e Sonolência Excessiva Diurna em Estudantes do Internato de um Curso de Medicina / Factors Associated with Levels of Fatigue and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Medical Internship Students

Resumo: Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar os níveis de fadiga e SED em estudantes internos de um curso de Medicina, bem como analisar os fatores sociodemográficos e pessoais associados. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal analítico com abordagem quantitativa. Os participantes da pesquisa foram alunos do internato da PUC Goiás, período que corresponde aos dois últimos anos de curso. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, utilizaram-se três instrumentos: um questionário sociodemográfico com perguntas direcionadas ao fenômeno investigado, a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (ESE) e a Escala de Fadiga de Chalder. Resultados: Foram incluídos na pesquisa 116 estudantes internos do curso de medicina da PUC Goiás. A média de idade foi de 24,3 (±8,4) anos. Quanto ao sexo, 31,9% da amostra foi composta pelo sexo masculino, e 68,1%, feminino. Quando se analisou o nível de fadiga, observou-se a presença considerável de fadiga em 99 (85,3%) dos internos. Na comparação entre fadiga e os aspectos sociodemográficos, constatou-se que a variável sexo obteve associação significativa, com maiores escores em alunos do sexo feminino (p = 0,035). Já na comparação da fadiga com os aspectos pessoais, observou-se associação significativa da fadiga com os que afirmaram: praticar atividades físicas raramente (p = 0,0038), praticar atividade artística às vezes (p = 0,034), fazer atividade turística às vezes (p = 0,022), ter doença psiquiátrica (p = 0,0006), ter dificuldades para dormir (p < 0,0001), não ser fumante (p = 0,011), fazer uso de substâncias que alteram o sono (p = 0,028) e não estar satisfeito com o próprio rendimento acadêmico (p < 0,0001). Quanto à análise da sonolência excessiva diurna, perceberam-se níveis consideráveis de sonolência em 62 (53,4%) dos estudantes, e o escore médio entre os internos participantes foi de 11,2. Na comparação dos aspectos sociodemográficos dos participantes do estudo com os níveis de SED, identificou-se maior escore no sexo feminino (p = 0,041). Quando se comparou a SED com os aspectos pessoais dos estudantes, observou-se associação significativa entre os alunos que referiram ter dificuldade para dormir (p = 0,039) e aqueles que não estavam satisfeitos com o próprio rendimento acadêmico (p = 0,027). Por fim, a análise de correlação de Pearson foi realizada entre os níveis de fadiga e os níveis de SED dos 116 estudantes internos de medicina pesquisados e identificou com significância estatística uma moderada correlação positiva (r = 0,3779) entre esses dois agravos (p < 0,0001). Conclusão: Os dados apontaram que aspectos sociodemográficos e pessoais dos discentes exercem influência direta sobre os seus níveis de fadiga e SED. Tal evidência é de suma relevância, já que fadiga e SED podem trazer consequências negativas para os acadêmicos. Um melhor conhecimento da associação positiva entre fadiga e SED, bem como os fatores associados a esses agravos, permite uma abordagem dessa problemática por parte das instituições de ensino superior, visando aos melhores desfechos na qualidade de vida dos discentes e futuros profissionais médicos.

Abstract: Introduction: To measure the fatigue and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) levels in medical internship students, as well as to analyze associated sociodemographic and personal factors. Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. The study participants were medical internship students from PUC Goiás, a period that corresponds to the last two years of the medical course. Three instruments were used for the study development: a sociodemographic questionnaire with questions directed to the investigated phenomenon, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Chalder Fatigue Scale. Results: A total of 116 internship students from PUC Goiás medical school were included in the study. The mean age was 24.3 (± 8.4) years. Regarding gender, 31.9% of the sample consisted of males and 68.1% of females. When analyzing the level of fatigue, the considerable presence of fatigue was observed in 99 (85.3%) of the internship students. When comparing fatigue with the sociodemographic aspects of the analyzed students, it was observed that the gender variable showed a significant association, reaching higher scores in female students (p = 0.035). When comparing fatigue with the students' personal aspects a significant association with fatigue was observed among students who stated: rarely practicing physical activities (p = 0.0038); sometimes practicing artistic activities (p = 0.034); sometimes doing tourist activities (p = 0.022), having a psychiatric illness (p = 0.0006); having difficulty sleeping (p <0.0001); not smoking (p = 0.011); using sleep-altering substances (p = 0.028) and not being satisfied with their academic performance (p <0.0001). As for the analysis of EDS, considerable levels of sleepiness were observed in 62 (53.4%) students, and the mean score among the participants was 11.2. When evaluating the sociodemographic aspects of the study participants regarding EDS, it was observed that higher levels were again found in females (p = 0.041). Compared the EDS with the students' personal aspects , a significant association was observed in students who reported having difficulty sleeping (p = 0.039) and students who were not satisfied with their academic performance (p = 0.027). Finally, Pearson's correlation analysis was performed between fatigue levels and EDS levels of the 116 medical internship students analyzed and identified a positive moderate correlation with statistical significance (r = 0.3777) between these two disorders (p <0.0001). Conclusion: Data showed that the students' sociodemographic and personal aspects have a direct influence on their fatigue and EDS levels. Such evidence is of the utmost importance, as fatigue and EDS can have negative consequences for medical students. Having better knowledge about the correlation between these disorders, as well as the factors related to them, allows the approach of this problem by higher education institutions, aiming at better outcomes regarding the quality of life of students and future professionals.

Factores asociados con somnolencia diurna excesiva en estudiantes de Medicina de una institución de educación superior de Bucaramanga / Factors Associated with Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Medical Students of a Higher Education Institution of Bucaramanga

RESUMEN Introducción: La somnolencia diurna excesiva (SDE) puede llegar a interferir en el desempeño académico y profesional, debido a que las personas afectadas tienden a quedarse dormidas en situaciones que exigen un alto nivel de atención. Los estudiantes de Medicina representan una población en riesgo de SDE, dada la exigencia académica de numerosas horas de estudio, debido al gran número de créditos por asignatura contenidos en el plan de estudios del programa académico, las prácticas docentes asistenciales y los turnos nocturnos, que pueden generar privación o déficit acumulado del sueño. Por esta razón, es importante estimar la prevalencia de SDE y los factores asociados en estudiantes de Medicina de una institución de educación superior (IES) de Bucaramanga, con el objetivo de implementar estrategias de prevención primaria que disminuyan la presentación de este problema y mejoren la calidad de vida y el desempeño académico de los estudiantes. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico observacional, con una muestra poblacional de 458 estudiantes de Medicina matriculados en el segundo semestre de 2015 en la Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga (UNAB), quienes respondieron a 4 cuestionarios: variables sociodemográficas, escala de somnolencia de Epworth, índice de calidad del sueño de Pittsburg (ICSP) e índice de higiene del sueño (IHS). Se realizó el análisis bivariable y multivariable en busca de asociación con SDE. Resultados: Los estudiantes tenían una media de edad de 20,3 arios; de los 458 encuestados, el 62,88% eran mujeres. Se estableció que el 80,75% de los participantes tenían SDE y el 80,55%, una percepción negativa de la calidad del sueño (OR = 1,91;IC95%, 1,11-3,29; p = 0,019). En el análisis multivariable, se encontró que el hecho de estar cursando ciencias clínicas disminuye el riesgo de SDE respecto a quienes estaban cursando el ciclo básico. Además, se observó que una puntuación > 15 en el IHS aumenta de manera significativa el riesgo de padecer SDE. Conclusiones: Aunque es frecuente encontrar SDE en los estudiantes de Medicina, solo un pequeño porcentaje de ellos sufren la forma severa de este trastorno del sueño. Estar cursando asignaturas del ciclo básico se asocia con mayor riesgo de SDE, por lo cual es importante que los comités curriculares de las IES evalúen regularmente la cantidad de horas de trabajo supervisado e independiente que realizan los estudiantes de Medicina. Finalmente, es importante emprender campañas orientadas a mejorar la percepción de riesgo sobre el uso de bebidas energizantes de los estudiantes universitarios y realizar, desde el ingreso al programa académico, recomendaciones sobre los hábitos de higiene del sueño.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) can interfere with academic and professional performance, as affected individuals tend to fall asleep in situations that demand a high level of alertness. Medical students are often a population at risk of suffering from EDS due to the demanding number of study hours, the significant number of credits per subject in the academic curriculum, practical teaching sessions and hospital night shifts, which can lead to sleep deprivation or sleep debt. It is for these reasons that it is important to estimate the prevalence of EDS and its associated factors in medical students of a Higher Education Institution (HEI) in Bucaramanga, in order to implement early prevention strategies to reduce the occurrence of this problem and to improve the students' quality of life and academic performance. Material and methods: An observational, cross-sectional analytical study with a population sample of 458 medical students enrolled in the second semester of 2015 at the Universidad Autonomade Bucaramanga (UNAB), who completed four questionnaires: Sociodemographic Variables, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Sleep Hygiene Index (SHI). A bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed to identify any correlations with EDS. Results: Mean student age was 20.3 years and 62.88% of the 458 respondents were women. We were able to establish that 80.75% of participants suffered from EDS and 80.55% had a negative perception of their sleep quality (OR=1.91; 95% CI, 1.11-3.29; p =0.019). In the multivariate analysis, it was found that the risk of EDS is lower in the clinical sciences than in the basic cycle. Furthermore, it was noted that a score higher than 15 in the Sleep Hygiene Index significantly increases the risk of suffering from EDS. Conclusions: Although EDS is very common in medical students, only a small percentage present the most severe form of this sleep disorder. Being enrolled in basic cycle subjects is associated with a higher risk of suffering EDS, so it is important for the curriculum committees of higher education institutions to regularly evaluate the number of hours of supervised and independent work performed by medical students. Finally, it is important to implement campaigns aimed at improving university students' perception of the risk of taking energy drinks and to establish sleep hygiene recommendations from the start of the academic programme.

A Study on Association between Sleep Habits and Academic Performance among Medical Undergraduates in Maharaja Agrasen Medical College Agroha.

Introduction: Good quality and adequate amount of sleepis necessary for being healthy. Medical students are proneto more stress due to their academic demands. The sleepamong students is characterized by inadequate sleeping hours,delayed sleep onset, and mid day nap. Current research aimedto study sleep habits among medical students and to findrelationship between sleep habits and stress with academicperformance of students.Material and Methods: This cross–sectional study wascarried out among 139 medical students of third semester,seventh semester and interns enrolled at Maharaja AgrasenMedical College, Agroha (Dist. Hisar), Haryana. Primarytool in this study was a predesigned and semi-structuredquestionnaire. Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was used toassess daytime sleepiness. Collected data was analysed usingfrequencies, percentages and chi square test.Results: Out of 139 students, 38.8% were considered tohave excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS score >10). Femalestudents (43.1%) were found to have more abnormal EDS scoreas compare to male students(35.1%). Out of total, 70 studentssecured marks between 60-70 percent in which maximumnumber of students (61.42%) were stress free during examsand 54% had sleep duration of 7-10 hours. Good health wasfound to be strongly significant with academic performanceof the students. Duration of study hours was found to besignificant with academic performance of students. Delayedsleep onset was found to be more in female students (55%).Mid day nap was found in 76.25% of students.Conclusion: The negative effects of sleep difficulties havebeen well documented. EDS was more in female students.Also, good health had significant association with academicperformance so the knowledge of importance of good qualityand adequate amount of sleep and its impact on health shouldbe emphasized and translated into practice.

The influence of excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep quality on anxiety and depression in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome / 中华内科杂志

Objective To explore the factors that contribute to the anxiety and depression in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) patients in terms of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and sleep quality.Methods A total of 196 OSAHS patients,including 103 severe patients and 93 mild-moderate patients,were enrolled.Polysomnography was carried on at the sleep center of the First Hospital of China Medical University between May 2013 and November 2015.According to the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) and the subject daytime sleepiness symptom,all patients were divided into EDS group and non-EDS group.The patients' general information and subjective symptoms were recorded.Emotional states were assessed with self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS).Sleep quality was evaluated with Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI).The anxiety and depression related factors were studied by regression analysis.Results (1) In severe OSAHS group,the patients with EDS showed higher PSQI(6.22± 2.57 vs.4.05± 3.72,P＜0.01) and oxygen desaturation index(ODI)[(57.70±17.53) events/h vs.(48.23 ± 22.01)events/h,P＜0.05] when compared with those without EDS.(2) In both severe and mild-moderate OSAHS groups,the patients with EDS presented higher SAS scores (severe:33.86±7.60 vs.28.95 ± 4.71,mild-moderate:37.46± 10.68 vs.33.40± 11.07,P＜0.05)and SDS scores(severe:32.81 ± 8.36 vs.28.90±4.53,mild-moderate:36.98± 12.77 vs.31.70±10.94,P＜0.05)when compared with those without EDS.(3) The multiple regression analysis showed that the SAS scores were related to ESS,PSQI,insomnia and nasal obstruction (R2=0.356,P＜0.05),and the SDS scores were related to ESS,PSQI and insomnia(R2=0.344,P＜0.05).Conclusions The anxiety and depression of OSAHS patients are closely related to the severity of EDS and sleep quality.Both severe and mild-moderate OSAHS patients with EDS have worse anxiety and depression scores.

Clinical Predictors of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Patients with Parkinson's Disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a common complaint among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Several factors have been associated with EDS in PD, especially neuropsychiatric symptoms. This study aimed to determine the relationships between neuropsychiatric symptoms, sociodemographic and clinical parameters, and EDS in PD. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed 85 patients with PD. All patients underwent socioeconomic and clinical data evaluations followed by a psychiatric interview and a neurological examination, including the assessment of sleep features. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of EDS, which was defined as a score higher than 10 on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Binary logistic regression was performed in order to describe the predictors of EDS. RESULTS: We found that EDS affects 40% of PD patients and is associated with older age, restless legs syndrome, depressive and anxious symptoms, and worse sleep quality. In the multivariate analysis, older age, levodopa use, and worse sleep quality remained as significant predictors of EDS in PD. CONCLUSIONS: Nighttime sleep problems, older age, and levodopa use are significantly associated with EDS in PD. A careful assessment and the management of sleep problems in PD patients might help to improve their quality of life.

Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Parkinson's Disease: Clinical Implications and Management / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>Objective</b>Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is one of the most common sleep abnormalities in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), yet its multifactorial etiology complicates its treatment. This review summarized recent studies on the epidemiology, etiology, clinical implications, associated features, and evaluation of EDS in PD. The efficacy of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments for EDS in PD was also reviewed.</p><p><b>Data Sources</b>English language articles indexed in PubMed and Cochrane databases and Chinese-language papers indexed in Wanfang and National Knowledge Infrastructure databases that were published between January 1987 and November 2017 were located using the following search terms: "sleepiness", "sleep and Parkinson's disease", and "Parkinson's disease and treatment".</p><p><b>Study Selection</b>Original research articles and critical reviews related to EDS in PD were selected.</p><p><b>Results</b>EDS is a major health hazard and is associated with many motor and nonmotor symptoms of PD. Its causes are multifactorial. There are few specific guidelines for the treatment of EDS in PD. It is first necessary to identify and treat any possible factors causing EDS. Recent studies showed that some nonpharmacologic (i.e., cognitive behavioral therapy, light therapy, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) and pharmacologic (i.e., modafinil, methylphenidate, caffeine, istradefylline, sodium oxybate, and atomoxetine) treatments may be effective in treating EDS in PD.</p><p><b>Conclusions</b>EDS is common in the PD population and can have an immensely negative impact on quality of life. Its causes are multifactorial, which complicates its treatment. Further investigations are required to determine the safety and efficacy of potential therapies and to develop novel treatment approaches for EDS in PD.</p>

Transtornos do sono: atualização (1/2) / Sleep disorders: up to date (1/2)

Esta é uma primeira parte (1/2) da abordagem de fundamentos do sono e transtornos do sono (TS) sobre aspectos: neurobiológicos (neuroanatômicos, neuroquímicos e fisiológicos); clínicos (anamnese e exame físico; exames subjetivos - questionários e escalas; exames objetivos - polissonografia, teste de latências múltiplas e actigrafia). É valorizada a terceira Classificação Internacional dos Transtornos do Sono (ICSD-3) para abordar aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos, segundo as quatro queixas principais referentes dos TS: Insônia, Sonolência excessiva diurna, Movimentos e comportamentos anormais durante o sono e Incapacidade de dormir na hora desejada. Neste artigo abordamos apenas: 1-Insônia - dificuldade em adormecer ou manter-ser dormindo, acordar cedo, ou um distúrbio na qualidade do sono que faz com que o sono pareça inadequado ou não restaurador; duração: aguda ou crônica; 2- Sonolência excessiva diurna; consequente a distúrbios do sono, privação do sono; distúrbios centrais da hipersonia; distúrbios médicos ou psiquiátricos. (AU)

This is the first part (1/2) on this paper about sleep fundamentals and sleep disorders (TS) questions: neurobiological (neuroanatomical, neurochemical and physiological); clinical (anamnesis and physical examination; subjective exams - questionnaires and scales; objective examinations - polysomnography, multiple latency tests and actigraphy). The third International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3) is valued to address clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects, according to the four main complaints regarding TS: Insomnia, Excessive daytime drowsiness, Abnormal movements and behaviors during sleep, and Inability to sleep at the desired time. In this paper, it is discussed the only first two: 1-Insomnia: difficulty falling as-leep, staying asleep, early morning waking, non- restorative sleep, quality of sleep, and amount of sleep; duration: acute or chronic. (AU)

Sleepiness and Depression in Parkinson's Disease Patients Treated with Ropinirole and Levodopa

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the effect of ropinirole on excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and depression in Parkinson’s disease (PD) with a large population. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study at nine hospitals in Korea between April 24, 2013, and April 22, 2015. We analyzed the demographic and clinical features, other medical history, history of antiparkinsonian medication within 6 months, Hoehn and Yahr stage (HY stage), Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) part II and III, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30). RESULTS: Four-hundred-thirteen patients with PD (mean age: 65.2 ± 9.0 years; men: 227 patients) were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age at examination, UPDRS II, and GDS-30 were independent risk factors for EDS and that sex, UPDRS II, and ESS were independent risk factors for depression. CONCLUSION: Our large group study did not find any significant associations of ropinirole with EDS and depression in Korean PD patients.

Associations of Caffeinated Beverage Consumption and Screen Time with Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Korean High School Students

The present study investigated caffeinated beverage consumption and screen time in the association with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and sleep duration. We conducted a cross-sectional study including 249 Korean male high school students. These participants responded to a questionnaire inquiring the information on lifestyle factors, consumption of caffeinated beverages, time spent for screen media, and sleep duration as well as to the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) questionnaire. EDS was defined as ESS scores of 9 or greater. Students with EDS consumed greater amount of chocolate/cocoa drinks and spent longer time for a TV and a mobile phone than those without EDS (p 8 hours) consumed greater amount of chocolate/cocoa drinks than others (p < 0.05). Screen time did not differ according to the categories of sleep duration. Although these findings do not support causal relationships, they suggest that screen time is associated with EDS, but not with sleep duration, and that consumption of certain types of caffeinated beverages is associated with EDS and sleep duration. Adolescents may need to reduce screen time and caffeine consumption to improve sleep quality and avoid daytime sleepiness.

The Relationship between Subjective Sleep, Emotions, Social Support and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Female Undergraduate Students

OBJECTIVES: The current study aimed to explore the relationship between subjective sleep, emotions, social support and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and extract the strongest predictor of EDS in female undergraduate students. METHODS: Our subjects consisted of 168 female undergraduate students (mean age 21.64±1.66). All participants completed Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Insomnia Severity Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Social Support Scale, and the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. RESULTS: There were significant associations between insomnia, anxiety, depression with EDS, but not with subjective total sleep time of workdays and freedays. Also, 23.8% (n=40) of subjects endorsed clinical levels of EDS (ESS>10). Insomnia, anxiety, and depression were higher, and social support was lower in the EDS group compared to the normal group. Finally, we explored factors that influenced EDS, resulting in anxiety and social support being the strongest predictors of EDS. Social support was the strongest predictor of EDS compared to other predictors (β=-0.276, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that social support may be important to consider in female undergraduate students who experience EDS.

An analysis of clinical characteristics and factors in Parkinson's disease patients with excessive daytime sleepiness / 中华内科杂志

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and to identify whether EDS could influence the sleep architecture and sleep apnea-related parameters.Methods A total of 130 PD patients were eligible and enrolled in the study.By the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS),patients were divided into the EDS group (ESS ≥ 10) with 61 patients and the non-EDS group (ESS ＜ 10) with 69 patients.All underwent a video-polysomnography (PSG).Clinical characteristics were mainly evaluated by the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) and the Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y) stage.while other related scales were applied for evaluating depression,cognitive function,quality of sleep and quality of life.Results A total of 61 patients (46.92％) were diagnosed as EDS (ESS≥ 10).Compared to the non-EDS group,the EDS group had significantly higher score of HAMD,UPDRS Ⅰ and UPDRS Ⅱ,and significantly lower score of MoCA and PDQ (all P ＜ 0.05).Non-conditional logistic regression analysis showed that the scores of HAMD and UPDRS Ⅰ were the main prognostic factors for EDS.Significantly decreased sleep latency (SL) was found in the EDS group by PSG (P =0.008).The score of ESS was showed to be correlated with the scores of HAMD,MoCA,UPDRS Ⅰ,UPDRS Ⅱ,PDQ and SL.Conclusions PD patients with EDS have more severe depression and cognitive dysfunction and worse quality of life.Sleep structure is altered in those patients with decreased sleep latency.Mental status is closely associated with EDS,but not sleep apnea.

Somnolencia diurna excesiva, mala calidad del sueño y bajo rendimiento académico en estudiantes de Medicina / Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, Poor Quality Sleep, and Low Academic Performance in Medical Students

Introducción: La calidad del sueño y la somnolencia excesiva diurna (SED) alteran la capacidad cognoscitiva y el desempeño de los estudiantes de Medicina por alteración de sus horarios de sueño. Se pretendió establecer la prevalencia de SED y la calidad del sueño y evaluar su asociación con bajo rendimiento académico. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional que incluyó una muestra aleatoria de 217 estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira que respondieron el cuestionario de Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburg (ICSP) y la escala de somnolencia de Epworth. Además se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y académicas. Se realizaron análisis multivariables buscando asociación con bajo rendimiento académico. Resultados: Los estudiantes evaluados tenían una edad promedio de 21,7 ± 3,3 arios; el 59,4% eran varones. Se estableció que el 49,8% tenía criterios de SED y el 79,3% eran malos dormidores (ICSP > 5). El 43,3% tuvo bajo rendimiento académico durante el último semestre. El análisis bivariado reveló que haber consumido tabaco o alcohol hasta la embriaguez, tener calidad de sueño subjetiva bastante mala, eficiencia <65% y ser mal dormidor se asociaron con mayor riesgo de bajo desempeño. En el análisis multivariable, una eficiencia de sueño < 65% se asoció estadísticamente con pobre rendimiento académico (p = 0,024; odds ratio = 4,23; Intervalo de confianza del 95%, 1,12-15,42). Conclusiones: La baja calidad del sueño determinada por baja eficiencia influye en un menor rendimiento académico al final del semestre de los estudiantes de Medicina.

Introduction:Quality of sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) affect cognitive ability and performance of medical students. This study attempts to determine the prevalence of EDS, sleep quality, and assess their association with poor academic performance in this population. Material and methods: A descriptive, observational study was conducted on a random sample of 217 medical students from the Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, who completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire and the Epworth sleepiness scale. Socio-demographic, clinic and academic variables were also measured. Multivariate analyses for poor academic performance were performed. Results:The included students had a mean age of 21.7 ± 3.3 years, of whom 59.4% were men. Almost half (49.8%) had EDS criteria, and 79.3% were poor sleepers (PSQI > 5), while 43.3% had poor academic performance during the last semester. The bivariate analysis showed that having used tobacco or alcohol until intoxicated, fairly bad subjective sleep quality, sleep efficiency < 65%, and being a poor sleeper were associated with increased risk of low performance. Sleep efficiency < 65% was statistically associated with poor academic performance (P=.024; OR = 4.23; 95% CI, 1.12-15.42) in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions: A poor sleep quality determined by low efficiency was related to poor academic achievement at the end of semester in medical students.

A Case of Hypersomnolence with Subclinical Hypothyroidism Treated with Levothyroxine

We present a patient who complained of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), which started three years ago. She had no other medical, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Nocturnal polysomnography did not indicate any sleep disorders, which might cause daytime EDS, such as obstructive sleep apnea. The following multiple sleep latency test was not compatible for narcolepsy. Her laboratory findings were remarkable for subclinical hypothyroidism, although free T4 and T3 were within reference rage, she had elevated thyroid stimulating hormone. After four weeks of levothyroxine treatment, her EDS resolved. The hypersomnolence, as a presenting symptom of subclinical hypothyroidism, was optimally treated after thyroid hormone replacement.