Investigation on the exchange of incense and medicine along the Silk Road from the perspective of medical archaeology / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

From the perspective of medical archaeology, on the basis of sorting out the relevant archaeological findings, and starting from the diachronic nature of spice exchange, this paper divides the development of ancient Chinese fragrant drugs into the occurrence period (pre Qin), the development period (Qin and Han dynasties), the maturity period (Wei, Jin and Tang dynasties), the prosperity period (Song and Yuan dynasties), and the popularity period (Ming and Qing dynasties). The Silk Road has played a vital role in promoting the exchange of fragrant medicine culture. Since the opening of the Silk Road in the Han Dynasty, fragrant drugs from Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, and the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea have been imported into China. The exchange of fragrant medicine culture coincides with the development trend of the Silk Road. This kind of exchange has a two-way nature. While foreign fragrant drugs are continuously imported into China, Chinese medical concepts and technologies are also promoted abroad. The impact of the exchange has many effects. It has not only promoted the progress of medicine, but also promoted the friendly exchanges between China and foreign countries and the mutual dissemination of ideas and cultures, and greatly enriched the material and cultural life of the people of all countries.

Trocas Afetivas Mãe-bebê: Revisão Integrativa da Literatura / Mother-Baby Affective Exchanges: Integrative Literature Review / Intercambios Afectivos Madre-bebé: Revisión Bibliográfica Integradora

Bebês buscam ativamente interações sociais, favorecendo trocas afetivas consideradas essenciais ao desenvolvimento. Investigações a respeito propiciam maior compreensão do processo de desenvolvimento emocional infantil. O objetivo deste estudo foi traçar um panorama atual acerca das trocas afetivas mãe-bebê, examinando características das publicações científicas nessa temática entre 2008 e 2018. Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura que permite uma síntese de conhecimentos a respeito, tendo-se empreendido uma busca nas bases de dados Web of Science, PsycNet, PUBMED, Scielo e LILACS. Foram selecionados 17 artigos para análise, após aplicação de critérios de inclusão e exclusão, sendo pré-estabelecidas categorias para analisar os estudos. Os resultados indicaram baixo número de publicações sobre o tema no período considerado (sendo 2018 o ano com maior número), predomínio de estudos transversais, em grandes centros urbanos, com crianças de zero a 36 meses. A temática geral mais abordada foi a da dinâmica e circunstâncias das trocas afetivas iniciais. Foi possível apontar lacunas quanto à necessidade de estudos voltados para a diversidade cultural, contemplando diferença de sexo dos bebês e que incluam microanálises de comportamentos afetivos e turnos nas trocas afetivas. Argumenta-se ainda a necessidade de novos estudos brasileiros em que se explorem contextos socioeconômicos diversos. (AU)

Babies actively seek social interactions, favoring affective exchanges considered essential for development. Investigations about this provide a better understanding of the process of the child emotional development. This study aimed to draw a current panorama about the mother-baby affective exchanges, examining characteristics of scientific publications on this theme, between 2008 and 2018. An integrative literature review was carried out, allowing a synthesis of knowledge about it. A search was made in the Web of Science, PsycNet, PUBMED, Scielo and LILACS databases. Seventeen articles were selected for analysis, after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, and categories were pre-established to analyze the studies. The results indicated a low number of publications on the subject in the considered period (2018 being the year with the largest number), predominance of cross-sectional studies in large urban centers, with children from zero to 36 months old. The most addressed general theme was the dynamics and circumstances of the initial affective exchanges. It was possible to point out gaps regarding the need for studies focused on cultural diversity, including gender differences in babies and including microanalysis of affective behaviors and shifts in affective exchanges. It is also argued the need for new Brazilian studies exploring different socioeconomic contexts. (AU)

Bebés buscan activamente las interacciones sociales, favoreciendo intercambios afectivos considerados esenciales para el desarrollo. Investigaciones sobre esto proporcionan una mejor comprensión del proceso de desarrollo emocional del niño. El objetivo de este estudio fue dibujar un panorama actual sobre intercambios afectivos entre madre y bebé, examinando las características de publicaciones científicas sobre este tema (2008 a 2018). Se realizó una revisión integradora, que permitió una síntesis del conocimiento al respecto, buscando en las bases de datos Web of Science, PsycNet, PUBMED, Scielo y LILACS. Diecisiete artículos fueron seleccionados para análisis, después de aplicar criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Categorías fueron preestablecidas para el análisis. Resultados indicaron bajo número de publicaciones sobre el tema en el período considerado (2018, año con el mayor número), predominio de estudios transversales en grandes centros urbanos, con niños de cero a 36 meses. El tema general más abordado fue la dinámica y las circunstancias de intercambios afectivos iniciales. Fue posible señalar lagunas con respecto a necesidad de estudios centrados en la diversidad cultural, incluidas las diferencias de género en los bebés y el microanálisis de comportamientos afectivos y cambios en intercambios afectivos. Se argumenta la necesidad de nuevos estudios brasileños que exploren diferentes contextos socioeconómicos. (AU)

Overview and prospect of research and development cooperation in traditional medicine between China and Thailand / 中国中药杂志

Under the background of the Belt and Road Initiative, the exchange of traditional medicine has become inevitable. China and Thailand are amicable neighbors, and the cooperation between the two countries in the field of traditional medicine has become increasingly close in recent years. Nevertheless, on account of the differences in culture, region, politics, economy and so on, the two countries have common features and unique characteristics in the theoretical system of traditional medicine, quality standard control of medicinal materials, research and development and use of medicinal materials. This paper summarizes the similarities and differences as well as the development opportunities of traditional medicine between China and Thailand. The specific content involves the development history, resources, and use of medicinal resources in Thailand, the main achievements and existing problems of modern research of Thai medicine, the spread and development of Chinese medicine in Thailand, and the spread and development of Thai medicine in China. Furthermore, the paper outlines the recent situation of traditional medicine interflow and cooperation between the two countries, and predicts the prospects for cooperation and development of traditional medicine between China and Thailand in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative, especially in the joint research and development and the improvement of quality standards of important medicinal plant varieties commonly used by the two countries and circulated across the border. Through the exchange and mutual learning, we can step up the traditional medicine cooperation between China and Thailand, which will provide advantageous conditions for the safety of medicine use as well as political and social stability between the two countries.

Variaciones de las vocalizaciones del bebé y del habla materna en función de la depresión posparto: Modulaciones según edad y sexo infantil / Variations of Babies Vocalizations and Maternal Speech Depending on Postpartum Depression: Modulations According to Infant's Age and Sex

Resumen El presente trabajo indaga sobre la influencia de la depresión posparto (DPP) materna en las características prosódicas del Habla Dirigida al Bebé (HDB) y las emisiones preverbales infantiles en diversos contextos de interacción madre-hijo/a. Participaron 40 madres y sus bebés entre 3 y 6 meses de edad. Las madres fueron evaluadas con la Escala de DPP de Edimburgo (Cox, Holden y Sagoysky, 1987) y las díadas madre-hijo fueron filmadas en sesiones de juego no estructurado; 27 madres no presentaron indicadores de DPP y 13, sí. Las madres con DPP emitieron menor cantidad de vocalizaciones que las del grupo control y presentaron menor intensidad media y máxima al hablarle a sus bebés de 5-6 meses y esto fue particularmente observable en bebés varones (p < .07). Además, estas madres usaron menos curvas descendentes al dirigirse a bebés más pequeños (3-4 meses) y curvas ascendentes y descendentes al dirigirse a sus hijos varones (p < .01). En los bebés -tanto en los de 5-6 meses como en varones- (con madres con DPP se observó menor producción de emisiones preverbales, aunque sin ser significativa. La DPP materna impactó en los bebés más pequeños observándose una disminución de la frecuencia fundamental (p < .01) y de las intensidades media y máxima, pero solo en bebés varones (p < .05). También se halló una ausencia de curvas con forma de U en los varones e hijos de madres con DPP (p < .05). Aparentemente, la DPP afecta el HDB materno, el que varía a nivel acústico y prosódico en función de la edad del bebé afectando las emisiones preverbales, siendo mayor el impacto en los varones.

Abstract The present work aims to study the influence of postpartum depression (PPD) on the acoustic and melodic characteristics present in the vocal interaction between the mother and her baby. We analyze acoustic qualities of the mother's voice when she is talking to her baby (Infant-Directed Speech) such as fundamental frequency (F0 maximum, medium and minimum values) and intensity (maximum, medium and minimum values). The changes of F0 during a vocalization (intonation contours such as rising, falling, bell-shape, U-shape and sinusoidal and flat contours) were also examined. The same prosodic parameters were investigated in regard to prelinguistic vocalizations. The mothers were healthy, primiparous and native speakers of argentinian spanish. The babies were 3 to 6 month old, and those with congenital diseases or diseases that could affect the assessment of the variables under consideration were excluded. We evaluated 40 dyads of mother and child who attend the University Hospital of Maternity and Neonatology of Córdoba, Argentina. The presence of indicators for PPD was examined through the Edinburgh postpartum depression Scale (Cox, Holden & Sagoysky, 1987). The mother-infant interactions were filmed in unstructured play sessions. The categorization of different contexts in which those interactions occur were taken into account for the acoustic and melodic analysis. The types of interactional contexts were distinguished according the classification made in Papousek, Papousek & Symmes (1991). The results showed that 27 mothers did not present indicators of PPD and 13 did. Acoustically, the infant-directed speech of mothers who exhibit the presence of postpartum depression indicators featured lower values of medium and maximum intensity (p < .07, in both measures) in babies between 5 and 6 months old, and in male babies in particular (F0 medium p < .04 and F0 maximum p < .03). According to the melodic characteristics of IDS, less use of falling contours (p < .01) was found in mothers with PPD when addressing smaller babies -3 and 4 month old- and the same happened with the rising (p < .02) and falling (p < .01) contours when their children were males. In preverbal vocalizations, children whose mothers had indicators of postpartum psychopathology showed a lower number of emissions at a later age (p < .1) and in males (p < .1). Also, lower values of F0 were found in smaller babies (F0 minimum p < .01 and F0 medium p < .002). Male infants of mothers with PPD also presented a decrease in intensity (medium p < .05 and maximum p < .03). Finally, at the melodic analysis, the rising contours were not used at all for the oldest babies (p < .01) nor the U-shaped contours in males (p < .02). In conclusion, the findings of the present study not only confirm -through physiological measures- the effect of the interaction of mothers with their babies as a function of the presence of signs of postpartum depression, already from the first months of childhood life, but also that these alterations are modulated by the age and the gender of the infant. It is essential, therefore, to continue investigating whether these difficulties related to the primary bond that each mom and her child share are perpetuated over time. It is also necessary to adopt a gender perspective of maternal and child relationships and the importance of therapeutic approach and intervention of the dyad as early as the first months after birth. At the same time, the exhaustive and immediate diagnosis of PPD cases is a matter of primary healthcare and the multidisciplinary intervention is urgent from the beginning in order to ensure maternal-infant metal health and harmonic social, cognitive and emotional development in children.

Salt stress on physiology, biometry and fruit quality of grafted Passiflora edulis / Estresse salino na fisiologia, biometria e qualidade dos frutos de Passiflora edulis enxertada

The production of grafted passion fruit is an alternative for plant adaptation to saline environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of salt stress on physiology, biometry and fruit quality of P. edulis grafted on Passiflora spp. The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design, in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to three species of Passiflora (P. edulis, P. gibertii and P. cincinnata) with P. edulis scion and two levels of irrigation water salinity (0.5 - control and 4.5 dS m-1), with four repetitions. Water salinity compromises gas exchanges (CO2 assimilation raste and transpiration) and physiological variables (total chlorophyll and total water consumption) in grafted P. edulis. The interaction between the factors (water salinity x species) compromised only the growth in plant height and number of leaves. In relation to the species, auto-grafted P. edulis stood out from the other species, with higher internal CO2 concentration, number of leaves, stem dry mass, peel thickness, total soluble solids (TSS) of the pulp and TSS/TA ratio (titratable acidity). Auto-grafted P. edulis under saline conditions develops vital mechanisms (TSS and TSS/TA), which attenuates the effects of salt stress on the physico-chemical quality of the fruits.

A produção de maracujazeiro enxertado é uma alternativa para adaptação das plantas a ambientes salinos. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do estresse salino na fisiologia, biometria e qualidade de frutos de P. edulis enxertado em espécies de Passiflora spp. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, sendo três espécies de Passiflora (P. edulis, P. gibertii e P. cincinnata) tendo como copa P. edulis e dois níveis de salinidade de água de irrigação (0,5 ­ testemunha e 4,5 dS m-1), com quatro repetições. A salinidade da água compromete as trocas gasosas (taxa de assimilação de CO2 e transpiração) e variáveis fisiológicas (clorofila total e consumo hídrico total) em P. edulis enxertado. A interação entre os fatores (salinidade da água x espécie) compromete apenas o crescimento em altura de plantas e número de folhas. Em relação às espécies, o P. edulis auto enxertado se destaca em relação as demais espécies apresentando maior concentração interna de CO2, número de folhas, massa seca de caule, espessura da casca do fruto, sólidos solúveis totais (SST) da polpa e razão sólidos solúveis totais por acidez titulável (SST/AT). O P. edulis auto enxertado sob condições de salinidade, desenvolve mecanismos vitais (SST e SST/AT), que atenuam os efeitos do estresse salino na qualidade físico-química dos frutos.

Application of Blockchain to Maintaining Patient Records in Electronic Health Record for Enhanced Privacy, Scalability, and Availability / 대한의료정보학회지

Análisis de la conversación: psicoterapia de adolescentes depresivos con intento de suicidio en contexto hospitalario / Analysis of the conversation: psychotherapy of depressed adolescents with attempted suicide in a hospital context

Resumen Investigaciones recientes en psicoterapia muestran que el estudio de la interacción psicoterapéutica al centrar su atención en la conversación de interlocutores, entrega señales que permiten analizar el cambio terapéutico. El propósito del presente estudio de caso es analizar el movimiento de una Estructura de Intercambios Terapéuticos en la conversación de procesos psicoterapéuticos completos de adolescentes depresivos con intento de suicidio en contexto hospitalario. Se analizó el uso del tiempo de los intercambios comunicacionales entre terapeuta y paciente durante las sesiones, que fueron segmentadas en inicio, desarrollo y cierre. Los resultados muestran que los intercambios se producen según su utilidad en la psicoterapia y que su ocupación es sensible y ajustada al trabajo y objetivos terapéuticos que van surgiendo en la interacción. Adicionalmente se identificaron intercambios que son funcionales al inicio, desarrollo y cierre de cada sesión, y otros que deben utilizarse con cautela por parte del psicoterapeuta. La investigación verifico que el psicoterapeuta debe saber cuál, cuándo y cómo utilizar la Estructura de Intercambios Terapéuticos.

Abstract Recent research in psychotherapy shows that the study of psychotherapeutic interaction by focusing attention on the conversation of interlocutors, provides signals to analyze the therapeutic change. The purpose of the present case study is to understand the movement of a Therapeutic Exchange Structure in the conversation of complete psychotherapeutic processes of depressed adolescents with attempted suicide in a hospital context, analyzing the use of the time of the exchanges in the sessions, which were segmented in start, development and closure. The results show that the exchanges are managed according to their usefulness in psychotherapy that their occupation is sensitive and adjusted to the work and therapeutic objectives that arise in the interaction. In addition, there would be exchanges that are functional at the beginning, development and closure of each session, and others that should be used with caution. The psychotherapist must know what, when and how to use the Structure of Therapeutic Exchanges.

In vitro Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of Methanol and Aqueous Extracts of Gymnosporia Montana Plant

Introduction: Gymnosporia montana Benth. is a medicinal herb which has been valued in Ayurvedic medicine for its hepatoprotective effect. The plant has been studied for its pharmacological, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, but there are no reports on its genotoxicity. Aim: Hence, in the present study, two extracts of G. montana (70% methanolic and aqueous) at different concentrations were evaluated for the in vitro cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in Human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures (PBLC) since these are well-established techniques for the analysis of the potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals. Methodology: The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Mitotic index (MI), Sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs), Cell cycle proliferative index (CCPI), Average generation time (AGT) and Population doubling time (PDT) were scored in cultures set up from 10 different healthy donors. The treatment of the cell culture was done employing different extracts of G. montana at three concentrations (1.78µg/mL, 3.57µg/mL and 7.14µg/mL) with control and positive control (Ethyl methanesulfonate [EMS (1.93 mM)]). Results: The MTT results showed the cytotoxic effect in a concentration-dependent manner in both the methanol and aqueous extract and the IC50 value of methanol and aqueous extract was found to be 2.63 µg/mL and 3.63 µg/mL respectively. The MI (p<.001) and CCPI (p<.05) in both the extracts showed significant values at higher concentration, but at lower and mid concentrations both the extracts were non-significant and the total SCEs, AGT and PDT in all the concentrations showed non-significant results when compared with the control. Conclusion: These results indicate that the G. montana plant extracts at lower two concentrations showed no cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effects in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Therefore, we suggest that the plant extract is safe for use at the lower concentrations in traditional medicine.

Growth and physiology of annona squamosa l. under different irrigation depths and phosphate fertilization / Crescimento e fisiologia de mudas de Annona squamosa L. sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação e adubação fosfatada

This study aimed to evaluate the growth and physiology of Annona squamosa seedlings under increasing irrigation depths and phosphorus doses. The experiment was conducted in protected environment, evaluating five irrigation depths and four P2O5- doses, arranged in 5 x 4 factorial scheme, in randomized blocks, with four replicates and one plant per plot. Treatments were irrigation depths of 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140% of the real evapotranspiration of the seedlings ­ ETr and phosphorus doses of 0, 350, 700 and 1050 mg dm-3 of P2O5-. Plants were evaluated at 120 days after transplanting with respect to growth, gas exchanges, leaf water potential and total dry matter accumulation. Phosphorus dose of 350 mg dm-3 promotes satisfactory dry matter accumulation for A. squamosa seedlings, especially under 100% ETr irrigation. Leaf water potential and gas exchanges of A. squamosa are affected by water stress, through both lack and excess of water. Stomatal conductance is the variable most sensitive to the lack of water, whereas photosynthesis and water use efficiency are the most sensitive to the excess of water. Irrigation depth of 100% ETr is ideal to produce A. squamosa seedlings, but the irrigation depth of 80% ETr can be used to produce these seedlings, disregarding small losses of growth

Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento e a fisiologia de mudas de A. squamosa sob lâminas crescentes de irrigação e doses de fósforo. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido, avaliando cinco lâminas de irrigação e quatro doses P2O5, arranjados em esquema fatorial 5 x 4, em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e uma planta por parcela. Os tratamentos das lâminas foram 60, 80, 100, 120 e 140% da evapotranspiração real das mudas ­ ETr e as quatro doses de fósforo 0, 350, 700 e 1050 mg dm-3 de P2O5. As plantas foram avaliadas aos 120 dias após o transplantio, quanto ao crescimento, trocas gasosas, potencial hídrico foliar e acúmulo de matéria seca total. A dose de fósforo de 350 mg dm-3 proporciona acúmulo de matéria seca satisfatório para as mudas de A. squamosa, principalmente sob irrigação com 100% da ETr. O potencial hídrico foliar e as trocas gasosas da A. squamosa são afetadas pelo estresse hídrico, tanto por falta como por excesso de água, sendo a condutância estomática a variável mais sensível a falta de água e a fotossíntese e eficiência do uso da água as mais sensíveis ao excesso de água. A lâmina de 100% da ETr é a ideal para a produção de mudas de A. squamosa, porém a lamina de 80% da ETr pode ser utilizada para a produção de mudas de A. squamosa, admitindo-se pequenas perdas no crescimento.

Trocas Afetivas de Crianças em Acolhimento Institucional / Affective Exchanges of Children in Institutional Care / Intercambios Afectivos de Niños en Acogida Institucional

Trocas afetivas presentes nas interações com pares e educadores auxiliam a criança institucionalizada a enfrentar o acolhimento, que pode ter como consequência variadas privações. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar e caracterizar as trocas afetivas e tentativas destas, em contextos de interação criança-criança e criança-educador. Participaram dez crianças, de ambos os sexos, de seis a onze anos e seus educadores. Utilizou-se a técnica do sujeito focal, com observações registradas em vídeo, em situações livres, realizadas em duas instituições de acolhimento. As análises se basearam nas categorias predefinidas de tentativas de trocas afetivas (TTA), trocas afetivas (TA) e comportamentos afetivos. Os resultados revelaram que as TTA foram mais frequentes do que as TA. Houve um percentual de 94% dos episódios reunindo TTA e TA que se efetivaram entre crianças e seus pares, indicando que estas tentativas e trocas foram bem mais frequentes do que entre crianças e educadores. Dos comportamentos afetivos observados, rir/sorrir foi o que teve a frequência mais elevada (65,64% do total de ocorrências). As crianças manifestaram mais comportamentos afetivos em momentos de brincadeira. Com base nas evidências obtidas, entende-se que, ainda que as interações com os educadores sejam mais restritas e ocorram com menos frequência, nas interações com pares as crianças encontram maiores possibilidades de fortalecer os vínculos afetivos formados na instituição, o que pode auxiliá-las a lidar com intercorrências negativas próprias da situação de institucionalização....(AU)

Affective exchanges present in the interactions with peers and caregivers help the institutionalized child to face the reception, which can result in various deprivations. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the affective exchanges and attempts of exchanges, in contexts of interaction child-child and child-caregivers. Ten children of both sexes, from six to eleven, and their caregivers participated. We used the technique of the focal subject, with observations recorded in video, in free situations, performed in two host institutions. The analyses were based on the predefined categories of affective exchanges attempts (AEA), affective exchanges (AE) and affective behaviors. The results revealed that AEA were more frequent than AE. There was a 94% percentage of the AEA and AE episodes that occurred among children and their peers, indicating that attempts and exchanges were much less frequent among children and caregivers. From the affective behaviors observed, laughing/smiling was the one that had the highest frequency (65.64% of the total occurrences). Children manifested more affective behavior in moments of play. Based on the evidence obtained, it is understood that, although interactions with caregivers are more restricted and occur less frequently, in interactions with pairs children find greater possibilities to strengthen the affective bonds formed in the institution to deal with negative intercurrences of the situation of institutionalization....(AU)

Affective exchanges present in the interactions with peers and caregivers help the institutionalized child to face the reception, which can result in various deprivations. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the affective exchanges and attempts of exchanges, in contexts of interaction child-child and child-caregivers. Ten children of both sexes, from six to eleven, and their caregivers participated. We used the technique of the focal subject, with observations recorded in video, in free situations, performed in two host institutions. The analyses were based on the predefined categories of affective exchanges attempts (AEA), affective exchanges (AE) and affective behaviors. The results revealed that AEA were more frequent than AE. There was a 94% percentage of the AEA and AE episodes that occurred among children and their peers, indicating that attempts and exchanges were much less frequent among children and caregivers. From the affective behaviors observed, laughing/smiling was the one that had the highest frequency (65.64% of the total occurrences). Children manifested more affective behavior in moments of play. Based on the evidence obtained, it is understood that, although interactions with caregivers are more restricted and occur less frequently, in interactions with pairs children find greater possibilities to strengthen the affective bonds formed in the institution to deal with negative interc urrences of the situation of institutionalization....(AU)

Los intercambios afectivos presentes en las interacciones con pares y educadores ayudan a los niños institucionalizados a enfrentar la acogida, que puede tener como consecuencia variadas privaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar y caracterizar los cambios afectivos e intentos de éstas, en contextos de interacción niño-niño y niño-educador. Participaron diez niños, de ambos sexos, de seis a once años y sus educadores. Se utilizó la técnica del sujeto focal, con observaciones registradas en video, en situaciones libres, realizadas en dos instituciones de acogida. Los análisis se basaron en las categorías predefinidas de intentos de intercambios afectivos (IIA), los cambios afectivos (IA) y los comportamientos afectivos. Los resultados revelaron que las IIA fueron más frecuentes que las IA. Hubo un porcentaje del 94% de los episodios reuniendo IIA y IA que se realizaron entre niños y sus pares, indicando que estos intentos e intercambios fueron mucho más frecuentes que entre niños y educadores. De los comportamientos afectivos observados, reír/sonreír fue el que tuvo la frecuencia más elevada (65,64% del total de ocurrencias). Los niños manifestaron más comportamientos afectivos en momentos de broma. Con base en las evidencias obtenidas, se entiende que, aunque las interacciones con los educadores son más restringidas y ocurren con menos frecuencia, en las interacciones con pares los niños encuentran mayores posibilidades de fortalecer los vínculos afectivos formados en la institución, lo que puede auxiliarlas a lidiar con intercurrencias negativas propias de la situación de institucionalización....(AU)

Review of Promoting Teaching Level of Molecular Pharmacognosy Experiment Course Based on Transformation of Scientific Research Results / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Molecular Pharmacognosy is a new interdisciplinary subject formed by the organic integration of molecular biology and pharmacognosy. It is highly practical and innovative. In the course of teaching,both experimental teaching and theoretical teaching are of great significance. " Molecular Identification of Traditional Chinese Medicine" and the traditional teaching mode of confirmatory experiment are the preferred choices for the establishment of Molecular Pharmacognosy experimental courses in universities and colleges. Molecular Pharmacy is a forward-looking discipline with many emerging methods and technologies. Basic experimental teaching is not enough for students to learn this subject better,so it is especially important to introduce the latest scientific research results in experimental teaching. Experimental teaching based on the transformation of the latest scientific research results not only enables students to master basic experimental skills,but also broadens the breadth of students' knowledge,cultivates students' scientific research ideas,stimulates students' innovation spirit. Some suggestions and prospects have been put forward for the compilation of experimental teaching materials,the construction of experimental platform,the cultivation of teachers and academic exchanges. It is hoped that the contents of experimental textbooks will be developed from confirmatory experiments to comprehensive experiments,and the experimental platform for rational,standardized and efficient use will be built. Meanwhile,experimental courses involving multiple fields can be completed by multi-disciplinary teachers,and it is encouraged to actively carry out and participate in flexible,diverse,lively and interesting teaching practices. All the suggestions are intended to promote the development of Molecular Pharmacognosy.

Photosynthetic and enzymatic metabolism of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi seedlings under water deficit / Metabolismo fotossintético e enzimático das mudas de Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi sob déficit hídrico

ABSTRACT Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is a tree species that can be used in the recovery of degraded areas, as it exhibits rapid growth and has a very expansive root system, facilitating water uptake from the deeper layers of the soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate photosynthesis and enzymatic activity in S. terebinthifolius seedlings under conditions of water deficit and their potential to recover following re-irrigation. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse under a plastic covering where plants were distributed into two groups: Group 1 - control plants, where irrigation was maintained at 70% of the water retention capacity, and Group 2 - stressed plants, where irrigation was suspended until the photosynthetic rate neared zero, followed by rehydration for 12 days, then a further suspension of irrigation. At the beginning of the experiment and during the suspension of irrigation and rehydration, plants were evaluated for gas and antioxidant enzyme exchanges. Hydric stress significantly reduced photosynthesis, stomatal transpiration conductance, carboxylation efficiency of Rubisco, and the chlorophyll content of the S. terebinthifolius plants. Following rehydration, plants recovered the carboxylation efficiency of Rubisco, but not the photosynthetic rate. Antioxidant enzyme activity increased in both the aerial part and the root in response to water deficit.

RESUMO Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi é uma espécie arbórea que pode ser utilizada em recuperação de áreas degradas, sendo uma espécie de rápido crescimento com um sistema radicular bem expansivo o que facilita captar águas nas camadas mais profundas do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o metabolismo fotossintético e enzimático das mudas de S. terebinthifolius sob condições de déficit hídrico e seu potencial de recuperação após a retomada de irrigação. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação sob cobertura plástica onde os vasos foram distribuídos em dois lotes sendo: 1 - Controle, onde a irrigação das plantas foi mantida a 70% da capacidade de retenção de água e o lote 2 - Estresse, onde a suspensão da irrigação foi mantida até que a taxa fotossintética apresentasse níveis próximos de zero seguida de reidratação por 12 dias e nova suspensão da irrigação. No início do experimento e na suspensão da irrigação e reidratação, as plantas foram avaliadas quanto as trocas gasosas e enzimas antioxidantes. O estresse hídrico reduz significativamente a fotossíntese, a transpiração condutância estomática, a eficiência de carboxilação da rubisco e os teores de clorofila das plantas de S. terebinthifolius. As enzimas antioxidantes aumentaram tanto na parte aérea quanto na raiz em resposta ao déficit hídrico.

A família é o melhor recurso da criança: análise das trocas sociais entre mães e crianças com transtorno do espectro do autismo / Family is children's best resource: a study about social exchanges between mothers and children with autism spectrum disorder

A visão desenvolvimentista sobre o autismo o compreende como produto de uma predisposição inata em interação com contextos de desenvolvimento. Essa premissa implica em uma abordagem bidirecional às relações entre família e criança com Transtorno de Espectro Autista (TEA). Um dos aspectos estudados nessa relação refere-se à investigação do papel dos cuidadores primários na construção da intersubjetividade primária. Para uma abordagem dinâmica das relações entre família e criança com TEA analisamos as trocas sociais entre 15 díades formadas por crianças com diagnóstico de TEA, submetidas a um programa de intervenção precoce, e suas mães. Por meio de análise microgenética, foram investigadas as trocas realizadas na sessão inicial e na sessão final do programa de intervenção.Observamos mudanças no padrão de trocas sociais que passaram a ser equilibradas em 13 das 15 díades participantes em decorrência do aumento na sintonia entre os meios de interação empregados na díade. Conclui-se que com sistema de acolhimento e orientação familiar é possível criar ambientes de desenvolvimento adequados à superação das dificuldades próprias do autismo que auxiliem os pais ase tornarem o melhor recurso de desenvolvimento para seus filhos.

The developmental view about autism understands it as the product of an innate predisposition in interaction with development contexts. This premise implies a two way approach to the relationships between family and child with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). About this relation, the investigation of the role of primary caregivers in the primary intersubjectivity construction is an aspect studied. For adynamic approach to the relationship between family and child with ASD, we analyzed the social exchanges among 15 dyads formed by children (diagnosed as ASD) and their mothers, undergoing an early intervention program. We investigated through microgenetic analysis, the exchanges performed in the initial session andthe final session of the intervention program. Due to increase in the tuning of the means of interaction employed in the dyad pattern with social exchanges, wereobserved changes in 13 of the 15 participating dyads. Social exchanges showedmore balanced patterns. It is possible to conclude that a system of reception and family orientation can be created a developmental environment adapted to over come the difficulties inherent in autism. By that way parents can be the best developmental resource for their children

T. thermophilus Rhamnolipids Induce Cytogenetic Damage on Human Lymphocytes and Bind DNA in vitro.

Aims: Bacteria including Pseudomonas and T. thermophilus secretes rhamnose–containing glycolipid biosurfactants called rhamnolipids (RLs), known as bacterial virulence factors. The aim of this investigation was the evaluation of DNA damage induced on human lymphocytes by both RLs itself, secreted in a host organism by pathogens during a bacterial attack or symbiosis and in combination with the camptothecin (CPT), and on calf thymus DNA. Study Design: Human lymphocytes and calf thymus DNA were treated with isolated T. thermophilus RLs for studying DNA damage in vitro. Methodology: RLs DNA damaging action was evaluated by the Sister Chromatid Exchanges (SCEs) methodology, a method for estimating genotoxicity of human exposure to different chemicals or other mutagenic agents and by DNA electrophoretic mobility experiments. Results: RLs at concentrations of 100 and 150 μg/mL reveal significant toxicity. The highest concentration of 200 μg/mL reveals higher genotoxicity. The frequency of SCEs/cell was increased two times over the control level. When CPT, an antineoplastic drug with DNA damaging action, was tested together with RLs the genotoxic activity was reduced significantly (P<0.01) compared to the action caused by CPT itself. Sequential increase in the concentration of RLs results in the proportional reduction of Proliferation Rate Index (PRI) which is a cytostatic index. Also, Mitotic Index (MI), a cytotoxic index, was also significantly decreased at concentration of 200 μg/mL RLs. Addition of RLs in the same concentration together with CPT doesn’t affect the MI so much. Moreover, RLs are obviously capable for strong binding to plasmid or calf thymus DNA in vitro. Conclusion: RLs exert genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and cytostaticity in human lymphocytes and play probably a protective role for cells against CPT due to RLs’ detergent capability to enrobe CPT and DNA, providing a significant property that might support its possible involvement in DNA horizontal transfer phenomena.

A economia das trocas simbólicas no campo do Taekwondo / The symbolic trade economy in Taekwondo field / La economía de los intercambios simbólicos en campo del Taekwondo

O presente artigo objetivou identificar como se constitui a economia das trocas simbólicas no campo esportivo do Taekwondo. Analisaram-se cinco entrevistas semiestruturadas dos "mestres" dessa arte marcial, agentes atuantes no Estado de São Paulo (2007), para identificar essa economia possivelmente reproduzida nesse campo. Usou-se o referencial teórico de Pierre Bourdieu para análise das entrevistas. Considerou-se que essas imposições simbólicas são reproduzidas e ressignificadas e servem como ferramenta de manutenção de poder e posições no interior do campo esportivo do Taekwondo.

The present article aimed to identify how the economy of symbolic exchanges is constituted in the sport field of Taekwondo. We analyzed five semi-structured interviews of the "masters" of this martial art, agents in the State of São Paulo (2007), in order to identify this economy which is possibly reproduced in this field. We used the theoretical framework of Pierre Bourdieu to analyze the interviews. It was considered that these symbolic impositions are reproduced and resignified, and they serve as a tool for maintaining both power and positions within the sports field of Taekwondo.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar cómo la economía de los intercambios simbólicos se constituye en el campo del deporte de Taekwondo. Se analizaron cinco entrevistas semi-estructuradas de los "maestros" de este arte marcial, agentes en el Estado de São Paulo (2007), con el fin de identificar a esta economía que, posiblemente, se reproduce en este campo. Se utilizó el marco teórico de Pierre Bourdieu para analizar las entrevistas. Se consideró que estas imposiciones simbólicas se reproducen y se resignifican, y sirven como una herramienta para mantener tanto poder como posiciones dentro del campo de deportes de Taekwondo.

Desempenho fotossintético de folhas jovens e maduras de Vochysia cinnamomea (Vochysiaceae) em áreas de cerrado rupestre intactas e pós-queimada / Photosynthetic performance of young and mature leaves of Vochysia cinnamomea (Vochysiaceae) at intact and after fire areas of cerrado rupestre

O fogo exerce um papel importante como modelador dos ecossistemas de diversas formações vegetais, especialmente o Cerrado. Sua ação induz a brotação em diversas espécies, muitas vezes formando folhas mais vigorosas e fisiologicamente mais ativas. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho investigou o desempenho fotossintético de folhas jovens e maduras de Vochysia cinnamomea Pohl (Vochysiaceae) em resposta à ação do fogo natural sobre uma área de cerrado rupestre da Serra da Canastra, Minas Gerais, comparando-se; (1) folhas jovens de área queimada e não queimada e (2) folhas jovens e maduras de um mesmo indivíduo. Foram analisadas folhas maduras de indivíduos de área não queimada cuja brotação ocorreu anterior à queimada, e folhas jovens de indivíduos de áreas queimadas e não queimadas cuja brotação ocorreu após a passagem do fogo. Foram coletados e analisados dados relativos às taxas fotossintéticas, rendimento quântico potencial e efetivo, taxa relativa de transporte de elétrons, assimilação líquida de CO2, condutância estomática, transpiração e teores de clorofila. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as folhas jovens da área queimada e da área não queimada em relação aos processos fisiológicos testados. Desta forma não há nenhum tipo de resposta rápida em relação à passagem do fogo. Entretanto, foram encontradas diferenças significativas quando comparadas folhas jovens e maduras. É fato que folhas jovens de V. cinnamomea são estruturalmente distintas de folhas maduras, são mais suculentas e pilosas enquanto as folhas maduras são mais coriáceas, glabras e com cutícula evidente. Estas diferenças estruturais e os estágios fisiológicos de maturação distintos se refletem nas características fisiológicas estudadas nestas folhas que, quando maduras apresentam-se com menor grau de fotoinibição, maior teor de clorofilas e maior assimilação líquida de CO2.

Post-fire effect plays an important role as a modulator of plant ecosystems, especially of the Cerrado. It induces leaf sprouting in several species, often forming vigorous and more physiologically active leaves. In the present study it was investigated the photosynthetic performance of young and mature leaves of Vochysia cinnamomea Pohl (Vochysiaceae) in response to the fire action in a "cerrado rupestre" area of Serra da Canasta, Minas Gerais, comparing; (1) young leaves from fired and intact area, and (2) young and mature leaves from the same plant. Mature leaves from intact area plants which leaf sprouting occurred before fire action in the adjacent area, and young leaves from intact and fired area which leaf sprouting occurred after fire action were analyzed. Data were collected and analyzed on photosynthetic rates, potential and effective quantum yield, electron transport rate, CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, transpiration and chlorophyll contents. There were no significant differences between the young leaves of the burned and unburned area in relation to physiological parameters tested. Thus there is no kind of quick response in relation to fire effects. However, significant differences between young and mature leaves were found. Young leaves are structurally distinct of the mature leaves, been more succulent and pilous while mature leaves are more coriaceous, glabrous and with thicked cuticle. The structural differences between young and mature leaves are reflected in distinct physiological performance. Mature leaves present lower degree of photoinhibition, higher pigment content and CO2 assimilation.

Transnational dialogues between specialist and institutional knowledge in occupational accident legislation, first half of the twentieth century / Diálogos transnacionales entre los saberes técnicos e institucionales en la legislación sobre accidentes de trabajo, primera mitad del siglo XX

In the early twentieth century, Argentina began legislating occupational safety. Law no.9.688 legislated accidents in the workplace (1915) and granted legal jurisdiction to work-related problems. The approval of this legislation was in dialogue with proposals being produced in other regions. The links established between local figures and colleagues elsewhere are useful for examining the circulation, reception and legitimation of knowledge on a regional scale. The objective of this article is to examine the transnational references in local discussions about occupational accidents in Peru and Chile during the first half of the twentieth century.

A partir del siglo XX, se inició en la Argentina la legislación protectora del trabajo. La ley n.9.688 legisló sobre accidentes de trabajo (1915) y otorgó jurisdicción legal a los problemas relativos al trabajo. La sanción de este corpus estuvo en diálogo con las propuestas que se producían en otras latitudes. Los vínculos que se establecieron entre los referentes locales y sus colegas son de utilidad para abordar el estudio de circulación, recepción y legitimación de los saberes dentro de una escala regional. Así pues, el objetivo de este trabajo es revisar las referencias transnacionales en las discusiones locales sobre los accidentes laborales en Perú y Chile durante la primera mitad del siglo XX.

Scientific Exchanges between France and Brazil in the History of Psychology. The Role of Georges Dumas between 1908 and 1946 / Intercambio científico entre Francia y Brasil en la historia de la psicología - el papel de Georges Dumas entre 1908 y 1946

This article presents the role of Georges Dumas in the development of Brazilian psychology in the first half of the twentieth century. France had at that moment a major influence on Brazilian cultural and scientific development, including the field of psychology. Georges Dumas had a prominent presence in Brazil, acting as a gatekeeper when choosing French scholars to give conferences and classes in Brazil between 1908 and 1940 as a representative of the French cultural tradition. The bibliography of Georges Dumas's Traité de Psychologie, published in 1922-1923, shows a selection of Brazilian scholars who interacted with the author 1900's ans 1940's. The political context of French-Brazilian exchanges and the names of professors involved in the French mission in Brazil in the field of psychology were studied. The French cultural influence in Brazil is interpreted as a strategy aimed at contributing to the solution of Brazilian problems, and it helped to change the image of Brazil in Europe. In addition, scientific exchanges promoted the extension of the French diplomatic network.

Um olhar evolucionista para os mecanismos cognitivos associados às trocas sociais / An evolutionary view of cognitive mechanisms associated with social exchange

A psicologia evolucionista propõe uma investigação sobre as origens e os propósitos das habilidades cognitivas que constituem a cognição social humana. Este artigo procura apresentar a teoria do contrato social como um modelo evolucionista para o estudo de mecanismos cognitivos associados às trocas sociais e da cooperação, tais como: detecção de trapaça, memória de faces, senso de justiça, influência da informação e conhecimento prévio, vigilância e teoria da mente que regulam, fundamentalmente, nossas interações sociais. Conclui-se que um olhar evolucionista para a mente humana gera hipóteses, enquanto a teoria dos jogos fornece métodos para testá-las, nos auxiliando a compreender a natureza humana.

Evolutionary psychology proposes the investigation of the origins and purposes of cognitive skills that constitute human social cognition. This article presents the social contract theory as an evolutionary model for the study of the cognitive mechanisms and cooperation, such as cheating detection, memory for faces, sense of justice, the influence of prior knowledge and information, vigilance and theory of mind that regulate social interactions. It is concluded that an evolutionary view of human mind produces hypotheses, while game theory provides methods to test them, helping us to understand human nature.

Experience of international academic exchanges in medical students with student society operation mechanism / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The writer's college cultivated students' scientific research ability through the extracurricular society of undergraduates-matrix clinic quality team(MCQ).The writer's colleges promoted studnets' academic ability and expanded the impact of the school by strengthening scientific research basis and preparation,making students familiar with the process and making students experience and participate in international academic exchanges.