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Mosquitoes are one of the most dangerous vectors among the group of arthropods. Infections due to mosquitoes are a major worldwide health problem, with high endemicity in developing countries. In the present study, we determined the larvicidal activity of Methanol, Acetone, Hexane, Chloroform and Aqueous extracts of a mangrove plant Excoecaria agallocha against (4th instar larvae) Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Mosquito larvicidal assays were conducted and their mortality rate was identified after 24hours to evaluate the larvicidal activity of the crude extract of Excoecaria agallocha.
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Aims: The ethanolic extract of Excoecaria agallocha stem bark was evaluated for antioxidant properties and quantification of bioactive polyphenols by HPLC-DAD. Methodology: ABTS assay, total antioxidant capacity, reducing power, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were used for determining antioxidant activities. Results: In ABTS assay, the extract showed 74.11% inhibition at 10 μg/ml and IC50 of 4.80 μg/ml, which was significant compared to ascorbic acid (12.20 μg/ml). The antioxidant capacity was calculated as 686 mg of ascorbic acid/g of extract. The maximum absorbance for reducing power assay was 0.73 at 250 μg/ml. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be significant (375.46 mg/g of gallic acid, 22.44 mg/g of quercetin equivalent, respectively). In HPLC assay, catechin hydrate had the highest content (713.91 mg/100 g of dry extract). Conclusion: The obtained results suggest the antioxidant activities with high concentration of catechin hydrate in the extract of Excoecaria agallocha stem bark.
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Aim: The main aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial activity of mangrove species and the development of the callus biomass. Study Design: This is the first comparative evaluation report of field grown root and tissue cultured root callus of mangrove on anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial activity. Acanthus ilicifolius, Calophyllum inophyllum and Excoecaria agallocha were tested in this present investigation. Place and Duration of Study: Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India. Between February 2012 and July 2013 Methodology: In order to develop callus biomass, a number of growth hormones were supplemented with the MS medium. Following the callus development, anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activities were tested with field grown root and its tissue cultured root callus of Acanthus ilicifolius, Calophyllum inophyllum and Excoecaria agallocha. This was confirmed by different anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial and minimum inhibitory concentration assays. Results: Maximum (89%) root callus biomass was obtained from Acanthus ilicifolius on MS medium fortified with 0.3+0.3 mg/L of 2,4-D and KIN. 2,4-D 0.3mg/L and BAP 0.5 mg/L showed the maximum callus from both Calophyllum inophyllum (81%), Excoecaria agallocha (58%). In addition anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial effect of root and root callus of these three species were tested. In this study the root callus materials of all the three species showed the best anti-oxidant anti-bacterial activities. Conclusion: The metabolites from mangroves are good remedy for number of health problems especially the enhanced level of metabolites through the tissue culture techniques. The present study confirmed the anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial effect of Acanthus ilicifolius, Calophyllum inophyllum, Excoecaria agallocha n root extract. This study will be a key to develop a new drug to achieve healthy life. especially the root callus materials showed the better activity when compared to the field grown plants.
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Objective: To evaluate a formulation from the milky mangrove tree Excoecaria agallocha L. (E. agallocha) against Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (H. armigera). Methods: About 3% aqueous ethanolic spray formulation derived from the lipophilic extract of E. agallocha (dry leaf) was evaluated against H. armigera in Abelmoschus esculentus (lady's finger) and Cajanus cajan (C. cajan) (pigeon pea), under field conditions. Results: On the 9th day of the 4th spray the larval count in the plot treated with 3% E. agallocha formulation drastically came down to 0.23 larva/plant, compared to 1.63 in the ethanol control plot and 1.60 in the unsprayed plot. Blocks sprayed with 3% E. agallocha formulation yielded 35.8 quintals/hectare (q/ha) of healthy pods compared to Ekalux® (pod yield: 60.7 q/ha), 3% Vijay Neem® (60.22 q/ha), yield plot (6 q/ha) and ethanol control (7 q/ha). In C. cajan, 1% E. agallocha, 3% Nimbecidine® and 0.07% indoxacarb were equally potent in reducing the larval population of H. armigera and the non-target pest Spilosoma obliqua to 0%, from the 9th day (3rd spray). Indoxacarb plot recorded the maximum yield of 16.1 q/ha with 2.4% pod damage. Plots sprayed with 1% E. agallocha yielded 14.7 q/ha with 2.32% pod damage. The effect of 3% Nimbecidine® spray (14.35 q/ha) was comparable to E. agallocha formulation. Unsprayed and ethanol control plots yielded 12.41 and 11.2 q/ha of pods with an average pod damage of 4.7%. Conclusions: E. agallocha formulation was found to be promising for the control of H. armigera, under field conditions.
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OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate a formulation from the milky mangrove tree Excoecaria agallocha L. (E. agallocha) against Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (H. armigera).@*METHODS@#About 3% aqueous ethanolic spray formulation derived from the lipophilic extract of E. agallocha (dry leaf) was evaluated against H. armigera in Abelmoschus esculentus (lady's finger) and Cajanus cajan (C. cajan) (pigeon pea), under field conditions.@*RESULTS@#On the 9th day of the 4th spray the larval count in the plot treated with 3% E. agallocha formulation drastically came down to 0.23 larva/plant, compared to 1.63 in the ethanol control plot and 1.60 in the unsprayed plot. Blocks sprayed with 3% E. agallocha formulation yielded 35.8 quintals/hectare (q/ha) of healthy pods compared to Ekalux® (pod yield: 60.7 q/ha), 3% Vijay Neem® (60.22 q/ha), yield plot (6 q/ha) and ethanol control (7 q/ha). In C. cajan, 1% E. agallocha, 3% Nimbecidine® and 0.07% indoxacarb were equally potent in reducing the larval population of H. armigera and the non-target pest Spilosoma obliqua to 0%, from the 9th day (3rd spray). Indoxacarb plot recorded the maximum yield of 16.1 q/ha with 2.4% pod damage. Plots sprayed with 1% E. agallocha yielded 14.7 q/ha with 2.32% pod damage. The effect of 3% Nimbecidine® spray (14.35 q/ha) was comparable to E. agallocha formulation. Unsprayed and ethanol control plots yielded 12.41 and 11.2 q/ha of pods with an average pod damage of 4.7%.@*CONCLUSIONS@#E. agallocha formulation was found to be promising for the control of H. armigera, under field conditions.
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Scientific evaluated that, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of ethanol with water in the ratio of 3:1 extracts were obtained from different parts viz., leaves, seeds and latex of Excoecaria agallocha. The latex was sequentially soxhlated with petroleum ether and methanol dried latex in anti-inflammatory processes and analgesic activity in two concentrations (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg). Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed that, presence of alkaloids, flavanoids, saponins were found maximum in the seed extract. Acute inflammatory studies showed that, latex, leaves and seed extracts of both concentration of chosen plant produced significant inhibition of carrageenin induced rat paw edema at 3rd hour (p<0.005) as compared to the control causing 63.15%, 62.15% and 69.69% respectively. In addition that, the seed extract at the concentration of 500 mg/kg showed maximum inhibition at 57.03% as compared to control in cotton pellet induced granuloma test. The analgesic activity of seed extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg. caused significant inhibitions in the acetic acid induced writhing. Moreover, the tail immersion model, seed extract at the concentration of 500 mg/kg. possess an maximum activity (80.29%) as compared to control.
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The results of neuropharmacological, microbiological and toxicological studies on the ethanol extract of the bark of Excoecaria agallocha are reported. The extract (100 and 200 mg/kg dosages) was found to produce a profound decrease in exploratory activity in a dose-dependent manner. It also showed a marked sedative effect as evidenced by a significant reduction in gross behaviour and potentiation of sodium thiopental-induced sleeping time. The totality of these effects showed that the extract possesses depressant action on the central nervous system (CNS). The extract of E. agallocha exhibited significant in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei and Enterococci with the zones of inhibition ranging from 11 to 15 mm. While the extract showed considerable brine shrimp toxicity (LD50 = 20 mg/mL), it displayed only low level of toxicity in mice.
Os resultados dos estudos neurofarmacológicos, microbiológicos e toxicológicos do extrato etanólico da casca de Excoecaria agallocha são reportados. O extrato (dosagens de 100 e 200 mg/kg) produziu uma diminuição profunda na atividade exploratória de maneira dose-dependente. Ele também mostrou um efeito sedativo marcante conforme evidenciado por uma redução significativa no comportamento total e potencialização do tempo de sono induzido por tiopental sódico. A totalidade destes efeitos mostrou que o extrato possui ação depressora sobre o sistema nervoso central (SNC). O extrato de E. agallocha exibiu significante atividade antibacteriana in vitro contra Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei e Enterococci com as zonas de inibição medindo entre 11 a 15 mm. Enquanto o extrato mostrou considerável toxicidade em Artemia salina (DL50 = 20 mg/mL), ele exibiu apenas baixo nível de toxicidade em camundongos.
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Fatty acids are widely occurring in natural fats and dietary oils and they are known to have antibacterial and antifungal properties. However, little is known on the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the blind-your-eye mangrove (Excoecaria agallocha) and this study for the first time determines the fatty acid composition and the antibacterial and antifungal activities of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) of the blind-your-eye mangrove plant found along the coastal areas of south India.
Gorduras naturais e óleos são abundantes em ácidos graxos que apresentam atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica de ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos de mangue "blind-your-eye" (Excoecaria agallocha). Esse estudo relata, pela primeira vez, a composição em ácidos graxos e a atividade antibacteriana e antifúngica de ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos (FAME) de mangue "blind-your-eye" encontrado ao longo de áreas costeiras do sul da India.
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Objective To study the chemical constituents from mangrove Excoecaria agallocha.Methods The chemical constituents were separated and purified by chromatographic methods after solventextraction and were identified by spectroscopic analyses(EI-MS,1D NMR).Results Twelve compoundswere isolated from this plant and identified as:14-taraxeren-3-one(Ⅰ),dibutyl phthalate(Ⅱ),?-amyrin(Ⅲ),18-oleanen-3-ol(Ⅳ),18-oleanen-3-one(Ⅴ),phaeophytin A(Ⅵ),betulin(Ⅶ),?-rosasterol(Ⅷ),?-sitosterol(Ⅸ),betulinic aicd(Ⅹ),oleanolic acid(Ⅺ),ursolic acid(Ⅻ).Conclusion CompoundsⅦ,Ⅷ,Ⅹ,andⅫare isolated from this plant for the first time.