Programa de exercícios físicos por telerreabilitação em idosos com doença de Parkinson: um estudo experimental / Telerehabilitation exercise program in elderly people with Parkinson's disease: an experimental study

INTRODUÇÃO: As restrições durante a pandemia do COVID-19 limitaram o acesso a centros de reabilitação especializados para tratamento fisioterapêutico de pessoas com Doença de Parkinson (DP). Sabe-se que a falta de exercícios físicos pode agravar as condições de saúde, levar à piora dos sinais típicos da doença e promover o declínio funcional. A telerreabilitação é uma estratégia que pode restaurar o acesso e facilitar a continuidade de assistência fisioterapêutica. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os efeitos de um programa de exercícios físicos por telerreabilitação no nível de atividade física, no desempenho funcional de Membros Inferiores (MMII), no desempenho nas atividades de vida diária (AVD's) e na qualidade de vida (QV) em idosos com DP. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo experimental, descritivo, longitudinal, em que foram avaliados os efeitos da intervenção por telerreabilitação composta por 12 sessões de 1 hora, feitas 3 vezes/semana, realizada estatística analítica para fins comparativos pelo Teste t de Student. RESULTADOS: 22 participantes concluíram o estudo. Foi observada mudança significativa no nível de atividade física (IPAQ inicial de 0,18 ±0,39 e final de 1,0 ± 0, p = 0,0001), no desempenho funcional dos MMII (teste de sentar e levantar cinco vezes (TSLCV) tempo médio pré 16,22 ± 7.41, e após 12.26 ± 2.83, p= 0,0197), no desempenho nas atividades de vida diária (Brazilian OARS Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire (BOMFAQ) de 26,13 ± 6,31 e após de 35,45 ± 5,16, p = 0,0001) e na QV dos idosos com DP (PDQ-39 inicial de 45,92 ±15,36 e final de 23,63 ± 10,19, p = 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Concluise que houve mudança no nível de atividade física, no desempenho funcional de MMII, no desempenho nas AVD's e na QV.

INTRODUCTION: Restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic limited access to specialized rehabilitation centers for physical therapy treatment of people with Parkinson's disease (PD). It is known that lack of exercise can worsen health conditions, lead to worsening typical signs of the disease, and promote functional decline. Telerehabilitation is a strategy that can restore access and facilitate the continuity of physical therapy care. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of a telerehabilitation exercise program on the level of physical activity, functional capacity of lower limbs, performance of activities of daily living (ADLs) and quality of life (QoL) in elderly patients with PD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an experimental, descriptive, exploratory, longitudinal study, in which the effects of intervention by telerehabilitation were evaluated, the program was composed of 12 sessions of 1 hour, 3 times a week. Analytical statistics was done for comparative purposes by Student's t test. RESULTS: 22 participants completed the study. Significant change was observed in physical activity level (IPAQ initial 0.18 ±0.39 and final 1.0 ± 0, p = 0.0001), in the functional capacity of lower limbs (5 times sit and stand test (TSLCV) mean time pre 16.22 ± 7.41, and post 12.26 ± 2. 83, p= 0.0197), in the performance in the activities of daily living (Brazilian OARS Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire (BOMFAQ) of 26.13 ± 6.31 and after of 35.45 ± 5.16, p = 0.0001) and in the QL of the elderly with PD (PDQ-39 initial of 45.92 ±15.36 and final of 23.63 ± 10.19, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: We conclude that there was a change in the level of physical activity, in the functional capacity of lower limbs, in the performance of ADLs and in QL.

Physiological monitoring of intensity training in female wrestlers / Monitoramento fisiológico no treino físico de intensidade em lutadoras femininas / Monitoreo fisiológico en el entrenamiento físico de intensidad en las luchadoras femeninas

ABSTRACT Introduction Currently, female wrestling has become one of the potential advantages in the Olympic Games, which has also allowed the sport to receive more attention. Physiological monitoring in intense physical training in female wrestlers is still little explored despite its importance in training conduction. Objective Explore special intensity physical training effects on female wrestlers through physiological monitoring. Methods Literature search, expert interview, and an experimental method conducted a situation analysis on 2-month training for 8 female wrestling team athletes, specific contents also included: analysis of female wrestlers' body composition, changes in serum testosterone levels, and variations in cortisol levels. Results During the two-month training period, the various athletes' physiological indicators underwent noticeable changes, remaining at the top of the normal range. Most of the athletes could adapt to the training load and intensity in this phase. Serum testosterone, cortisol, and hemoglobin levels in early athletes increased significantly. However, as training progresses, all indicators decrease, showing that the adaptability of the athlete's body is consolidated. The hemoglobin content increased in most of the athletes, showing that the athlete's own intensity of physical training was high. Conclusion The above physiological indicators can reflect the physical function of the athletes, providing a theoretical basis for coaches to develop evidence-based training plans. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.

RESUMO Introdução Atualmente, a luta livre feminina tornou-se uma das vantagens potenciais dos Jogos Olímpicos, o que também permitiu que o esporte recebesse maior atenção. O monitoramento fisiológico no treino físico de intensidade em lutadoras femininas ainda é pouco explorado apesar da sua importância na condução do treinamento. Objetivo Explora os efeitos do treinamento físico especial para a intensidade em lutadoras femininas através de monitoramento fisiológico. Métodos Pesquisa literária, entrevista com especialistas e o método experimental levaram a uma análise da situação sobre o treinamento de 2 meses para 8 atletas da equipe de luta livre feminina, os conteúdos específicos incluíram: análise da composição corporal das lutadoras, alterações nos níveis séricos de testosterona e variações nos níveis de cortisol. Resultados Durante o período de dois meses de treinamento, os vários indicadores fisiológicos das atletas sofreram alterações perceptíveis, permanecendo no limite alto da faixa normal. A maioria das atletas pode se adaptar à carga e intensidade do treinamento nesta fase. Os níveis de testosterona sérica, cortisol e hemoglobina nas atletas precoces aumentaram significativamente. Porém, à medida que o treinamento progride, todos os indicadores diminuem, mostrando que a adaptabilidade do corpo da atleta é consolidada. O conteúdo de hemoglobina aumentou na maioria das atletas, mostrando que o treino físico de intensidade da própria atleta foi elevado. Conclusão Os indicadores fisiológicos acima podem refletir a função física das atletas, fornecendo uma base teórica para que os treinadores possam desenvolver planos de treinamento baseados em evidências. Nível de evidência II; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação de Resultados.

RESUMEN Introducción En la actualidad, la lucha femenina se ha convertido en una de las ventajas potenciales de los Juegos Olímpicos, lo que también ha permitido que este deporte reciba más atención. El seguimiento fisiológico en el entrenamiento físico de intensidad en las luchadoras es todavía poco explorado a pesar de su importancia en la conducción del entrenamiento. Objetivo Explorar los efectos del entrenamiento físico especial para la intensidad en las luchadoras a través de la monitorización fisiológica. Métodos La investigación bibliográfica, la entrevista a expertos y el método experimental condujeron a un análisis de situación sobre 2 meses de entrenamiento de 8 atletas del equipo femenino de lucha, los contenidos específicos incluían: análisis de la composición corporal de las luchadoras, cambios en los niveles séricos de testosterona y variaciones en los niveles de cortisol. Resultados Durante los dos meses de entrenamiento, los diversos indicadores fisiológicos de los atletas sufrieron cambios notables, manteniéndose en el extremo superior del rango normal. La mayoría de los atletas pudieron adaptarse a la carga e intensidad del entrenamiento en esta fase. Los niveles de testosterona, cortisol y hemoglobina en suero de los primeros atletas aumentaron significativamente. Sin embargo, a medida que el entrenamiento avanza, todos los indicadores disminuyen, lo que demuestra que la adaptabilidad del cuerpo del atleta se consolida. El contenido de hemoglobina aumentó en la mayoría de los atletas, lo que demuestra que el entrenamiento físico de intensidad propia fue alto. Conclusión Los indicadores fisiológicos anteriores pueden reflejar la función física de los atletas, proporcionando una base teórica para que los entrenadores desarrollen planes de entrenamiento basados en pruebas. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de resultados.

Beliefs about the Benefits and Barriers to Physical Activity Promotion for Cancer Patients among Nurses in Malaysia

@#Introduction: Physical activity (PA) can improve survival and quality of life in chronic diseases including cancer. Given the scarcity of research on nurses’ beliefs that used a psychology perspective, the purpose of this study was to determine nurses’ beliefs about the benefits and barriers to physical activity promotion for cancer patients at a tertiary teaching hospital in Malaysia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on nurses (n=104) at one Malaysian tertiary teaching hospital, using a simple random sampling method. A self-administered online questionnaire was surveyed from January until March 2021. The data was analysed using Pearson correlation analysis and an independent T-test with a significant level of p ≤.0.05. Results: 80.8% of nurses perceived the benefits of physical activity promotion for improving mental health in cancer patients. Lack of time (30.8%), patients appearing tired or unwilling to cooperate (20.2%), and a lack of knowledge (16.3%) were the barriers to physical activity. There was no correlation between beliefs about the benefits of physical activity promotion and age (p=0.908), working experience (p=0.982), ward type (p=0.666) or the average number of cancer patients cared (p=0.144). Conclusion: Nurses’ perspectives on the benefits of physical activity promotion for cancer patients support the use of planned behaviour theory for evidence-based nursing practice. There were, however, barriers to encouraging cancer patients to engage in physical activity. As a result, as a setting for health promotion, the tertiary teaching hospital must raise awareness, facilitate, and encourage nurses to engage in physical activity promotion behaviours.

Continuous Aerobic Training and High Intensity Interval Training Increase Exercise Tolerance in Heart Failure Patients: A Retrospective Study

Abstract Background: Conventional aerobic training is the first choice in cardiac rehabilitation for patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). However, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may be an alternative, although it has little evidence. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of continuous aerobic training (CAT) or HIIT on exercise tolerance in CHF patients. Methods: Retrospective study with 30 patients, of both genders, members of a 10-week CAT or HIIT program. The control group (CON) consisted of patients who did not participate voluntarily in the program. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), thresholds (LV1 and LV2), and ventilatory efficiency in the production of dioxide (VE/VCO2 slope), oxygen uptake efficiency (OUES), and VO2 recovery kinetics were analyzed. A two-way or repeated measures ANOVA was used, followed by Fisher's post-hoc test (p<0.05). Results: After 10 weeks of training, the CAT group increased the treadmill speed at LV1 (p=0.040), while the HIIT increased both the speed (p=0.030) and incline of the treadmill (p<0.001) for VO2peak and LV2, as well as the total time of the cardiopulmonary test. The VE/VCO2 slope was lower than that predicted for CAT (p=0.003) and HIIT (p=0.008). There was no change in VO2peak, recovery of heart rate (HR), and VO2, VE/VCO2, and OUES in both groups. Conclusions: After 10 weeks, both CAT and HIIT increased the tolerance to physical exercise. However, HIIT showed improvement in more parameters, differently from CAT.

Efeitos do Exercício Aeróbico Tardio na Remodelação Cardíaca de Ratos com Infarto do Miocárdio Pequeno / Effects of Late Aerobic Exercise on Cardiac Remodeling of Rats with Small-Sized Myocardial Infarction

Resumo Fundamento: O exercício físico tem sido considerado uma importante terapia não farmacológica para a prevenção e tratamento das doenças cardiovasculares. No entanto, seus efeitos na remodelação cardíaca leve não são claros. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência do exercício aeróbico sobre a capacidade funcional, estrutura cardíaca, função ventricular esquerda (VE) e expressão gênica das subunidades da NADPH oxidase em ratos com infarto do miocárdio pequeno (IM). Métodos: Três meses após a indução do IM, ratos Wistar foram divididos em três grupos: Sham; IM sedentário (IM-SED); e IM exercício aeróbico (IM-EA). Os ratos se exercitaram em uma esteira três vezes por semana durante 12 semanas. Um ecocardiograma foi realizado antes e após o treinamento. O tamanho do infarto foi avaliado por histologia e a expressão gênica por RT-PCR. O nível de significância para análise estatística foi estabelecido em 5%. Resultados: Ratos com IM menor que 30% da área total do VE foram incluídos no estudo. A capacidade funcional foi maior no IM-EA do que nos ratos Sham e IM-SED. O tamanho do infarto não diferiu entre os grupos. Ratos infartados apresentaram aumento do diâmetro diastólico e sistólico do VE, diâmetro do átrio esquerdo e massa do VE, com disfunção sistólica. A espessura relativa da parede foi menor no grupo IM-SED do que nos grupos IM-EA e Sham. A expressão gênica das subunidades NADPH oxidase NOX2, NOX4, p22phox e p47phox não diferiu entre os grupos. Conclusão: Infarto do miocárdio pequeno altera a estrutura cardíaca e a função sistólica do VE. O exercício aeróbico tardio pode melhorar a capacidade funcional e a remodelação cardíaca por meio da preservação da geometria ventricular esquerda. A expressão gênica das subunidades da NADPH oxidase não está envolvida na remodelação cardíaca, nem é modulada pelo exercício aeróbico em ratos com infarto do miocárdio pequeno.

Abstract Background: Physical exercise has been considered an important non-pharmacological therapy for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, its effects on minor cardiac remodeling are not clear. Objective: To evaluate the influence of aerobic exercise on the functional capacity, cardiac structure, left ventricular (LV) function, and gene expression of NADPH oxidase subunits in rats with small-sized myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: Three months after MI induction, Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Sham; sedentary MI (MI-SED); and aerobic exercised MI (MI-AE). The rats exercised on a treadmill three times a week for 12 weeks. An echocardiogram was performed before and after training. The infarction size was evaluated by histology, and gene expression was assessed by RT-PCR. The significance level for statistical analysis was set at 5%. Results: Rats with MI lower than 30% of the LV total area were included in the study. Functional capacity was higher in MI-AE than in Sham and MI-SED rats. The infarction size did not differ between groups. Infarcted rats had increased LV diastolic and systolic diameter, left atrial diameter, and LV mass, with systolic dysfunction. Relative wall thickness was lower in MI-SED than in the MI-AE and Sham groups. Gene expression of the NADPH oxidase subunits NOX2, NOX4, p22phox, and p47phox did not differ between groups. Conclusion: Small-sized MI changes cardiac structure and LV systolic function. Late aerobic exercise is able to improve functional capacity and cardiac remodeling by preserving the left ventricular geometry. NADPH oxidase subunits gene expression is not involved in cardiac remodeling or modulated by aerobic exercise in rats with small-sized MI.

Validez de contenido de lineamientos de ejercicio físico para mujeres embarazadas / Content validity of guidelines for physical exercise for pregnant

Objetivo: determinar la validez de contenido del procedimiento ejercicio físico para mujeres embarazadas 2018. La prescripción del ejercicio físico en mujeres embarazadas es una de las actividades que mayores beneficios fisiológicos y psicosociales trae a la mujer y al niño. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo. Valoración de contenido con la técnica de juicio de expertos. Resultados: se obtuvo un valor promedio de coeficientes kappa para la dimensión de examen de 0,64 y para la dimensión de intervención de 0,75. El índice kappa para el instrumento fue de 0,69 (acuerdo sustancial).Adicionalmente, para la dimensión de examen fisioterapéutico se obtuvieron valores de proporción de acuerdo medio (̅P a) que superan el umbral de concordancia sustancial, excepto la propiedad de claridad. En la dimensión de intervención los valores de (̅Pa) indican que todas las propiedades de la intervención fisioterapéutica superan el umbral de concordancia sustancial. Conclusiones: el ejercicio físico es una práctica fundamental durante el embarazo, su aplicación requiere de un examen riguroso que conlleve a una intervención individualizada donde se reconozcan los antecedentes de la mujer para así determinar la intensidad adecuada de la prescripción. A partir del procedimiento "lineamientos de ejercicio físico en mujeres embarazadas" los profesionales contarán con una herramienta basada en evidencia científica que incluye una fase de examen y una fase de intervención..Au

Objective: to determine the content validity of the procedure guidelines for physical exercise for pregnant women 2018. Prescribing physical exercise in pregnant women is one of the recommendations that brings the greatest physiological and psychosocial benefits to women and children. Materials and methods: descriptive study. Content validity with expert judgment technique. Results: an average value of kappa coefficients was obtained for the examination dimension of 0.64 and for the intervention dimension of 0.75. The Kappa index for the instrument was 0.69 (substantial agreement). Additionally, for the physiotherapeutic examination dimension, mean agreement ratio (̅P a) values were obtained that exceed the threshold of substantial agreement except the property of clarity. In the intervention dimension, the values of (̅Pa) indicate that all the properties of the physiotherapeutic intervention exceed the threshold of substantial agreement. Conclusions: physical exercise is a fundamental practice during pregnancy, its application requires a rigorous examination that leads to an individualized intervention where the woman's history is recognized in order to determine the appropriate intensity of the prescription. Starting with the procedure "Guidelines for physical exercise in pregnant women", professionals will have a tool based on scientific evidence that includes an examination phase and an intervention phase..Au

Barriers to Physical Activity and Exercise Amongst Persons With Physical Disability in a Government-funded Teaching Hospital, Kuala Lumpur

@#Introduction: Physical inactivity is common among persons with disabilities (PWDs), thereby leading to harmful secondary complications. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to identify the barriers to physical activity and exercise amongst PWDs in Malaysia. Methods: A total of 102 adults (age 15–65 years) with physical disabilities were recruited from a government-funded hospital. The participants completed the ‘Barriers to Physical Exercise and Disability’ questionnaire via interview by telephone calls or a one-to-one approach. Results: Most participants (90.2%) were interested in engaging in exercise programs. However, the mean concern index score was 2.83 ± 1.35. The majority of the respondents identified five major barriers. These barriers include health concerns (36.3%), transport barriers (36.3%), lack of energy and motivation (36.3%, 31.4%), and exercise program costs (23.54%). Conclusion: Many participants were interested in beginning an exercise program despite the barriers. This observation shows that if the barrier is eliminated, then, this community would be able to participate in an exercise program regularly. Results from the study can inspire health care providers to devise strategies for the promotion of physical activity participation and long-term adherence between PWDs.

A realização do sistema supersérie com diferentes segmentos corporais não impacta no volume e percepção subjetiva de esforço / The superset system performed using different limbs does not impact on volume and rating of perceived exertion / El sistema supersérie realizado con diferentes segmentos corporais no impacta en el volumen y percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar os sistemas tradicional (TRAD) e supersérie (SS) quanto ao número de repetições (volume) e percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) nos exercícios supino e extensão de joelhos. Doze homens treinados realizaram de forma randomizada (medidas repetidas) os protocolos em sistemas TRAD e SS (4 séries com pausas de 2 minutos, intensidade de 10 repetições máximas). No sistema SS, cada série do exercício banco extensor foi realizada durante a pausa do exercício supino. Não houve diferença significativa no volume (TRAD supino - série 1: 16,1 ± 1,6; série 2: 10,9 ± 2,1; série 3: 7,8 ± 2,3; série 4: 7,0 ± 2,0; TRAD extensão de joelhos ­ série 1: 13,1 ± 2,5; série 2: 11,0 ± 2,0; série 3: 9,1 ± 1,7; série 4: 7,6 ± 1,6; SS supino ­ série 1: 16,3 ± 2,3; série 2: 10,9 ± 1,6; série 3: 7,8 ± 1,9; série 4: 6,1 ± 1,4; SS extensão de joelhos ­ série 1: 13,8 ± 1,8; série 2: 11,2 ± 1,6; série 3: 8,8 ± 1,7; série 4: 7,0 ± 1,7) e na PSE (TRAD supino - mediana série 1: 15,0; mediana série 4: 19,5; TRAD extensão de joelhos - mediana série 1: 17,0; mediana série 4: 19,5; SS supino - mediana série 1: 16,5; mediana série 4: 20,0; SS extensão de joelhos - mediana série 1: 17,5; mediana série 4: 19,5) entre os protocolos. Verificou-se redução do volume e aumento da PSE no decorrer das séries em ambas situações experimentais. Considerando a similaridade dos resultados obtidos entre os sistemas SS e TRAD, a aplicação de SS torna-se uma alternativa eficiente para a redução do tempo de treinamento.

The objective of the study was to compare the number of repetitions (volume) and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in the bench press and knee extension exercises when performing Traditional (TRAD) and Superset (SS) training systems. Twelve trained men randomly performed (repeated measurements) the TRAD and SS systems (4 sets and 2-minute rest intervals, intensity of 10 max repetitions). In the SS system, each set of the knee extension was performed during the interval of the bench press. There was no significant difference in volume (TRAD bench press ­ set 1: 16,1 ± 1,6; set 2: 10,9 ± 2,1; set 3: 7,8 ± 2,3; set 4: 7,0 ± 2,0; TRAD knee extension ­ set 1: 13,1 ± 2,5; set 2: 11,0 ± 2,0; set 3: 9,1 ± 1,7; set 4: 7,6 ± 1,6; SS bench press ­ set 1: 16,3 ± 2,3; set 2: 10,9 ± 1,6; set 3: 7,8 ± 1,9; set 4: 6,1 ± 1,4; SS knee extension ­ set 1: 13,8 ± 1,8; set 2: 11,2 ± 1,6; set 3: 8,8 ± 1,7; set 4: 7,0 ± 1,7) and PSE (TRAD bench press median set 1: 15,0; median set 2: 19,5; TRAD knee extension ­ median set 1: 17,0; median set 4: 19,5; SS bench press ­ median set 1:16,5; median set 4: 20,0; SS knee extension ­ median set 1: 17,5; median set 4: 19,5) between the protocols. There was a reduction in volume and increase of PSE during the sets in both experimental situations. Considering the similarity of the results obtained between the SS and TRAD systems, SS application becomes an efficient alternative for decreasing training time.

El objetivo del estudio fue comparar los sistemas Tradicional (TRAD) y Supersérie (SS) en cuanto al número de repeticiones (volumen) y percepción subjetiva de esfuerzo (PSE) en los ejercicios press de banca (PB) y extensión de rodillas (ER). Doce hombres entrenados realizaron de forma aleatorizada (mediciones repetidas) los sistemas TRAD y SS (4 series; pausas de 2 minutos, intensidad de 10 repeticiones máximas). En el sistema SS, cada serie de ER se realizó durante la pausa de PB. No hubo diferencia en el volumen (TRAD press de banca - serie 1: 16,1 ± 1,6; serie 2: 10,9 ± 2,1; serie 3: 7,8 ± 2,3; serie 4: 7,0 ± 2,0; TRAD extensión de rodillas ­ serie 1: 13,1 ± 2,5; serie 2: 11,0 ± 2,0; serie 3: 9,1 ± 1,7; serie 4: 7,6 ± 1,6; SS press de banca ­ serie 1: 16,3 ± 2,3; serie 2: 10,9 ± 1,6; serie 3: 7,8 ± 1,9; serie 4: 6,1 ± 1,4; SS extensión de rodillas ­ serie 1: 13,8 ± 1,8; serie 2: 11,2 ± 1,6; serie 3: 8,8 ± 1,7; serie 4: 7,0 ± 1,7) e na PSE (TRAD press de banca - mediana serie 1: 15,0; mediana serie 4: 19,5; TRAD extensión de rodillas - mediana serie 1: 17,0; mediana serie 4: 19,5; SS press de banca - mediana serie 1: 16,5; mediana serie 4: 20,0; SS extensión de rodillas - mediana serie 1: 17,5; mediana serie 4: 19,5) entre los protocolos. Se verificó reducción del volumen y aumento de la PSE en el curso de las series en ambas situaciones. Considerando la similitud de los resultados obtenidos entre los sistemas SS y TRAD, la aplicación de SS se convierte en una alternativa eficiente para la reducción del tiempo de entrenamiento.

Analysis of physical fitness according to sex, age, body mass index and level of physical activity in Spanish elementary school students / Análisis de la condición física según sexo, edad, índice de masa corporal y nivel de actividad física en estudiantes de primaria en España

Abstract Introduction: Scientific evidence suggests that schoolchildren's quality of life is directly related to their physical fitness (PF). Objective: To analyze the physical fitness of elementary school students according to age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and level of physical activity (PA). Materials and methods: Cross-sectional and descriptive study conducted in 103 schoolchildren (aged 8-12 years) from Spain. PF and PA were measured using the ALPHA-fitness test battery and the Physician-based Assessment and Counseling for Exercise instrument, respectively. Participants were classified according to their level of PA (physically inactive vs. physically active) and their BMI (normal weight vs. overweight-obese). Parametric statistics were used for data analysis. Results: Male participants had a better level of PF. In addition, it was found that PF slightly increases as age increases, regardless of the sex. Normal weight or physically active schoolchildren had better aerobic capacity and a healthier body composition. Conclusion: Keeping optimal PF levels at any stage of life requires adopting a healthy lifestyle since childhood; therefore, it is necessary to encourage schoolchildren to do physical activity on their own.

Resumen Introducción. La evidencia científica sugiere que la calidad de vida de los escolares se relaciona de forma directa con el estado de su condición física (CF). Objetivo. Analizar la CF según edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y nivel de actividad física en estudiantes de primaria. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal con 103 escolares entre 8 y 12 años de España. La CF se midió mediante la batería ALPHA-Fitness y la actividad física, con el cuestionario Physician-based Assessment and Counseling for Exercise. Los participantes se categorizaron según su nivel de actividad física (no activos versus activos) y su IMC (normo-peso versus sobrepeso-obesidad). Para el análisis se aplicó estadística paramétrica. Resultados. Los varones tuvieron un mejor nivel de CF, pero en ambos sexos se observó un leve incremento de esta a medida que aumentaba la edad. Los escolares con normopeso o activos físicamente tuvieron una mejor capacidad aeróbica y una composición corporal más saludable. Conclusión. Mantener niveles óptimos de CF a lo largo de la vida requiere de la adopción de un estilo de vida saludable desde la infancia, por tanto, es necesario promover la práctica autónoma de actividad física en los escolares.

VO 2 Estimation equation accuracy to young adults / Precisión de la ecuación de estimación del VO2 para adultos jóvenes

Objective: analyze the agreement of the V̇O2max values estimated by American College of Sports Medicine and Foster equations with direct measure gas analyze in young Brazilian males. The maximal oxygen uptake, as a health indicator and mortality predictor, can be assessed in different ways. The gold standard comprises the direct measurement of exhaled gases, which entails high cost. A more conveniently form can be estimation equations. Materials and methods: this study assessed VO2max of 41 young Brazilian males (21.4 ±2.2 years) by cardiopulmonary exercise test in a treadmill ergometer with a ramp protocol. Bland and Altman analysis was performed to verify the agreement between V̇ O2max measured and estimated values by ACSM and Foster equations. Results:the measured VO2max was 52.3 ± 4.9 ml.kg-1.min-1. The difference between the measured V̇O2max and the estimated V̇ O2max by the ACSM equation (9.40±3.67) was approximately 7.5 times greater than the difference between the measured V̇O2max and estimated V̇O2max by Foster's equation (1.25±3.46). Bland Altman graphics shows that only ACSM equation had mean differences that were significantly different from the measured value. Conclusions: the ACSM equation showed not appropriate for during treadmill stress testing young adults in a ramp protocol and Foster equation seems to be a more accurate estimator of V̇O2max for this population, besides showed a bias along the aerobic capacity, trending to overestimates and underestimates V̇O2max of least and most fit people, respectively..(AU)

Objetivo: analizar la concordancia de los valores de VO2max estimados por las ecuaciones del Colegio Americano de Medicina del Deporte y de Foster con el análisis de gases de medida directa en varones brasileños jóvenes. el consumo máximo de oxigeno, como un indicador de salud y predictor de mortalidad, se puede evaluar de diferentes maneras. El estándar de oro comprende la medición directa de los gases exhalados, lo que implica un alto costo. Una forma más conveniente puede ser las ecuaciones de estimación. Materiales y métodos: este estudio evaluó el VO2máx de 41 hombres brasileños jóvenes (21,4 ± 2,2 años) mediante una prueba de ejercicio cardiopulmonar en un ergómetro en cinta ergométrica con un protocolo de rampa. El análisis de Bland y Altman se realizó para verificar la concordancia entre V̇O2max medido y valores estimados por las ecuaciones del ACSM y de Foster. Resultados: el VO2max medido fue de 52,3 ± 4,9 ml.kg-1.min-1. La diferencia entre el V̇O2max medido y el VO2max estimado por la ecuación ACSM (9,40 ± 3,67) fue aproximadamente 7.5 veces mayor que la diferencia entre el VO2max medido y el VO2max estimado por la ecuación de Foster (1,25 ± 3,46). Los gráficos de Bland Altman muestran que solo la ecuación de ACSM tenía diferencias estadísticas del valor medido. Conclusiones: la ecuación ACSM no fue adecuada durante la prueba de ejercicio en cinta de correr en adultos jóvenes en un protocolo de rampa y la ecuación de Foster parece ser un estimador más preciso de VO2max para esta población, además mostró un sesgo a lo largo de la capacidad aeróbica, con tendencia a sobreestimar y subestimar VO2 máx. de personas menos y más en preparadas, respectivamente..(AU)

Envejecimiento neural, plasticidad cerebral y ejercicio: Avances desde la óptica de fisioterapia / Neural aging, cerebral plasticity and Exercise: Advances from the Physiotherapy´s perspective

El ejercicio ha demostrado efectividad para promover la plasticidad cerebral en los procesos de envejecimiento neural. Esta revisión narrativa de literatura tiene como objetivo analizar el efecto neural del ejercicio para promover la plasticidad cerebral en el envejecimiento. Los resultados incluyeron publicaciones que mencionan los efectos de la plasticidad cerebral mediada por el ejercicio empleando protocolos de ejercicio con duración, intensidad y frecuencia clínicamente significativa. La revisión documental se organizó en tres apartados: a) envejecimiento neural y procesos fisiológicos interrelacionados, b) plasticidad cerebral mediada por el ejercicio, c) ejercicio para promover el envejecimiento neural saludable. Se pudo concluir que el fisioterapeuta, aplicando protocolos de ejercicio, puede promover cambios positivos en la función cerebral lo cual se traducen en la mejoría del desempeño físico y funcional de los adultos mayores..(AU)

Exercise has shown effectiveness in promoting brain plasticity in neural aging processes.This narrative review of literature aims to analyze the neural effect of exercise to promote brain plasticity in aging. The results included publications that mention the effects of brain plasticity mediated by exercise, using exercise protocols with clinically significant duration, intensity and frequency. Through the documentary review three sections were determined: Neural Aging: Interrelated physiological processes; Exercisemediated brain plasticity; Exercise to promote healthy neural aging. It was concluded that the physiotherapist, applying exercise protocols, can promote positive changes in brain function, which translates into an improvement in the physical and functional performance of older adults..(AU)

Ejercicio físico en pacientes con Diálisis / Physical exercise in patients with Dialysis

Objetivo: realizar un meta-análisis sobre los efectos del ejercicio físico en la rehabilitación funcional del paciente con diálisis. La enfermedad renal crónica es una patología que puede requerir terapia de reemplazo renal (como la diálisis) para su tratamiento, que, sumada a la sintomatología, deteriora la función física de los sujetos. El ejercicio físico como modalidad de intervención del fisioterapeuta, ha mostrado ser efectivo en la mejoría de la funcionalidad y calidad de vida de estos pacientes. Conocer sus beneficios en estos pacientes, puede repercutir positivamente en la salud del paciente y costos del tratamiento a largo plazo. Materiales y Métodos: se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que aplicaron protocolos de ejercicio físico (flexibilidad, resistencia y fuerza) para mejorar variables físicas, fisiológicas y funcionales. Resultados: se analizaron veinte ensayos clínicos bajo los criterios de la Escala PEDro, con puntuación ≥5 calificados como de alta calidad metodológica y bajo riesgo de sesgo. También se analizaron ocho revisiones sistemáticas/meta-análisis bajo lineamientos PRISMA-equidad. Conclusiones: aplicar protocolos de ejercicio físico, tiene efectos positivos clínicamente relevantes en la función física general y calidad de vida de estos pacientes, pero aún no hay consenso respecto a su aplicación en pacientes en diálisis en el contexto colombiano..(AU)

Objective: to carry out a meta-analysis on the effects of physical exercise in the functional rehabilitation of dialysis patients. Chronic kidney disease is a pathology that may require renal replacement therapy (such as dialysis) for its treatment, which, added to the symptoms, deteriorates the physical function of the subjects. Physical exercise as an intervention modality of the physiotherapist, has been shown to be effective in improving the functionality and quality of life of patients. Knowing their benefits in these patients can have a positive impact on the patient's health and long-term treatment costs. Materials and Methods: randomized clinical trials were included that applied protocols of physical exercise (flexibility, resistance and strength) to improve physical, physiological and functional variables. Results: twenty clinical trials were analyzed under the criteria of the PEDro Scale, with a score ≥5 rated as having high methodological quality and low risk of bias. Eight systematic reviews / meta-analyzes were analyzed under PRISMA-equity guidelines. Conclusions: to apply protocols of physical exercise, has clinically relevant positive effects on the general physical function and quality of life of these patients, but there is still no consensus regarding its application in dialysis patients in the Colombian context..(AU)

A participação de jovens com deficiência visual em aulas de Educação Física: experiências na rede regular e em instituições especializadas / The engagement of youth with visual impairments in Physical Education classes: experiences in regular schools and in specialized institutions / La participación de jóvenes con discapacidad visual en clases de Educación Física: experiencias en la red regular y en instituciones especializadas

Este estudo buscou analisar a participação de alunos cegos e com baixa visão em aulas de Educação Física. A coleta de dados contou com aplicação de questionário a 50 jovens praticantes de goalball (27 meninas), com idade entre 13 e 19 anos. Os achados apontaram acentuada redução da participação nas aulas de Educação Física na Rede Regular na medida em que aumentava a limitação visual. As principais barreiras destacadas foram: a falta de colaboração dos colegas, o medo de se machucar, a falta de capacitação dos professores. A prática de modalidades paralímpicas foi predominante nas Instituições de ensino especializado, enquanto que na Rede Regular somente modalidades coletivas convencionais eram praticadas. Tal cenário, portanto, não corresponde ao ideal de inclusão educacional.

This study analyzed the engagement of youth with visual impairments in physical education classes. Data collection included the application of a questionnaire to 50 young goalball players (27 girls), aged 13 to 19 years. Our findings showed a marked reduction of participation in the regular Physical Education classes as visual deficits increased. The main barriers mentioned were the lack peers collaboration, the fear of being hurt, and the lack of teachers' training. The practice of Paralympic sports was predominant in specialized schools, whereas in the regular schools only conventional team sports were practiced. Such a scenario, therefore, does not correspond to the inclusion ideal.

Este estudio analizó la participación de niños con discapacidad visual en las clases de educación física. La recolección de datos incluyó la aplicación de un cuestionario a 50 jóvenes jugadores de goalball (27 niñas), de 13 a 19 años. Encontramos una marcada reducción en la participación en clases regulares de educación física a medida que los déficits visuales aumentaron. Las principales barreras mencionadas fueron la falta de colaboración de outros alumnos, el miedo a ser herido y la falta de formación del profesorado. La práctica de deportes paraolímpicos predominó en escuelas especializadas, mientras que en escuelas convencionales sólo practicaban deportes convencionales. Este escenario, por lo tanto, no corresponde al ideal de inclusión.

Dolor y Ejercicio / Pain and Exercise

El ejercicio ha demostrado ser efectivo en el control y reducción del dolor en múltiples patologías. Por lo tanto, esta revisión de literatura tiene como objetivo determinar la dosificación de ejercicio y el efecto sistémico del mismo para la modulación del dolor de diferentes causas, comprendiendo la disfunción orgánica subsecuente que causa alteraciones del movimiento corporal humano. Los resultados incluyeron protocolos de ejercicio con duración, intensidad y frecuencia variada que tienen incidencia clínicamente significativa sobre el dolor en la mayoría de los estudios revisados. Se pudo concluir que la Fisioterapia, aplicando protocolos de ejercicio terapéutico, tiene efectos positivos en la disminución de complicaciones físicas, estancia hospitalaria y mejoría del desempeño físico y funcional..(AU)

Exercise has been shown to be effective in controlling and reducing pain in multiple pathologies. Therefore, this review of the literature aims to determine the dosage of exercise and the systemic effect of the same for the modulation of pain of different causes, including subsequent organ dysfunction that causes alterations in human body movement. The results include exercise protocols with varying duration, intensity and frequency have clinically significant incidence on pain in most of the studies reviewed. It was possible to conclude that Physiotherapy, applying protocols of therapeutic exercise, has positive effects in the reduction of physical complications, hospital stay and improvement of the physical and functional performance..(AU)

Intervención integral de ocho meses disminuye el peso y mejora los niveles de depresión y ansiedad en obesos severos y mórbidos / Comprehensive eight-month intervention reduces weight and improves depression and anxiety levels in severe and morbid obesity

Resumen Introducción. La obesidad mórbida genera una disminución considerable de la expectativa y calidad de vida, según lo cual existen niveles aumentados de depresión y ansiedad. Objetivo. Determinar los efectos de un programa de tratamiento integral en la pérdida de peso y los niveles de ansiedad y depresión de obesos severos y mórbidos. Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 4 hombres y 12 mujeres de un promedio de 34 26 años, candidatos a cirugía bariátrica. 6 obesos severos y 10 pacientes con obesidad mórbida participaron en una intervención de tratamiento integral de 8 meses. Se evaluaron en preintervención y post intervención: peso, índice de masa corporal (IMC), contorno de la cintura, capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, ansiedad y depresión. Resultados. El peso y el IMC posterior a la intervención disminuyeron de forma significativa (p<0.001) en un 12.28% y 12.30%, respectivamente, el contorno cintura presentó una disminución de un 11.67% (p< 0.001). Además, la capacidad respiratoria mejoró bastante (p<0.001). Los síntomas ansiosos y depresivos disminuyeron de manera significativa (p<0.001). Conclusión. La intervención integral de 8 meses presenta beneficios significativos en la pérdida de peso de los participantes y en la mejora de los niveles de ansiedad y depresión. Por tal motivo, la intervención realizada puede recomendarse para el tratamiento de esta condición.

Abstract Introduction: Morbid obesity generates a considerable decrease in expectations and quality of life, which causes increased levels of depression and anxiety. Objective: The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of a comprehensive treatment program on weight loss and anxiety and depression levels of severe and morbid obese patients. Materials and methods: 4 men and 12 women with an average age of 34.0±26.0 years, and candidates for bariatric surgery were included in this study. 6 severe obese and 10 morbidly obese patients participated in a comprehensive eight-month treatment intervention. The following conditions were assessed pre- and post-intervention: weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, cardiorespiratory capacity, anxiety and depression. Results: Postoperative weight and BMI decreased significantly (p< 0.001) by 12.28% and 12.30%, respectively, while waist circumference decreased by 11.67% (p< 0.001). In addition, respiratory capacity improved significantly (p< 0.001), and anxiety and depressive symptoms decreased significantly (p< 0.001). Conclusion: The comprehensive eight-month intervention had significant benefits for participants in weight loss and improved levels of anxiety and depression. For this reason, the intervention performed may be recommended for the treatment of this condition.

Efecto de un programa de entrenamiento físico sobre condición física saludable en hipertensos / Effect of a physical training program on healthy physical condition in hypertensive individuals

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de un programa de entrenamiento físico sobre la condición física saludable en sujetos con hipertensión arterial controlada. Método: Se desarrolló un ensayo clínico en 78 personas diagnosticadas con hipertensión arterial controlada que voluntariamente aceptaron participar en la investigación y que reunieron los criterios de inclusión, de entre ellos fue seleccionado el grupo de estudio: 39 sujetos con hipertensión arterial controlada a quienes se les aplicó el programa de entrenamiento físico; y el grupo control: 39 sujetos con hipertensión arterial controlada a quienes se les aplicó un programa educativo combinado con el ejercicio no dirigido que practicaban habitualmente (tejo, rana, ajedrez). Al inicio del estudio se diligenció una encuesta para la caracterización sociodemográfica y clínica de los participantes, esta última diligenciada al final del estudio. Se utilizó el estadístico t Student para muestras independientes; también se hizo t de student pareada antes-después o en su defecto la prueba no paramétrica U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: El 84,6 por ciento fueron mujeres; 64,1 por ciento cuentan con nivel escolar de primaria. Las diferencias de medias mostraron significancia estadística p<0,05 en colesterol HDL (lipoproteina de alta densidad), LDL (lipoproteina de baja densidad), triglicéridos, fuerza de miembros inferiores y fuerza abdominal. Conclusion: Los resultados reportados permiten concluir que las variables medidas HDL, LDL y triglicéridos muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos experimentales y de control en los dos momentos del estudio, pero no entre los tiempos. Lo mismo ocurre en las variables de fuerza de las extremidades inferiores y abdominales, lo que sugiere un efecto positivo del programa implementado.

Abstract Objective: To determine the effect of a physical training program on the healthy physical condition of patients with controlled hypertension. Method: A clinical trial was conducted of 78 people diagnosed with controlled hypertension. Of those subjects who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study and who met the inclusion criteria a study group of 39 patients with controlled blood pressure was selected, and underwent the physical training program. A control group of 39 patients with controlled blood pressure was also selected and underwent an educational program combined with non-guided exercises which they usually practiced (shuffleboard, "froggy", chess). At the beginning of the study a survey on the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants was conducted, while their clinical characteristics were evaluated at the end of the study. The statistical t test for independent samples was used, along with the paired before or after Student t test, or failing that the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. Results: 84.6 percent of the sample were women and 64.1 percent had a primary school level education. The mean differences showed statistical significance p<0.05 for HDL, LDL, triglycerides, lower limb strength and abdominal strength. Conclusion: The results support the conclusion that there were statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups for the variables HDL, LDL and triglycerides at the two phases of the study, but not between the time periods. The same applied to the strength of the lower limbs and abdominal strength variables, suggesting the implemented program had a positive effect.

Muscle disorders in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: literature review / Distúrbios musculares na escoliose idiopática do adolescente: revisão da literatura / Anormalidades musculares en la escoliosis idiopática del adolescente: revisión de la literatura

ABSTRACT Scoliosis is characterized by three-dimensional changes of the spine and is estimated to be present in 4% of the population worldwide. The most common form is the adolescent idiopathic. The purpose of this study is to identify the major muscle abnormalities found in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis through a literature review. We conducted an electronic search of the national databases PubMed, Lilacs, PEDro, and EMBASE using the keywords "scoliosis", "biomechanics", "exercise", "physical therapy specialty", "idiopathic", and "muscles", from January 2003 to April 2015. The most relevant articles in English, Portuguese and Spanish were selected by title and abstract. It was also performed a manual search of the references of the selected articles. From a total of 4,319 articles, 11 were selected. We conclude that individuals with AIS have changes in the paraspinal muscles, with a difference in activation between the concave and convex sides, suggesting an increase in EMG activity on the convex side, although there is still no consensus among the authors.

RESUMO A escoliose é caracterizada por alterações tridimensionais da coluna vertebral e estima-se estar presente em torno de 4% da população mundial. A forma mais comum é a idiopática do adolescente. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar as principais alterações musculares encontradas nos pacientes com escoliose idiopática do adolescente por meio de uma revisão da literatura. Foi realizada a busca eletrônica nas bases de dados nacionais PubMed, Lilacs, PEDro e EMBASE usando as palavras-chave "escoliose", "biomecânica", "exercício", "fisioterapia", "idiopática" e "músculo", de janeiro de 2003 a abril de 2015. Os artigos mais relevantes em português, inglês e espanhol foram selecionados pelo título e pelo resumo. Também foi realizada busca manual nas referências dos artigos selecionados. Do total de 4.319 artigos, 11 foram selecionados. Concluímos que os indivíduos com EIA têm alterações nos músculos paravertebrais, com diferença de ativação entre os lados, côncavo e convexo, o que sugere um aumento na atividade EMG no lado convexo, embora ainda não haja consenso entre os autores.

RESUMEN La escoliosis se caracteriza por cambios tridimensionales de la columna vertebral y se estima que esté presente en el 4% de la población mundial. La forma más común es la idiopática del adolescente. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar las principales anomalías musculares que se encuentran en los pacientes con escoliosis idiopática del adolescente a través de una revisión de la literatura. Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica de las bases de datos nacionales PubMed, Lilacs, PEDro y EMBASE utilizando los descriptores "escoliosis", "biomecánica", "ejercicios", "fisioterapia", "idiopática" y "músculo" desde enero 2003 a abril de 2015. Fueron seleccionados los artículos más relevantes en portugués, inglés y español por el título y el resumen. También se realizó una búsqueda manual de las referencias de los artículos seleccionados. Del total de 4.319 artículos, se seleccionaron 11. Llegamos a la conclusión que los individuos con EIA presentan cambios en los músculos paravertebrales, con una diferencia de activación entre los lados cóncavo y convexo, lo que sugiere un aumento de la actividad EMG en el lado convexo, aunque todavía no exista consenso entre los autores.

Comparação dos níveis de flexibilidade de mulheres praticantes de hidroginástica e Pilates / Comparison of flexibility levels between women practicing water aerobics and Pilates

Objetivo: Comparar o efeito de dois programas de exercícios físicos diferentes na flexibilidade de mulheres. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 200 mulheres. Para avaliação, utilizou-se o flexiteste por ser um instrumento eficaz e de baixo custo. Efetuou-se análise estatística por meio de comparações do teste Mann- Whitney. Resultados: Encontrou-se diferença significante entre as medidas das praticantes de Pilates em relação às de hidroginástica Z(U)=1,95, revelou-se um p<0,02. Conclusão: As praticantes de Pilates obtiveram escores mais significantes em comparação às de hidroginástica, este achado pode estar associado ao fato de o método Pilates ser delineado para o ganho de força e flexibilidade, enquanto a hidroginástica é baseada na perspectiva de melhoria da aptidão física.

Objective: To compare the effect of two different exercise programs on women ́s flexibility. Methods: The study included 200 women. The evaluation was carried out using Flexitest, an effective and low-cost instrument, and the statistical analysis by making comparisons with the Mann-Whitney test. Results: We found a significant difference between the measurements of Pilates and water aerobics practitioners Z (U) = 1.95, obtained with p <0.02. Conclusion: Pilates practitioners obtained more significant scores than the water aerobics practitioners. This finding may be linked to the fact that the Pilates method is designed for gaining strength and flexibility, whereas water aerobics is founded on the premise of improving physical fitness.