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ABSTRACT This research used causal research design to study the relationship of the various factors and exercise behaviors affecting the physical fitness of university students based on the PRECEDE FRAMEWORK. The objectives included the following: (1) to compare the personal factors that influenced exercise behavior; (2) to study the relationship between the predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors; and exercise behaviors; and (3) to compare the level of exercise behavior affecting physical fitness. The sample group were simple random sampling. This research consisted of the questionnaire and physical fitness test of five items on the Body Mass Index, Sit and Reach, Hand Grip Strength,60 Second Chair Stand and 3-Minute Step Up and Down. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test, One-Way ANOVA, One-Way ANCOVA and Multiple Regression Analysis, with a statistically significant level of 0.05. The results showed that gender affected exercise practices of university students, and with no impact on knowledge and attitudes, while age affected exercise practice by controlled gender. The predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors in the PRECEDE FRAMEWORK concept had a positive effect on exercise behavior by promoting the exercise behaviors of university students that have been continuously implemented and caused students to change their physical fitness and improve all aspects of its. In addition, exercise behavior of knowledge and attitudes to exercise had no effect on physical fitness, whlie exercise behavior of attitude and the factors of predisposting, enabling and reinforcing affected the practice behavior of male students.
RESUMO Esta pesquisa usou um projeto de pesquisa causal para estudar a relação dos vários fatores e comportamentos de exercício que afetam a aptidão física de estudantes universitários com base no QUADRO PRECEDE. Os objetivos incluíam o seguinte: (1) comparar os fatores pessoais que influenciam o comportamento de exercício; (2) estudar a relação entre os fatores predisponentes, habilitadores e reforçadores; e comportamentos de exercício; e (3) comparar o nível de comportamento do exercício que afeta a aptidão física. O grupo de amostra foi amostragem aleatória simples. Esta pesquisa consistiu na aplicação de questionário e teste de aptidão física de cinco itens sobre Índice de Massa Corporal, Sentar e Alcançar, Força de preensão manual, 60 segundos de pé na cadeira e 3 minutos de subida e descida. Os dados foram analisados por meio de um teste t independente, One-Way ANOVA, One-Way ANCOVA e Multiple Regression Analysis, com um nível estatisticamente significativo de 0,05. Os resultados mostraram que o gênero afetou a prática de exercícios de estudantes universitários, sem impacto no conhecimento e nas atitudes, enquanto a idade afetou a prática de exercícios por gênero controlado. Os fatores predisponentes, capacitadores e reforçadores do conceito PRECEDE FRAMEWORK tiveram um efeito positivo no comportamento de exercícios, promovendo os comportamentos de exercícios de estudantes universitários que têm sido implementados continuamente e fizeram com que os alunos mudassem sua aptidão física e melhorassem todos os seus aspectos. Além disso, o comportamento de exercício de conhecimento e atitudes ao exercício não teve efeito sobre a aptidão física, enquanto o comportamento de exercício de atitude e os fatores de predisposição, habilitação e reforço afetaram o comportamento de prática dos alunos do sexo masculino.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Students , Universities , Behavior , Exercise , Physical Fitness , Physical Education and Training , Physical Endurance , Attitude , Body Mass Index , Muscle Strength , MentoringABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the stage characteristics in the exercise behavior improvement of college students and explore the role of Process in the exercise behavior change based on the transtheoretical model, providing basis for the stage-matched intervention for the exercise behavior of college students. Methods There were 932 students who completed the questionnaires, from 5 universities in Shanxi Province were selected by using a stratified random cluster sampling method. Descriptive analysis was used to describe the exercise behavior of college students. Variance analysis and multivariate Logistic regression model were used to analyze the difference of the process of with stage of change among college students’ physical exercise. Multivariate variance analysis was used to analyze how personal characteristics affect process of change. Results Among all participants, 89.4% students knew the importance of physical exercise, and 29.4% students were satisfied with their physical exercise condition. The distribution of students’ physical exercise stage showed an inverted U-shape with left-side peak, and there was a significant difference between gender( 2=54.657, P<0.001). There were significant stage characteristics in the process of students' exercise behavior, gender had a significant main effects on mutual aid relation(F=7.400, P=0.07)and conscious control (F=7.778, P=0.005), gender and grade had interaction effects on social release (F=3.614, P=0.013). Conclusions The college students' exercise behavior showed the characteristics of “knowing but not to do”, which conformed to the Transtheoretical model. It is essential to develop targeted phased exercise intervention strategies according to the relationship between change of phase and change of procedure.
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Physical fitness including muscle strength and endurance capacity varies substantially among individuals. Physical activity level and exercise behavior also vary among individuals. Many family studies and studies on twins have reported that genetic factors are responsible for heterogeneity in fitness-related traits. However, there is much dispersion in heritability, as previously reported. A systematic review was performed to determine the extent of heritability in physical fitness. A literature search was conducted through PubMed using the following keywords: (heredity or heritability) and (“muscle strength” or “muscle contraction” or endurance or athlete* or fitness or exercise) and (twin* or family). Finally, 43 articles that included 137 phenotypes met the criteria. Only one article focused on the heritability of athletic status. With respect to muscle strength, 23 articles and 54 phenotypes were collected, and showed a range of heritability of 0%-98% (mean: 55±22%). This heterogeneity was partly explained by the ages of subjects. With respect to endurance capacity, 13 articles and 28 phenotypes showed heritability of 0%-93% (mean: 54±25%). The considerable degree of variability in heritability of fitness-related traits may depend on age, sex, race, and environmental factors. Therefore it is necessary to investigate the interaction between genetic factor and factors other than genetic factor. On the other hand, with respect to exercise behavior or physical activity level which is important for improving the physical fitness or health status, the heritability of 0%-85% has also been reported. That is, the genetic factor plays a role in not only physiological phenotypes but also behavioral phenotypes. Understanding of these genetic factors and their mechanisms will lead to improvement in physical fitness or encouragement of physical activity/exercise behavior.
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PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the differences by the stages of change in exercise behaviors of caregivers based on Transtheoretical Model. METHODS: The subjects were consisted of randomly chosen 105 caregivers working in a nursing home. The collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, chi-square test, ANOVA and Duncan test using IBM SPSS Statistics 19. RESULTS: The results showed that in the stages of exercise behaviors, there were most participants in contemplation stage with 24.7%, followed by 22.8% in preparation, 21.9% maintenance, 19.0% action and 11.4% pre-contemplation. As for the process of change by the stages of change in exercise behaviors, it showed statistically significant differences in behavioral strategies (F=7.641, p<.001). In decisional balance, pros (F=0.66, p=.620) showed statistical significance, with higher pros in all stages except pre-contemplation. Self-efficacy was also statistically significant (F=6.25, p<.001), especially in the maintenance stage. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that in order to encourage caregivers to exercise, a strategic intervention to reinforce the process of change, recognition of positive decision-making and promotion of self-efficacy in exercise behaviors should be developed.
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Humans , Caregivers , Musculoskeletal Diseases , Nursing HomesABSTRACT
Objective To explore the relationship between physical activity ( PA) in college students and self?efficacy,and provide guarantee for improving health education in colleges. Methods International physical ac?tivity questionnaire( IPAQ) ,scales of physical behavior,scales of stage of change in physical exercise behavior,and scales of self?efficacy were used to test 504 students from some of colleges in Zhejiang province. Results Signifi?cantly more males (38.52%) than females (27.27%) were in the high activity tertile (P<0.01); the amount of PA per week in males and females were (4608±872.07)MET and(4361±674.03)MET(P<0.01); the scores of males and females were (3.32±0.44) and(3.04±0.36),(P<0.01). The number of males (35.5%) in maintenance period and period of action is greater than that of females (28.9%). Males had higher self?efficacy and more scores of behavior than females (P<0.05) . There were significant characteristics of PA in their self?efficacy,score of be?havior and stages of change( F=18.38, F=15.08, F=34.71, P<0.01),and a significant correlation between PA and self?efficacy,stages of change and physical exercise behavior ( r=0.336, r=0.36, r=0.46, P<0.01).Conclu?sion Self?efficacy may have important effect on the level of PA. Stages of change and scores of behavior may ex?plain difference of PA between males and females.
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PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the differences by the stages of change in exercise behaviors of caregivers based on Transtheoretical Model. METHODS: The subjects were consisted of randomly chosen 105 caregivers working in a nursing home. The collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, chi-square test, ANOVA and Duncan test using IBM SPSS Statistics 19. RESULTS: The results showed that in the stages of exercise behaviors, there were most participants in contemplation stage with 24.7%, followed by 22.8% in preparation, 21.9% maintenance, 19.0% action and 11.4% pre-contemplation. As for the process of change by the stages of change in exercise behaviors, it showed statistically significant differences in behavioral strategies (F=7.641, p<.001). In decisional balance, pros (F=0.66, p=.620) showed statistical significance, with higher pros in all stages except pre-contemplation. Self-efficacy was also statistically significant (F=6.25, p<.001), especially in the maintenance stage. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that in order to encourage caregivers to exercise, a strategic intervention to reinforce the process of change, recognition of positive decision-making and promotion of self-efficacy in exercise behaviors should be developed.
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Humans , Caregivers , Musculoskeletal Diseases , Nursing HomesABSTRACT
Objective The college and university students' physical exercise behavior scale has been de-veloped. Methods Baaed on the theory of planning behavior,after investigation and analysis,a questionnaire was made to test 1180 students from some colleges and universities in Changjiang Delta area. Its reliability and validity was tested,and confirmatory factor analysis was carried out. Results The scale consists of 4 factors: behavioral intention,subjective criterion,cognitive behavior,and integrative attitude. Its retest reliability was 0.920, correla-tion coefficient of the factors between 0.732 and 0.854 ,and the total scale Cronbach α 0.931. The correlated co-efficients between subseales and total scales range 0.455～0.785 ;the IFI, CFI,and NFI fit indices of the four di-mensions were over 0.9 ;RMSEA 0.042. Conclusion The reliability and validity of the scale are suitable as an effective tool to test university students' sports exercise behavior.
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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to differentiate the change in exercise behavior into different stages and to investigate differences in the process of change, self efficacy, decisional balances and depression according to the stages of exercise behavior change among middle aged women in Korea by using the transtheoretical Model. METHODS: A convenience sample of 434 middle aged women (40-64 years) completed measures of all transtheoretical model constructs involved in exercise behaviors (stages and processes of exercise behaviors change, self efficacy and decisional balance) and depression. The data were analyzed by using the SPSS 10.0 program including descriptive statistics, and one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: The subjects were distributed in each stage of change in exercise behaviors: pre-contemplation (n=106; 24.4%), contemplation (n=126; 29%), preparation (n=88; 20.3%), action (n=51; 11.8%), and maintenance (n=63; 14.5%). The processes of change, pros(advantages of behaviors), self-efficacy and depression were significantly differentiated across the stages of exercise behavior change. Cons(disadvantage of behaviors) was not significantly differentiated across the stages of exercise behavior change. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study suggested that discriminating of processes of change, self-efficacy, decisional balance, and depression could provide positive information to people about the stages of change in exercise behavior. Therefore, in designing interventions, the stage of a client's exercise behaviors change needs to be assessed prior to application of intervention programs in order to increase and maintain exercise behavior in middle aged women.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Analysis of Variance , Decision Making , Depression/psychology , Exercise/psychology , Health Behavior , Korea , Models, Psychological , Self EfficacyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study was to predict the stage of exercise behavior change in undergraduate students and to identify the factors affecting exercise behavior change by using the trans theoretical Model. METHOD: The subjects were 193 undergraduate students at K and D university in D city. Data were collected by questionnaire surveys using convenience sampling and analyzed by SPSS 12.0 program. RESULTS: 77.7% of 193 nursing students do not exercise or they exercise irregularly. Exercise self-efficacy score and exercise benefits score were decreased with advancing exercise stage, on the other hand exercise barriers score and the process of exercise behavior change score were increased. In addition to this, the results revealed that stage of exercise behavior was significantly correlated with the process of exercise behavior change, exercise benefits, exercise barriers and exercise self-efficacy. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that the process of exercise behavior change, exercise decisional balance and exercise self-efficacy can be potential affecting factors for the stages of behavior change in university students. Therefore, these findings give useful information for educating nurse to construct nursing service programs focused on the stage of behavior change.
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Humans , Hand , Models, Theoretical , Nursing Services , Nursing , Students, Nursing , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the differences of the process of change, decision making, self-efficacy and perception of subjective health according to the stages of exercise behaviors suggested by transtheoretical models among older adults. METHOD: The subjects consisted of 291 older adults. Trained research assistants interviewed the older adults using structured questionnaires. ANOVA analyses with post hoc test were used to examine the mean differences for each stage of exercise behavior using SPSS for windows. RESULT: The subjects were divided into five stages of exercise behavior: 24.4% pre-contemplation, 12.4% contemplation, 17.9% preparation, 12.4% action, 33.0% maintenance stage. There were significant differences in process of change, decision making, self-efficacy and subjective health perception according to the exercise stage of change. 'Self-liberation' and 'stimulus control' were important strategies for intention of exercise, while 'reinforcing management' for the actual practice of exercise. 'Self-efficacy' was an effective strategy to change older adults from pre-contemplation to preparation stage. CONCLUSION: For exercise intervention, older adults should be classified into groups according to their stages of exercise behaviors and provided effective individualized intervention depending on their stage.
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Adult , Aged , Humans , Decision Making , Intention , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
PURPOSE:Thisstudy was performed to identify the process of change, decisional balance and self-efficacy corresponding to the stage of exercise behavior using Transtheoretical Model in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHOD:The study method was a survey in 100 type 2 DM patients at out-patients clinic of Y medical center from March 19, 2000 to October 30, 2000. RESULT:The results were as follows:The subjects were divided into five stages of exercise behavior ;15.0% in pre-contemplation stage, 33.0% in contemplation stage, 17.0% in preparation stage, 16.0% in action stage and 19.0% in maintenance stage. The subjects in pre-contemplation stage used all processes of change in the least. "Dramatic relief(DR)", "Environmental reevaluation(ER)" and "Self reevaluation(SR)" were identified as main processes ofchangein contemplation stage. "Consciousness raising(CR)", "DR" were used higher than average in preparation stage. "Helpingrelationships(HR)","CR", "ER", "SR", "Social liberation(SL)", "Counter conditioning (CC)", "Reinforcement management(RM)", "Self liberation(SEL)" and "Stimulus control(SC)" were used higher than average in action stage. The subjects in maintenance stage used all process of change the highest except "DR"and "HR". "Cons" score of decisional balance was the highest in pre-contemplation stage, "Pros" score was the highest in action stage and "Self-efficacy" score was the highest in maintenance stage. CONCLUSION: This study can provide the basis of staged matching exercise program using TTM for more effective and useful intervention.
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Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , OutpatientsABSTRACT
The purposes of this study were 1) to identify determinants of exercise behavior 2) to determine theoretical frameworks that were used in other research 3) to investigate the limitations of exercise research. seventy six research papers, published between 1984-1999, were selected by searching Medline for this study. Research subjects, determinants of exercise behavior, exercise measurement, the design of studies, statistical method and theoretical background were examined. The results are as follows. 1. On the research subjects, most research papers studied healthy adults. 2. Thirteen variables were identified that were used more than 5 times in various researches were self efficacy, barrier, social support, benefit, physiological characteristics, habit, personality, intention, health status, motivation, subjective norm, attitude, and affect. The most frequently supported determinant was self efficacy, the second one was social support, the third was affect and so on. But few research papers found any significant relationship between subject norms or attitude and exercise. 3. On exercise measurement, only 22.4% of research papers considered intensity, duration, frequency as elements of exercise, and 64.5% of researches were assessed by self-reported questionnaires. 4. In research design, 80.3% of research papers were survey type research. The most frequently used statistcal method was Regression. 5. 44.8% of research papers were done without any theoretical basis. Based on the above findings the following suggestions are made: 1. Research which includes diverse populations with different levels of health status needs to be studied. 2. Determinants of exercise may be dynamic and varing in their influence, therefore, stages of exercise behavior and processes of change need to be studied. 3. In research design, more prospective, longitudinal studies are needed to identify determinants of exercise habits. 4. It is necessary to develop a reliable, valid exercise measurement tool. 5. Studies are needed to develop a theoretical framework for exercise behavior.
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Adult , Humans , Intention , Motivation , Research Design , Research Subjects , Self Efficacy , Statistics as Topic , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
The objectives of this study were to verify the effectiveness of the Theory of Planned Behavior in predicting exercise intention and exercise behavior, and to examine the determinants of exercise intention and exercise behavior in the sample of middle-aged women. The subjects who participated in this study were 263 middle-aged women. The instruments used for this study was a survey of general characteristics, attitude (18 items), subjective norm (2 items), perceived behavioral control (19 items), intention (3 items), and exercise behavior (7 items and 23 items for each). Analysis of data was done by use of descriptive statistics and correlation analysis with SAS PC program. The hypothetical model based on the Theory of Planned Behavior was tested by use of LISREL 8.12a program. 1) The overall fit of the hypothetical model to the data was good(chi-square=11.76, p=0.03, RMSEA=0.07, standardized RMR= 0.03, GFI=0.99, AGFI=0.94, NFI=0.97, NNFI=0.95). 2) Perceived behavioral control, attitude, and subjective norm were significant determinants of exercise intention, and these variables explained 35% of the total variance of exercise intention. 3) Perceived behavioral control, intention, and attitude were significant determinants of exercise behavior. But, subjective norm was not a significant determinants. These four variables explained 69% of the total variance of exercise behavior. In conclusion, this study shows the applicability of the Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining exercise behavior of middle-aged women, and suggests that health care providers should focus on perceived behavioral control and attitude rather than subjective norm to improve exercise behavior of middle-aged women.
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Female , Humans , Health Personnel , IntentionABSTRACT
The objectives of this study were to verify the effectiveness of the Theory of Planned Behavior in predicting exercise intention and exercise behavior, and to examine the determinants of exercise intention and exercise behavior in the sample of middle-aged women. The subjects who participated in this study were 263 middle-aged women. The instruments used for this study was a survey of general characteristics, attitude (18 items), subjective norm (2 items), perceived behavioral control (19 items), intention (3 items), and exercise behavior (7 items and 23 items for each). Analysis of data was done by use of descriptive statistics and correlation analysis with SAS PC program. The hypothetical model based on the Theory of Planned Behavior was tested by use of LISREL 8.12a program. 1) The overall fit of the hypothetical model to the data was good(chi-square=11.76, p=0.03, RMSEA=0.07, standardized RMR= 0.03, GFI=0.99, AGFI=0.94, NFI=0.97, NNFI=0.95). 2) Perceived behavioral control, attitude, and subjective norm were significant determinants of exercise intention, and these variables explained 35% of the total variance of exercise intention. 3) Perceived behavioral control, intention, and attitude were significant determinants of exercise behavior. But, subjective norm was not a significant determinants. These four variables explained 69% of the total variance of exercise behavior. In conclusion, this study shows the applicability of the Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining exercise behavior of middle-aged women, and suggests that health care providers should focus on perceived behavioral control and attitude rather than subjective norm to improve exercise behavior of middle-aged women.
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Female , Humans , Health Personnel , IntentionABSTRACT
The main purpose of this study was to examine factors related to exercise behavior of civil airmen. The subjects for the study were 200 civil airman including pilots, flight officers and flight engineers working for "A" airline in South Korea. The data was collected from April, 1 to 30, 1996 using a questionnaire that was developed for this study, and analyzed using SPSS(Statistical Package for Social Science). The subjects consisted of 200 males. The average age was 42 years old and the majority(82.5%) were married. The large proportion of subjects had received four years of college education or more(86%), and reported having a religion(71%). The average height and weight were 171.7cm and 69.4kg respectively. The average working period and total flight time were 8 years and 6002 hours respectively. Ninety-five percent of sample exercised regularly. As for the frequency of the exercise, 4% of the sample never exercised and 26% of the sample exercised less than once per week, while 44.5% and 24.5% of the sample exercised once or two times, and more than three times per week respectively. The type of exercise was strengthening (30.0%) and aerobic exercise such as jogging(54%), mountain climbing(37.5%) and golf(33.0%). Nearly three fourths of the sample were involved in more than the "light heavy" level of intensity(72.5%) and the average duration was 74.9 minutes. The following factors are related to the exercise behavior. 1) Age and marriage were positively related to exercise behavior(p<.05). 2) The cognitive/perceptual factor is related to exercise behavior. Those who perceived that their health was poor, that health was out of their control exercised less frequently. Also those who showed low self efficacy, and those who valued their health less exercised less frequently. 3) Among environmental factors, social support such as peers, spouse and media influenced exercise behavior. Also the use of a health center was related to a higher level of exercise behavior compared to self-regulated home exercise. Irregular duty was the higher barrier to exercise. 4) The type and intensity of exercise were related to exercise behavior, but not duration. Those who have been jogging or mountain climbing regularly, and those who exercised rather intensely showed a higher frequency of exercise. However, there was no difference in duration 5) The results of stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the variables which were related to exercise behavior were exercise intensity, exercise place and whether the subject was married. These three factors accounted for 37% of the variance.