ABSTRACT
Combined immunization consists of combined vaccines (including polyvalent vaccines) and simultaneous administration of vaccines, aiming to reduce unnecessary inoculating times for children, and to broaden immunization coverage and a significant larger group of population would be benefit from the Expanded Program on Immunization. In this review, we have summarized a list of research papers focused on combined immunization. By scrutinizing the safety and effectiveness outcomes of combined immunization, we provide some suggestions about upgrading the current immunization program as well as research and development of new combined vaccines.
ABSTRACT
Combined immunization consists of combined vaccines (including polyvalent vaccines) and simultaneous administration of vaccines, aiming to reduce unnecessary inoculating times for children, and to broaden immunization coverage and a significant larger group of population would be benefit from the Expanded Program on Immunization. In this review, we have summarized a list of research papers focused on combined immunization. By scrutinizing the safety and effectiveness outcomes of combined immunization, we provide some suggestions about upgrading the current immunization program as well as research and development of new combined vaccines.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Vaccines are one of most successful healthinterventions that bring about significant reduction ininfectious diseases and adverse health consequences. In India,The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was launchedin 1978 and it was re-designated as the Universal Immunizationprogram (UIP) in 1985, with a goal to cover at least 85% ofinfants. In India 7.4 million children are not immunized. Studyaimed to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice ofmothers with under five children about immunization.Material and methods: Research was conducted to determinethe knowledge attitude and practice of mothers with underfive children about immunization. A cross sectional study wasconducted among mothers having children aged more thantwo and half years in the field practice area of K.S. HegdeMedical Academy. Data was collected using a pre-tested semistructured questionnaire from 348 mothers during a periodof two months. Among the study participants (92) 26% werefrom urban area and (256) 74% were from rural area. Motherswere the main decision makers regarding vaccination of thechild in both urban and rural areas.Results: Majority 99% supported vaccination. Majority 97%of the mothers in both the urban and rural areas believedthat vaccines were protective. In the study it was seen that93% of the mothers had vaccinated their children as pervaccination card and the rest of the mothers were not upto date with vaccinating their children. Only 43%of themothers were aware of the side effects and 32% knew aboutcontraindications. In this study it was found that 32% of themothers believed that vaccination could be done even if thechild had fever. Only 22% of the mothers were aware of theSMS notification program by the government.Conclusion: In the study the reasons stated by the mothersfor not fully vaccinating the child were because of the sideeffects 44%, difficulty in reaching the center 28% and longcrowds 19%.According to our study, majority of the motherswere supportive of immunizing their children but unaware oftheir contraindications and side effects.
ABSTRACT
Objective @#To assess the impact of inclusion of hepatitis A vaccine in Expanded Program on Immunization（EPI）on hepatitis A incidence. @*Methods @#The data of patients with hepatitis A from 1998 to 2017 in Huzhou were collected through Huzhou Infectious Diseases Yearbook and China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Interrupted time-series models were constructed using the year 2008 when hepatitis A vaccine was included in EPI as the intervention time point. The influence of hepatitis A vaccine into EPI on the hepatitis A incidence was evaluated by analyzing the changes in the level and slope of incidence before and after hepatitis A vaccine into EPI. @*Results @#Before the inclusion of hepatitis A vaccine in EPI,the average annual incidence rate of hepatitis A was 10.228/100 000 and the incidence of hepatitis A showed a significant descending trend with an annual decrement of 1.558/100 000. After the inclusion of hepatitis A vaccine in EPI,the average annual incidence rate of hepatitis A was 1.721/100 000 and the incidence of hepatitis A showed a significant descending trend with an annual decrement of 0.263/100 000. The average annual rate of decline in the hepatitis A incidence decreased by 1.295/100 000 after the inclusion of hepatitis A vaccine in EPI. @*Conclusion @#The incidence of hepatitis A significantly reduced after inclusion of hepatitis A vaccine in EPI,and the EPI strategy had a continuous effect on the decreasing trend of hepatitis A incidence.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To assess the vaccine loss related to the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region so as to improve the management of vaccines.@*Methods@#A total of 135 vaccination clinics were randomly selected, using a stratified cluster sampling method. In each clinic, data on vaccination was collected between 2016 and 2017, including the number of doses in routine immunization program and supplementary immunization activities (i.e., vaccine doses in vials that were opened for use) on polio vaccine, number of doses administered to children and the number of doses discarded (e.g., expired vaccine or broken vials that had not been opened for use), etc. Coefficient on vaccine loss was calculated with the following equation: vaccine loss coefficient=(number of vaccine doses used)/(number of vaccine doses administered). The vaccine discard rate appeared as: number of vaccine doses discarded)/number of vaccine doses used.@*Results@#For vaccines in single-dose vials [diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTaP) and trivalent oral polio virus vaccine (tOPV)], the loss coefficients appeared as 1.00 and 1.02, respectively. For vaccines in multi-dose vials [bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV), group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPV-A), diphtheria-tetanus combined vaccine (DT) and bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine], the loss coefficients were 1.58, 1.67, 1.68, and 3.02, respectively. The coefficients of EPI vaccine loss in urban, rural, and pastoral area vaccination clinics ranged between 1.00-2.84, 1.00-3.71, and 1.00-2.27, respectively. Loss coefficients ranged between 1.00-3.00, 1.00- 4.41, and 1.00-1.94, respectively, were seen in township clinics, village clinics, and decentralized vaccination clinics. Coefficients on larger vaccine loss were associated with longer intervals between clinic sessions and with fewer vaccinations administrations per day.@*Conclusions@#In Xinjiang, coefficients on the loss of multi-dose EPI vaccines were high. The coefficients on loss were different from the levels of region and types of clinics, and time interval between clinic sessions. Programs on refining the management and distribution of EPI vaccines, to minimize the vaccine loss were recommended.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the immunization status of the left-behind/non-left-behind children in the rural areas of Zhejiang Province. Methods Multi-stage cluster random sampling was adopted to recruit 0-6 years old children and their guardians in a rural mountainous county in Lishui District of Zhejiang Province. Household survey was conducted using structured questionnaires. Records of vaccination were obtained and verified in the local disease control and prevention center. Results A total of 420 questionnaires were issued, with a number of 416 were complete and valid. The Valid responsive rate was 99.05% . Among them, 97 were left-behind and 319 were non-left-behind children. The immunization coverage rates did not differ significantly between the left-behind and non-left-behind children. The timely immunization rates of the third shot of hepatitis B vaccine and the first shot of encephalitis vaccine differed significantly between left-and non left-behind children (P=0.049 and P=0.044, respectively) . Conclusion Immunization status of the left-behind children in the rural areas of Zhejiang province was in a good condition in general. The local disease control and prevention center should strengthen the communication, to promote immunization knowledge and to improve family supervision of the left-behind children.
ABSTRACT
Objective To reveal the hepatitis A vaccine (HepA) coverage among pre-school children in Shandong province before Hepatitis A vaccine was introduced to the EPI and to provide evidence for improving the strategy for hepatitis A control.Methods A cross-section survey was conducted among children aged between 2 and 6 years old in Shandong province in March 2008.The study population was selected by random sampling method and HepA immunization history was obtained by immunization record or recall.Results 78.90% had received one dose of HepA at least.The coverage rate decreased with age and the differences in three age groups were statistically significant (x 2 =11.54,P=0.02).The coverage rates among the boys and girls were 77.67% and 80.30% respectively,the difference was not significantly(x 2 =1.17,P=0.28).The HepA coverage rates among the children living in the eastern areas and in the richer areas were higher than the centrale and western areas and poverty areas,the difference has statistic significance (x 2 =27.25,58.17,P
ABSTRACT
After integrating hepatitis B vaccine produced by National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology into the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), seropositive rate and geometric mean titre of anti-HBs of 12-24 month old children were 69% and 157 mIU/ml in urban group, respectively. The results were higher than rural group (48.6% and 107.2 mIU/ml, respectively). Seroprotective rate increased from 48.7% to 80.2% after booster dose. This rate was highest (93.3%) in children received the booster dose 8-10 months after primary immunization. In the different time of booster dose, level of anti-HBs of 12-24 month old was higher than before