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1.
Univ. psychol ; 11(3): 989-1000, set.-dic. 2012.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-675416

ABSTRACT

El objetivo es identificar si los elementos que definen diferentes procesos de aprendizaje social, tanto imitativo como no imitativo, discutidos y evaluados en situaciones apetitivas pueden ser identificados en situaciones aversivas. Esta identificación permitirá valorar las bondades y/o limitaciones de los términos definidos, así como su alcance conceptual y heurístico. Se iniciará con un análisis general del concepto de aprendizaje, seguido de la distinción entre aprendizaje individual y social; posteriormente, se hará una delimitación de los componentes involucrados en los diferentes procesos de aprendizaje social en situaciones apetitivas, señalando las dificultades tanto conceptuales como metodológicas inherentes a esta área de investigación; se continuará con la misma delimitación de procesos en situaciones aversivas y se terminará con una discusión en la que, además de comparar las preparaciones experimentales en situaciones apetitivas y aversivas, se valorará si pueden ser descritas con los mismos conceptos.


This paper attempts to identify whether the components involved in different processes of social learning, both imitative and non imitative, evaluated in appetitive contexts can be identified in an aversive context. This identification will allow us to appraise the goodness and/or limitations of the concepts and their heuristic value. The paper begins with the definitions of learning, individual learning and social learning, followed by the definition of the different processes of social learning in appetitive contexts, with emphasis in conceptual and experimental difficulties. Then, the definition of the different processes of social learning in aversive context is proposed and the paper concludes with a discussion about differences and similarities in both contexts.


Subject(s)
Psychology, Social , Learning
2.
Psicol. teor. pesqui ; 27(4): 545-554, dez. 2011.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-611169

ABSTRACT

A elaboração inicial do conceito de condicionamento operante e do delineamento experimental de sujeito único define as bases do sistema explicativo skinneriano em meados de 1930. Todavia, essas formulações não foram imediatamente aceitas. Com o objetivo de compreender os motivos envolvidos nesse episódio da história inicial da Análise do Comportamento, discutimos três eventos históricos, quais sejam: a) as dificuldades enfrentadas por Skinner após o seu pós-doutorado; b) a recepção ao seu primeiro livro, The Behavior of Organisms; c) a disputa com outros modelos explicativos do comportamento. Uma história constituída por determinantes de natureza motivacional, institucional, emocional, econômica e pelas dificuldades de ir na contramão de tendências dominantes na Psicologia Experimental norte-americana é o que se conclui na presente investigação.


The initial draft of the concept of operant conditioning and of the single-subject experimental design defines the bases of Skinner's explanatory system. However, these formulations were not immediately welcomed. To enable a closer look on the history of formation of Behavior Analysis, three historical facts were highlighted: (a) the difficulties faced by Skinner at the end of his post-graduate studies; (b) the reaction to his first book, The Behavior of Organisms, and (c) the dispute with other explanatory behaviorial models. The conclusion of the present study is that the history of formation of Behavior Analysis is constituted by determinants of motivational, institutional, emotional and economic nature and by difficulties of going against the dominant methodological trends of North-American Experimental Psychology.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Behavior , Behaviorism , Psychology, Experimental , Behavior Therapy , Behavioral Research
3.
Suma psicol ; 18(1): 115-123, ene.-jun. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-657167

ABSTRACT

Se destaca la relevancia y necesidad de la investigación básica como un modo particular de generación de conocimiento. Se describe el surgimiento de los modelos animales como paradigmas de investigación en los orígenes de la ciencia psicológica y se menciona el uso de varios de ellos para el estudio de ciertas patologías en humanos. Finalmente, se ilustra el vínculo entre la investigación básica con animales y la práctica de la psicología.


The paper stands out the relevance and necessity of basic research as a particular mode of knowledge. The emergence of animal models and research paradigms in the origins of psychological science is described and mentioned several animal models used for studying certain human diseases. Finally, we illustrate the link between basic research with animals and the practice of psychology.

4.
Psicol. pesq ; 4(2): 150-155, dez. 2010.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-603556

ABSTRACT

O método de pesquisa tendo o sujeito como seu próprio controle é uma das marcas da Análise Experimental do Comportamento. Os modos como o analista do comportamento formula perguntas, mensura comportamentos, realiza comparações experimentais, analisa dados e deriva conclusões são relativamente distintos dos métodos praticados em outros campos da Psicologia. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar introdutoriamente as principais características desse modo peculiar de investigação científica, explicitando as relações que suas estratégias e táticas mantêm com um conjunto de concepções filosófico-conceituais acerca da natureza de seu objeto de estudo, ou seja, o comportamento dos organismos.


The research method that applies single-subject designs is a hallmark in the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. The ways behavior analysts state their questions, measure behavior, perform experimental comparisons, analyze data and derive conclusions are relatively distinct from the methods applied in other fields of Psychology. The goal of the current paper is to summarize the main features of this peculiar strategy of scientific research, as well as to make explicit the relationships that their strategies and tactics maintain with a set of theoretical conceptions regarding the nature of its object of investigation, that is, the behavior of the organisms.


Subject(s)
Behavior , Behaviorism , Methodology as a Subject , Research
5.
Psicol. reflex. crit ; 22(3): 394-403, 2009.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-539236

ABSTRACT

Embora analistas do comportamento concordem que o comportamento atual seja influenciado pela história, pesquisas sobre história comportamental têm levantado várias questões polêmicas. O presente artigo analisa duas destas questões: (a) a classificação dos efeitos de história como "latentes" e (b) a possibilidade dos efeitos da história serem permanentes. Defende-se que o produto da história é um organismo modificado e não uma história armazenada. Argumenta-se que os efeitos de história são transitórios, de curta ou longa duração, em função de variáveis específicas do procedimento. O artigo aponta também implicações destas análises para a realização de futuros estudos na área.


Although behavior analysts agree that current behavior is affected by history, researches on behavior history have raised several controversial questions. The present article addresses two of these questions: (a) the classification of history effects as "latent", and (b) the possibility that history effects are permanent. It is argued that the product of history is a changed organism, not a stored history. It is suggested that history effects are transitory, short-lived or long-lasting, regarding the specific variables of the procedure. The present article also suggests implications of these analyses for future research on this area.


Subject(s)
Behavior , History
6.
Psychol. neurosci. (Impr.) ; 1(2): 99-102, July-Dec. 2008. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-612822

ABSTRACT

Luiz Marcellino de Oliveira (1939-2008) had an influential participation in almost every moment of the history of the Department of Psychology and Education, FFCLRP, as well as at different moments of the history of the Brazilian Psychology. This paper examines issues related to his pioneer work as a teacher of experimental analysis of behavior and as a psychobiological investigator in Brazil. Emphasis is given to his dedication to the development of science and to the consolidation of a scientific approach to Psychology in Brazil at the level of teaching and of experimental investigation. He contributed with investigations on the effects of drugs and malnourishment on behavior and brain development, conducting experimental analysis of behavior and neurochemical and electrophysiological analysis of the nervous system of the malnourished organism, as well as putting emphasis on environmental stimulation as a valuable intervention. Both as a teacher and as a researcher he exerted a prime influence on numerous professionals and members of the academic community that during more than forty years had the privilege of benefiting from his friendship and knowledge.

7.
Psicol. teor. pesqui ; 24(3): 313-322, jul.-set. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-496952

ABSTRACT

Foi avaliado um procedimento para o ensino de subtração a indivíduos deficientes mentais, por meio de relações ambientadas em tarefas de MTS. O primeiro passo consistiu nos testes das relações da classe ABC (relações quantitativas de 1 a 9) e FGH (operadores menos e igual). O segundo consistiu nos testes/treinos das relações entre as sentenças da classe IJK - falada (I), com conjuntos (J) e com algarismos (K) - para os valores de um a cinco. O terceiro passo consistiu nos treinos/testes, com valores de um a nove, das relações entre a sentença (classe IJK) e o resultado (classe ABC). Ao final, verificou-se a emergência de algumas relações em sessões de teste, sugerindo potencialidade para a aquisição de responder adequado a novas combinações de estímulos numéricos. Contudo, testes em outras populações e com outras operações aritméticas são necessários para analisar a aplicabilidade do programa no ensino de operações matemáticas.


A MTS procedure to teach subtractions involving equivalence class formation nets was evaluated to teach people with mental retardation.The firststepwas thetestsoftherelationsinvolved inthesubtraction operation - numerals from 1 to 9 (class ABC) and operators that composed the operation (class FGH). The second comprised tests/training of the relations between the sentences - spoken (I), with sets(J) and with algorisms (K) - to values from 1 to 5. The third step consisted on the training/tests of the relation between sentence (class IJK) and result (class ABC), to values from 1 to 9. The results showed that the procedure allowed the emergency of some relations in test sessions, suggesting its potentiality to the acquisition of adequate responding to new numerical stimuli combination. It is considered that the procedure must be tested in other populations using, besides mathematic, other arithmetic operations.

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