ABSTRACT
RESUMEN La Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública (RPMESP) fue publicada por primera vez en 1942 con el nombre de Revista de Medicina Experimental, desde entonces ha sido el órgano de difusión científica del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Perú, el cual fue fundado años previos en 1936. En ambos acontecimientos históricos estuvo directamente involucrado Telémaco Battistini Sánchez. A partir de algunos pasajes de su historia personal y de la coyuntura histórica de la ciencia mundial y latinoamericana ocurrida entre 1865 y 1950, podemos comprender el porqué del uso del término «medicina experimental¼ en el nombre de dicha revista. El objetivo del artículo es describir una serie de eventos de la historia de la ciencia, que iniciaron en Europa y continuaron en el Perú, y que desencadenó la decisión de denominar como Revista de Medicina Experimental, a una revista que desde sus inicios ha publicado estudios observacionales, más aún en las últimas décadas, especialmente en el campo en el campo de la salud pública, mientras que las publicaciones de estudios en medicina experimental se han reducido drásticamente.
ABSTRACT The Peruvian Journal of Experimental Medicine and Public Health (RPMESP) was first published in 1942 under the name Journal of Experimental Medicine. Since then, it has been the official scientific dissemination vehicle of the Peruvian National Institute of Health, which was founded in 1936. Telémaco Battistini Sánchez was directly involved in both historical events. Based on some passages of his personal history and on the historical juncture of global and Latin American science between 1865 and 1950, we can understand why the term "experimental medicine" is used in the name of said journal. The aim of this article is to describe a series of events in the history of science which started off in Europe and continued in Peru and triggered the decision to give the name 'Journal of Experimental Medicine' to a journal that since its inception has published observational studies-more so in recent decades-, especially in the field of public health, while the number of publications of studies in experimental medicine has drastically decreased.
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Periodicals as Topic/history , Biomedical Research/history , Academies and Institutes , Peru , FranceABSTRACT
Authors studied how Claude Bernard, the first founder of experimental medicine, contributed significantly to establishment of modernism and influenced European modern culture. Authors first studied his views on modernity, comparing with Descartes and Magendie, and on the similarity between "Experimental medicine" and the European literature in the 19th century. Bernard was not exclusively against vitalism, but the dogmatic misuse of vitalism. His objective thinking could be a useful model for the authors, who considered science to be an origin of modernity in literature of naturalism. Especially, Emile Zola was strongly influenced by Bernard's "An introduction to the study of Experimental medicine" and published "Experimental novel," a manifesto of naturalism. Although Bernard's experimental methodology and determinism deeply influenced modern European culture, the relationship between his Experimental medicine and modernism have not been fully investigated yet. His experimental medicine also needs to be discussed from the ecological viewpoints. His anthropo-centrism was unique since he emphasized any human theory could not surpass the principle of nature. Conventional anthropo-centrism claims that human beings are superior enough to own and govern the nature. And Bernard's the necessary determinism contains the ecological principle that all life forms and inanimate objects are organically related and intertwined to each other, irrespectively of their usefulness for the human beings. Although there were some ethical debates related to his medical experiments on living bodies of animal, his strict principle to perform experiments only after animal or human body died was worth considering as an effort to sustain ecological viewpoints. He was also unique in terms of being realistic and candid about his situation which was limited by the 19th century's scientific and medical development. In conclusion, the significance of convergence of literature and medical science in Experimental medicine and the importance of Bernard's ecological viewpoints, need to be further studied in the field of medical history.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Ecology , Human Body , Photosensitizing Agents , Silanes , Thinking , VitalismABSTRACT
The only extant version of the first lecture course given by Claude Bernard on Experimental Physiology during the winter period of 1847-48 in Collège de France, substituting Magendie, is presented herein. The prominent Paris-graduated physician from Uruguay, Teodoro M. Vilardebó, attended the 46 lectures, wrote them down and transcribed them into a manuscript that he brought back to and kept in Montevideo in 1853. Mañé-Garzón uncovered it in 1987. These Bernards lectures review practically all physiology at the beginning of his career, while in later courses, he covered selected themes of experimental physiology and medicine and general scientific subjects at greater depth. Comparison of Bernards initial course with his later ones illustrates general physiologys progress in the more than 35 years of his successful scientific life. The manuscript sheds new light into Bernards scientific activity and personality.
Se presenta la única versión existente del primer curso sobre Fisiología Experimental dictado, en sustitución de Magendie, por Claude Bernard en el invierno 1847-1848 en el Collège de France. El destacado médico uruguayo graduado en París, Teodoro M. Vilardebó, asistió a las 46 lecciones, tomó apuntes y los transcribió a un manuscrito que trajo de vuelta en 1853 y conservó en Montevideo. Mañé-Garzón lo descubrió en 1987. Estas lecciones de Bernard revelan prácticamente toda la fisiología de comienzos de su carrera, mientras en cursos posteriores cubrió en mayor profundidad tópicos selectos de la fisiología y la medicina experimentales, así como temas científicos generales. La comparación del curso inicial de Bernard con otros posteriores ilustra el progreso de la fisiología general durante los más de 35 años de su exitosa vida científica. El manuscrito vierte nueva luz acerca de la actividad científica y la personalidad de Bernard.
Apresenta-se a única versão existente do primeiro curso sobre Fisiología Experimental ditado, em sustituição de Magendie, por Claude Bernard no inverno 1847-1848 no Collège de France. O destacado médico uruguaio graduado em París, Teodoro M. Vilardebó, assistiu às 46 lições, anotou e os transcreveu a um manuscrito que trouxe de volta en 1853 e conservou em Montevideo. Mañé-Garzón o descobriu em 1987. Estas lições de Bernard revelam práticamente toda a fisiologia do princípio da sua carreira, enquanto que em cursos posteriores cubriu em maior profundidade tópicos seletos da fisiologia e a medicina experimentais, assim como temas científicos gerais. A comparação do curso inicial de Bernard com outros posteriores ilustra o progresso da fisiologia geral durante mais de 35 anos de sua exitosa vida científica. O manuscrito verte nova luz sobre da atividade científica e a personalidade de Bernard.
ABSTRACT
Los paradigmas fundacionales de la biología surgen en Europa al margen de la medicina, pero las comunidades médicas los apropiarán socialmente, generando tensión en ellas. Originalmente las teorías celular y de la regulación fisiológica, no están relacionadas con lo médico, pero serán asimiladas a la nueva medicina y los estudios sobre herencia y microbiología, que desde su surgimiento si tienen vínculos con las prácticas médicas, serán apropiados de inmediato por esta medicina diferente. Esta 'domesticación social' del conocimiento implica operaciones de traducción donde surgirán versiones híbridas, con particularidades distintas a las europeas. Aquí se analiza y discute la introducción de paradigmas de la biología en México (siglos XIX y XX).
The functional paradigms of biology emerged in Europe on the margins of medicine, but medical communities appropriated them into society, thereby generating some friction between them. Originally, cell theory and theories about physiological processes did not concern physicians, but they became assimilated into the new medicine and studies into heredity and microbiology, which since their emergence had been close to medical practice, and were quickly appropriated by this new form of medicine. The 'social domestication' of this knowledge involved a process of translation to the new environment, giving rise to hybrid versions with quite distinct features from their European counterparts. Here, we analyze and discuss the introduction of biology paradigms into Mexico (19th and 20th centuries).