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1.
Rev. Bras. Odontol. Leg. RBOL ; 4(2): [12-21], mai.-ago. 2017.
Article in English | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-911826

ABSTRACT

Saudi Arabia (SA), an oil rich developing country with a population of 31 million people, yet only 33% of whom are Saudis. Wealth, work opportunities and religious status make SA a hub for people from around the world whether it be through legal or illegal routs. As a developing country, SA faces many challenges in regard to mass disasters in light of its underdeveloped infrastructure and the annual Haj (Islamic pilgrimage) that attracts nearly 3 million people in a small area over a short period of time. Moreover, the numbers of unregistered births is high. These factors necessitate the importance of having a strong human identification and age estimation practice. Aim: To assess the reality of Forensic Odontology in Saudi Arabia in regard to: number of personnel and their training, number of forensic odontology cases and the way these cases are referred and documented. Materials and Methods: This project consisted of two parts: Observational study to assess how the system works in regard to forensic odontology cases, how these cases are dealt with and how they are referred. Part two: Cross-sectional survey aimed at all registered Forensic personnel to assess their qualifications, training, level of expertise, expert witness experience and involvement in specialized Forensic Odontology cases, namely: human identification, age estimation and bite mark analysis. Results: Out of 51 participants, only one dentist is registered with some form of Forensic training, 42 have a medical background, 39 of whom received medical Forensic training. Looking at forensic odontology in particular, only 11 out of 51 have had Forensic Odontology training. Participants who don't have any training in Forensic Odontology, yet have worked on cases that required Forensic Odontology training, were 37 on age estimation cases, 27 on bite mark analysis and 36 on human identification cases. There are no designated programs on Forensic Odontology in Saudi Arabia, nor is there a Forensic Odontology entity. There are no clear national guidelines or protocols to personnel when dealing with forensic cases and no detailed forms that documents oral findings. Conclusion: There is no solid Forensic Odontology system in Saudi Arabia that is objective, preserves the integrity of the law and protects human rights. There are many areas that can be improved to achieve that aim and a list of recommendations is presented.


Arábia Saudita, um país desenvolvido e rico em petróleo, com uma população de 31 milhões de habitantes, onde apenas 33% das pessoas são sauditas. Riqueza, oportunidades de trabalho e situação religiosa faz do país um centro de atração para pessoas de todo o mundo, tanto por rotas legais como ilegais. Como um país em desenvolvimento, enfrenta muitos desafios relacionados a desastres em massa em virtude de uma infraestrutura subdesenvolvida e o Haj anual (peregrinação islâmica) que atrai aproximadamente 3 milhões de pessoas em uma pequena área durante um curto período de tempo. Além disso, o número de nascimentos não registrado é alto. Nesse sentido, todos esses fatores reforçam a importância de um sistema de identificação humana e estimativa de idade eficientes. Objetivos: Avaliar a realidade da Odontologia Legal na Arábia Saudita em relação à equipes e treinamento que recebem, número de casos envolvendo a Odontologia Legal e como esses casos são conduzidos e documentados. Material e Métodos: a metodologia consistiu em dois momentos ­ estudo observacional para avaliar como o sistema funciona com relação a casos envolvendo a Odontologia Legal, como esses casos são conduzidos, analisados e referenciados. Em outro momento, um estudo focado em todo o pessoal de área pericial para avaliar sua formação e qualificação profissional, treinamento, experiência e envolvimento com casos de Odontologia Legal envolvendo identificação humana, estimativa de idade e análise de marcas de mordida. Resultados: dos 51 participantes, apenas um cirurgião-dentista está registrado com algum treinamento forense, 42 têm formação médica, dos quais 39 receberam treinamento forense na área médica. Analisando a Odontologia Legal, de maneira particular, somente 11 dos 51 participantes tiveram treinamento em Odontologia Legal. Dos participantes que não tiveram nenhum treinamento em Odontologia Legal, mas trabalharam em casos que necessitavam de tal especialidade, 37 foram casos de estimativa de idade, 27 casos de marcas de mordida e 36 casos de identificação humana. Na Arábia Saudita não há nenhum programa voltado para a Odontologia Legal e nenhuma entidade oficial nessa especialidade. Não há protocolos claros para as equipes forenses quando envolvidas em casos odontolegais, bem como formulários para achados odontológicos. Conclusão: Não há um sistema estruturado em Odontologia Legal na Arábia Saudita que seja objetivo, juridicamente embasado e que proteja os direitos humanos. Há muitas áreas que precisam ser melhoradas a fim de atingir a lista de recomendações apresentada.


Subject(s)
Humans , Age Determination by Teeth , Expert Testimony , Forensic Dentistry , Bites and Stings , Saudi Arabia
2.
Rev. crim ; 58(2): 123-140, may.-ago. 2016. ilus, graf, mapas, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-797416

ABSTRACT

El objetivo fue identificar los criterios de orden legal y científico en el derecho probatorio del sistema penal que incidieron en el proferimiento de sentencias de los enjuiciados por delitos sexuales entre el 2009-2010 en dos municipios del Valle del Cauca. El método utilizado consistió en el estudio de casos en 21 fallos entre el 2009-2010, con aplicación de variables sociodemográficas, médicolegales/ científico-forenses utilizadas para la descripción de los casos. En los análisis realizados en SPSS, se calcularon medidas de tendencia central, posición y dispersión a los datos cuantitativos, y a los cualitativos se les calcularon proporciones y razones. Se usó el test de chi cuadrado y un valor de p ≤=0,05 fue considerado como significante. Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron que las mujeres entre 5-14 años fueron las más afectadas, y sus agresores, prevalentes familiares. La mayoría de los casos fueron actos sexuales abusivos, dos de acto sexual agravado en concurso homogéneo y heterogéneo. El informe médico-legal estuvo en todas las sentencias, y le siguió, en orden de frecuencia, el de psicología forense. Los ausentes en su mayor proporción fueron los de biología o genética forense. La investigación realizada permitió concluir que es tarea de los jueces garantizar la integridad de los menores víctimas de abuso sexual; no obstante, para ello cuentan con poco acervo probatorio científico-forense.


The objective was to identify criteria of legal and scientific nature in the probative law of the criminal system having influenced the delivery of judgments and the passing of sentences for those having been prosecuted or tried for sexual crimes over 2009-2010 in two Valle del Cauca municipalities. The method used involved case studies in 21 court decisions taking place from 2009 through 2010 with the application of socio-demographic, medical-legal/scientific forensic variables used in the respective descriptions. In analyses conducted with SPSS, central trend measures, position and dispersion were calculated for quantitative data, and proportions and rations for those of qualitative nature. The Chi-square test was used, and a p ≤=0.05 value was deemed significant. The results obtained evidenced that females between the ages of 5 through 14 were the most aff ected, aggressors being often family members. Most cases referred to abusive sexual acts, two of them aggravated, in multiple and concomitant combination. In order of frequency, in all judgments there were medicallegal and forensic psychology reports. In a larger proportion, reports concerning biology or forensic-genetics were not available. Research carried out helped conclude that judges should be in charge of ensuring the integrity of minors having been victims of any form of sexual abuse; notwithstanding this responsibility, their probatory material and scientific-forensic evidence on hand are very poor.


O objetivo foi identificar os critérios de ordem legal e científica no dereito probatório do sistema de justiça criminal que afetaram a proferimento das sentenças dos processados por crimes sexuais entre 2009-2010 em dois municípios de Valle del Cauca. O método utilizado foi o estudo de casos em 21 senteças entre 2009-2010, com aplicação de variáveis sociodemográficas médico-legais / científico-forenses, utilizadas na descrição dos casos. Nas análises realizadas no SPSS, as medidas de tendência central, posição e dispersão foram calculadas aos dados quantitativos e proporções e razões foram calculadas aos qualitativos. O teste de qui-quadrado e um valor p ≤=0,05 foi usado e foi considerado como significativo. Os resultados mostraram que as mulheres com idade entre 5-14 anos foram as mais afetadas, e seus agressores, prevalentes parentes. A maioria dos casos foram atos sexuais abusivos, dois de ato sexual agravado em concurso homogêneo e heterogêneo. O relatório médico-legal estave em todas as senteças, e seguido, em ordem de freqüência, um de psicologia forense. Os ausentes em maior proporção foram os de biologia ou genética forense. A pesquisa levou à conclusão de que é a tarefa dos juízes garantir a integridade das crianças vítimas de abuso sexual; no entanto, para isso têm pouca evidência forense científica.


Subject(s)
Criminal Law , Colombia , Expert Testimony , Physical Examination
3.
ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry ; : 250-253, 2016.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-627223

ABSTRACT

The objective of this case report is to highlight some learning points behind the reasoning of the Appellate Court in a case where there were two different expert opinions by two forensic psychiatrists from two distinctive Malaysian Approved Psychiatric Hospital in regard to the soundness of mind of Mr. A for an alleged offence punishable by a death penalty. Methods: This case report is based on the reasoning of the Appellate Court in rejecting the plea of the prosecutor. Results: The High Court order remained in which the defendant was found not guilty due to reason of insanity (NGRI) provided by the Malaysian Law under Section 84 of Penal Code for the charge of dangerous drug trafficking, and he was ordered by court to undergo treatment for his underlying mental illness in a Psychiatric Institution under Section 348(1) of the Malaysian Criminal Procedure Code. Conclusion: In writing expert report, it is preferable to use a singular first-person pronoun in stating the conclusion. If there are other experts involved in either current or previous assessment, it would be beneficial to address their different opinions in the expert report. However, expert opinion is still an ‘opinion',’ and the court would be perfectly entitled to reject or differ from any of the expert opinions when there are proper grounds to do so. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 17 (2): July – December 2016: XX XX.

4.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-134814

ABSTRACT

Out of one hundred cases examined in GGS Medical College Faridkot during the period from July 2006 to September 2007 who sustained injuries with sharp weapons, majority (58%) were in the age group of 21-40 years, males (92%) with simple injuries (80%) and with light sharp weapons. Upper limbs were the parts of body with injuries in majority (47%) of cases followed by head (17%) and mixed type (14%).Nature of injury was homicidal in 60% cases followed by 34% cases with fabricated or strongly suspected fabricated injuries. This is a retrospective study to document pattern of injuries with medico-legal diagnosis to ascertain the type of injuries in the disbursement of justice.


Subject(s)
Adult , Expert Testimony/legislation & jurisprudence , Homicide/etiology , Homicide/legislation & jurisprudence , Humans , India , Male , Weapons , Wounds, Stab/classification , Wounds, Stab/diagnosis , Wounds, Stab/etiology , Wounds, Stab/legislation & jurisprudence , Wounds, Stab/statistics & numerical data , Young Adult
5.
Med. leg. Costa Rica ; 23(1): 5-15, mar. 2006.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-585426

ABSTRACT

Este ensayo hace una serie de reflexiones importantes acerca del papel del testigo experto y del consultor técnico privado en el campo de la Psicología y Psiquiatría Pericial, donde el testigo experto puede ser un útil educador del Tribunal, dando un marco del cuerpo de conocimientos existente acerca de la naturaleza del abuso sexual infantil, reacciones comunes de las víctimas, patrones de revelación, memoria y sugestibilidad de los niños, y pueden ayudar a evaluar objetivamente la credibilidad de casos particulares. Sin embargo, con mucha facilidad el testigo experto puede hacer que sus puntos de vista correspondan a los intereses de la parte que los contrata. Entonces el estatus del experto se convierte en el de un testigo cuyo fin es lograr la victoria de una de las partes, aún al costo de la consideración de todos los datos científicos y profesionales existentes lo que puede devenir en el proceso de revictimización a través del sistema judicial por lo que debe insistirse en la necesidad de un compromiso ético y social con la infancia y adolescencia.


This essay brings to attention the role of the expert witness and the private technical consultant in the fields of Psychological and Psychiatric Expertise, in which the expert witness can be a useful educator to the Tribune, giving a background of the existing body of knowledge of the nature of sexual abuse of a minor, common reactions of victims, patterns of revelation, the child memory and suggestibility, and they can help to objectively evaluate the credibility in particular cases. Nevertheless, very easily can the expert witness make his or her points of view match those of the part who has hired him or her. Therefore, the status of the expert becomes that of a witness whose purpose is victory of one of the parts, even at the expense of the consideration of all the scientific and professional data existent that could turn out into the process of revictimizing through the judicial system, which is why an ethical and social commitment is needed towards children and adolescents.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adolescent , Child Abuse, Sexual , Ethics , Ethics, Medical , Forensic Medicine
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