Rare Variations Of Extensor Tendons In The Dorsum Of Hand

Extensor digitorum muscle originates from the front of lateral epicondyle of humerus as common extensororigin, the adjacent intermuscular septa and the antebrachial fascia. It divides into four tendons in the distalthird of forearm for the medial four fingers. During routine dissection of back of forearm and dorsum of hand forundergraduate students, we discovered that extensor digitorum muscle was unusually giving a common slip tothe ring and little finger. Also, extensor digiti minimi(EDM) was found to be bifurcating into two separate slips forthe little digit.

A Study Of Arrangement Of The Extensor Tendons In The Hand

Background and Objective: Knowledge of normal anatomy of extensor tendons of forearm and hand, along withthe variations which can occur in this arrangement of tendons is necessary for anatomists as well as orthopedicsurgeons who deal with it. This knowledge is needed for anatomists for routine dissection of the cadaver forteaching, and for surgeons when they operating injured hand or diseased hand where tendon repair orreconstruction is needed. In this study we tried to document the arrangement of extensor tendons of medial fourfingers of human hand.Materials and Methods: By using 80 upper limb specimens of human cadaver, arrangement of extensor tendonsto the medial four fingers are studied from origin to insertion, including middle part of the tendons to observesplitting in the tendons. The tendons studied are extensor digitorum communis (EDC) with four tendons, namelyextensor digitorum communis index (EDCI), extensor digitorum communis longus (EDCL), extensor digitorumcommunis ring (EDCR), extensor digitorum communis small (EDCS), extensor indicis proprius (EIP) tendon, extensordigiti minimi (EDM) tendon. The special findings are photographed; all the findings are tabulated and analyzedstatistically.Results: The important findings are, EDCI is having single tendon in all the 80 specimens (100%). EDCS is absentin 22 specimens (27.5%), 13 right and 9 left limb specimens. EIP is absent in one right side specimen (1.25%). EIPis having double tendons in 10 specimens (12.5%) and triple tendons in 1 specimen (1.25%). EDM is havingdouble tendons in 60 specimens (75%).Conclusion: Many variations are seen in the arrangement of extensor tendons in this study. Variations areespecially seen in the tendons of EIP and EDM. EIP showed multiple tendons and it is absent in one limb, EDMalso had double tendons in 75% specimens.

Extensor Digiti Minimi Triggering Caused by an Anatomical Variation: A Case Report

Although flexor tendon triggering due to stenosing flexor tenosynovitis is common clinically, extensor triggering is quite rare. Known common causes are impingement between extensor tendon and extensor retinaculum, stenosis of the tendon sheath, and impingement between extensor tendon and osteophyte. We report rare case of triggering in the little finger caused by impingement between extensor digiti minimi and synovial septum.

An Anatomic Study of the Extensor Tendons of the Human Hand

PURPOSE: Hands are the chief organs for physically manipulating the environment, using anywhere from the roughest motor skills to the finest, and since the fingertips contain some of the densest areas of nerve endings on the human body, they are continuously used organ with complex functions, and therefore, often gets injured. To prevent any functional loss, a detailed anatomical knowledge is required to have a perfect surgical treatment. Also it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of arrangements of the human extensor tendons and intertendinous connections when tenoplasty or tendon transfer is required. We performed a study of the arrangements of the human extensor tendons and the configuration of the intertendinous connections over the dorsum of the wrist and hand. METHODS: A total of 58 hands from Korean cadavers were dissected. The arrangements of extensor indicis proprius, extensor digitorum communis, and extensor digiti minimi tendons and intertendinous connections were studied. RESULTS: The most common distribution patterns of the extensor tendons of the fingers were as follows: a single extensor indicis proprius(EIP) tendon which inserted ulnar to the extensor digitorum-index(EDC-index); a single EDC-index; a single EDC-middle; a double EDC-ring; an absent EDC-little; a double extensor digiti minimi(EDM), a single EDC-index(98.3%), a single EDC-middle(62%), a double EDC-ring(50%), and an absent(65.5%) or a single (32.8%) EDC-little. A double(70.6%) EDM tendons were seen. Intertendinous connections were classified into 3 types: type 1 with thin filamentous type, type 2 with a thick filamentous type, and type 3 with a tendinous type subdivided to r shaped 3r type and y shaped 3y type. The most common patterns were type 1 in the 2nd intermetacarpal space, type 2 in the 3rd intermetacarpal space, and type 3r in the 4th intermetacarpal space. And in the present study, we observed one case of the extensor digitorum brevis manus(EDBM) on the boht side. CONCLUSION: A knowledge of both the usual and possible variations of the extensor tendon and the intertendinous connection is useful in the identification and repair of these structures.

Treatment of Extensor Digiti Minimi Triggering: Two Cases Report

The extensor digiti minimi triggering is treated conservatively or operatively. We present two cases of extensor digiti minimi tendovaginitis and, introduce subcutaneous transposition of extensor digiti minimi as an alternative operative method.