ABSTRACT
Resumen Las principales herramientas de evaluación de la personalidad se construyeron a partir de las bases teóricas del modelo de los Cinco Factores. Particularmente, en Argentina, el IPIP-NEO es uno de los instrumentos, basados en este modelo, que presenta resultados satisfactorios en los estudios de consistencia interna (confiabilidad) y de validez mediante evidencia de estructura interna (análisis factorial exploratorio). El objetivo de este trabajo fue aportar nuevos estudios psicométricos a la escala utilizando una muestra heterogénea de argentinos (N = 499). Se estimó la estabilidad temporal de las puntuaciones a través del método test-retest y se realizó un estudio de validez de estructura interna mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio. Por otro lado, se aportó validez externa a través de estudios de convergencia, estudios de contraste de grupos divididos por sexo y edad, y un análisis test criterio mediante regresión múltiple con actividades recreativas. Los resultados sugieren que las puntuaciones que del IPIP-NEO son estables, con adecuados índices de confiabilidad y evidencias de validez externa, lo que indica que puede ser utilizado en muestras argentinas. Se planifica la elaboración de un baremo local y nuevos estudios de validez externa con implicancias clínicas y laborales.
Abstract The main personality assessment tools were built on the theoretical basis of the Five Factors model. Particularly, in Argentina, IPIP-NEO is one of the instruments, based on this model, that presents satisfactory results in the studies of internal consistency (reliability) and validity through evidence of internal structure (exploratory factor analysis). The aim of this work was to contribute new psychometric studies to the scale using a heterogeneous sample of Argentinean (N = 499). The temporal stability of the scores was estimated through the test-retest method and an internal structure validity study was performed by confirmatory factor analysis. On the other hand, external validity was provided through convergence studies, contrast studies of groups divided by sex and age, and a test criterion analysis through multiple regression with recreational activities. The results suggest that the IPIP-NEO scores are stable, with adequate reliability indices and evidence of external validity, indicating that it can be used in Argentine samples. The development of a local scale and new studies of external validity with clinical and labor implications are planned.
ABSTRACT
El estudio de la corrupción (causas, consecuencias y medios efectivos para combatirla) es difícil debido a la naturaleza usualmente secreta del tipo de relaciones involucradas. Recientemente se han comenzado a realizar estudios experimentales sobre situaciones análogas a las de corrupción para complementar otros abordajes empíricos más tradicionales. El problema principal que se ha planteado sobre estos estudios es el de su validez externa, es decir, si los resultados que se obtienen en el laboratorio son extrapolables a situaciones de corrupción reales. Los objetivos de este artículo son, por un lado, resumir la metodología y los principales resultados de esta nueva área de investigación y, por otro, analizar el problema de su validez externa. Se concluye que si bien algunos resultados son alentadores, parece aconsejable una actitud cautelosa con respecto a la generalización de los mismos. Consecuentemente, se sugiere la necesidad de realizar más estudios empíricos para evaluar la validez externa del área.
Some authors conceive corruption as the misuse or abuse of public power for private benefit. Despite not being full agreement about the conceptual definition of the term, there is consensus that corruption is a widespread welfare-reducing phenomenon affecting institutions all over the world (Rose-Ackerman, 2006). The study of corruption (causes, consequences, and effective means of deterrence) is difficult because of the usually secret nature of the relationships involved. Despite the progress made in cross-country econometric analysis of corruption, on the level of the determinants of behaviour there is still lack of reliable knowledge about the factors that affect people’s corruptibility or the institutional features that affect the incidence of corruption (Abbink, 2006). The new field of experimental studies of corruption has recently emerged in an attempt to complement more traditional studies of corruption. In this paper, we first present a brief review of some of the most significant studies in this nascent area, in especial, we focus on introducing the methodology and main results of bribery experiments. In effect, although corruption is a phenomenon that can come in a variety of forms, the offer and acceptance of bribes has been the main focus of interest of this new experimental area. One of the simples ways in which bribery has been modeled in an experiment has been allowing couples of participants to play a Trust Game that can have negative consequences on the other couples (or on passive third parties, depending on the experiment; Abbink et al., 2002; Barr & Serra, 2009; Cameron et al., 2009). Negative externalities happen when the monetary transfer from the first to the second player (the bribe) is reciprocated by the second player choosing an option that favors the first player but harms others. Researchers have also experimentally implemented the possibility of a monetary punishment when the second player chooses the option with negative externalities (Abbink et al., 2002; Cameron et al., 2009). There are two goals that this new area of research pursues. First, researchers try to find out the micro-determinants of corrupt behavior. Second, researchers try to test the efficacy of different anticorruption policies. One of the main problems with experimental studies of corruption is their external validity, that is, the extent to which experimental results can be extrapolated to understand and combat corruption in real life. The second goal of this article is to discuss the external validity issue in experimental studies of corruption from particular examples from bribery studies. We mention two relevant aspects to assess the external validity of studies: on one hand, generalization among different populations, in which the idea is to evaluate the extent to which the same results persist when populations differ between experiments; on the other hand, situational generalization, in which the idea is to evaluate if results persist when the situation or the context varies. It has been argued (e.g., Levit & List, 2007) that the artificial features of the experimental setup (such as the use of abstract language, the detailed characterization of the corrupt transaction and the scrutiny of participants’ actions by researchers) make the extrapolation inference very problematic. We conclude that, although some results seem promissory (especially, very similar findings between laboratory and field experiments; Armantier & Boly, 2011), it seems recommendable to keep a cautious attitude toward the generalization of laboratory findings because there is not enough data on this field yet. Consequently, we stress that the problem of generalization can be approached empirically, and that it is necessary to have more studies which aim at evaluating the external validity of experiments in an area which pretends to be relevant to applied issues.
ABSTRACT
O aprendizado de habilidades sociais pode ocorrer de forma natural, porém, quando isso não ocorre, é necessário criar condições para essa aprendizagem. Uma dessas condições é o uso de diferentes recursos (livros, vídeos, jogos), associados ou não a programas de habilidades sociais. Este trabalho descreve o processo e o produto da elaboração de um vídeo em que a personagem principal (Bia) apresenta modelo de alternativas de habilidades sociais diante de seis demandas: fazer pedido à mãe, recusar oferta de carona, solucionar uma briga entre amigas, ajudar uma senhora a atravessar a rua, fazer pedido e negociar para tomar sorvete, e fazer convites. As etapas de pré-produção, produção, filmagem e pós-produção do vídeo são descritas, e analisam-se posteriormente os indicadores de validade interna e externa obtidos.
Learning social skills can occur naturally, but when this doesn't occur, it is necessary to create conditions for such learning. One such condition is the use of different resources (books, videos, games) associated or not with social skills programs. This paper describes the process and product of making a video in which the main character (Bia) presents models of social skills alternatives on six demands: make request to her mother, refuse offer of a ride, to resolve a fight among friends, helping an old lady to cross street, request and negotiate to get ice cream, and make calls. The stages of pre-production, production, filming and post production of video are described, and the indicators of internal and external validity later obtained are analyzed.
El aprendizaje de habilidades sociales puede ocurrir de forma natural, sin embargo cuando eso no ocurre, es necesario crear condiciones para ese aprendizaje. Una de esas condiciones es el uso de diferentes recursos (libros, vídeos, juegos) asociados o no la programas de habilidades sociales. Este trabajo describe el proceso y lo producto de la elaboración de un vídeo en que el personaje principal (Bia) presenta modelo de alternativas de habilidades sociales delante de seis demandas: hacer pedido su madre, rechazar la oferta de ser llevado en coche, solucionar una disputa entre amigos, ayudar una señora a cruzar la calle, hacer pedido y negociar para tomar un helado, y hacer invitaciones. Las etapas de pre-producción, producción, filmación y postproducción del vídeo se describen, y los indicadores de validez interna y externa obtenidos posteriormente se discuten.
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Social Behavior , Social Perception , Socialization , Peer Review, ResearchABSTRACT
As evidências da efetividade de qualquer intervenção psicológica baseiam-se na demonstração de sua validade interna e externa, usualmente efetuadas por meio de estatística inferencial. Uma alternativa mais recentemente explorada, especialmente no âmbito da pesquisa em psicoterapia, é a demonstração da confiabilidade e significância clínica das mudanças. Dentre os métodos utilizados na produção desses indicadores, destaca-se o desenvolvido por Jacobson e Truax (1991), mais conhecido como "Método JT", ainda com limitada divulgação em nosso meio. Este estudo apresenta, resumidamente, a racional desse método e algumas questões metodológicas e práticas pertinentes ao uso desse método, exemplificando sua aplicabilidade no tratamento de dados de uma intervenção fictícia.
The evidences of the effectiveness of any psychological intervention requires the demonstration of its internal and external validity, what is usually made by inferential statistical methods. An alternative, more recently explored, especially in the realm of the psychotherapeutic processes, is based on indexes of reliability and clinical significance of the changes. Among the methods used to produce these indexes, it is highlighted that one developed by Jacobson and Truax (1991), known as "JT Method", still rare in the Brazilian psychological research. This study briefly presents the rational and some methodological and practical issues concerned with this method, exemplifying its use in the data analysis of a fictitious intervention.
Subject(s)
Evaluation of the Efficacy-Effectiveness of Interventions , PsychotherapyABSTRACT
The present-paper discussed about the internal and external validity in single subject designs. Firstly, intrasubject replication was introduced as a method to increase the internal validity of single subject data. Secondly, it was pointed out that direct replication and systematic replication are effective in evaluating the external validity, and the experimental design for the direct replication and the systematic replication within a single experiment was introduced. Thirdly, the methods for dealing with individual differences which came out in repeating the replication were discussed. Finally, the theoretical differences between group comparison designs and single subject designs on the external validity were pointed out, and the merits of single subject designs in the clinical research of acupuncture were discussed.