ABSTRACT
Este artículo presenta distintas metodologías utilizadas para valorar los impactos que la contaminación ambiental tiene sobre la salud de la población y algunos resultados de los estudios más destacados en el tema. Estos impactos, denominados desde la economía como externalidades, cobran importancia, dado que cuando se toman las decisiones de inversión −como el tipo de tecnología utilizada en un proceso de producción o la ubicación de una planta eléctrica- es evidente que a la sociedad le interesará saber los impactos que se generarán sobre el ambiente y la salud, por tanto, al final se deberán incluir esos efectos externos en el proceso de toma de decisiones. No obstante, la estimación de los efectos de la contaminación sobre la salud trae consigo un alto grado de incertidumbre. Una parte importante de esa incertidumbre no es de carácter científico sino de los resultados de elecciones éticas y por el desconocimiento del futuro. Todo esto implica un análisis de sistemas multidisciplinarios, con aportes de los ingenieros, salubristas, epidemiólogos, ecólogos y economistas.
This paper aims to present different methodologies used to assess the impact of environmental pollution on the health of the population, and some results that have been addressed by the most important studies on the subject. These impacts, known as externalities in economics, become important because when investment decisions are taken, such as the type of technology used in a production process or the location of an electrically plant, it is clear that the society will be interested to know the impacts generated on the environment and health, thus eventually these external effects must be included on the decision-making process. However, the estimation of the effects of pollution on health has a high degree of uncertainty. An important part of that uncertainty is not scientific, but derives from the results of ethical choices and lack of awareness of the future. All this implies a multidisciplinary systems analysis, with input from engineers, public health professionals, epidemiologists, ecologists and economists.
ABSTRACT
Public hospital's public property is mainly reflected in providing people with equitable access, quality and efficiency of basic medical services. However, due to lack of understanding in importance of the medical services positive and negative externalities, lead to the dilution of commonweal of public hospital. Meanwhile, externalities caused by transaction costs and unclear property rights in medical services activities further exacerbate welfare fade. The government should take effective measures to protect and encourage positive externalities, prevent and control the negative externali-ties, and, by way of reducing transaction costs, clear property rights to resolve external effects, as far as possible to pro-tect the public interest in public hospitals.
ABSTRACT
Waste generated in Chinese materia medica (CMM) resources industrialization pollutes the ecological environment seriously, forming the bearing pressure of the environment. From the perspective of the externality theory and the circular economy theory, three circular patterns of waste reutilization are discussed, as well as their effects on the ecological environment. In addition, based on the perspective of the ecological effect, the technologies used for promoting the conversion of waste reutilization of CMM are put forward. All of these will promote waste reutilization of CMM and protect the ecological environment, which are conducive to the sustainable development of CMM resources.