Internalized and externalized behavioral problems in children with leukemia and influencing factors / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To investigate internalized and externalized behavioral problems in children with leukemia and to analyze the influencing factors.Methods:A total of 121 children match the inclusion and exclusion criteria with leukemia hospitalized in Hematology and Oncology Department of 3 hospitals in Zhengzhou city from November 2021 to March 2022 were recruited through a cluster sampling method.The general information questionnaire, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (parent version), Psychological Adaptation Scale, Perceived Social Support Questionnaire and Zarit Burden Interview were used for investigation.Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of internalized and externalized behavioral problems in children with leukemia.Results:Among 121 children with leukemia, there were 72 males and 49 females, with the age of (7.16 ± 3.18) years.The total score of interna-lized and externalized behavioral problems in 121 children with leukemia was (6.12±3.13) points and (5.49±2.92) points, respectively.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that burden of care ( β=0.412, P<0.001), family support ( β=-0.242, P=0.003) and monthly household income per capita ( β=-0.167, P=0.036) were the influencing factors of internalized behavioral problems in children with leukemia.Burden of care ( β=0.360, P<0.001), social integration ( β=-0.223, P=0.008) and caregiver age ( β=-0.176, P=0.035) were the influencing factors of externalized behavioral problems in children with leukemia. Conclusions:Children with leukemia suffer severe internalized and externalized behavioral problems.Burden of care of the caregiver, family support and social integration are predictors of adverse emotional and behavioral problems in children.

Sono e comportamento em crianças atendidas em um serviço de psicologia / Sleep and behavior in children assisted in a psychology service / El sueño y el comportamiento en los niños atendidos en un servicio de psicología

Problemas de sono são frequentes na infância e podem causar prejuízos à criança. Há uma associação possível entre distúrbios de sono infantil e problemas de comportamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as relações entre problemas internalizantes e externalizantes e problemas de sono em crianças da faixa pré-escolar, avaliadas por suas mães pelo Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL1½-5 anos), quando estas buscaram atendimento em uma clínica-escola de psicologia. Participaram do estudo 83 mães de crianças (sendo seus filhos: 58 meninos e 25 meninas) cujas idades variaram entre 2 e 5 anos. Análises indicaram que 29% das crianças apresentavam problemas com o sono, entre os quais, os mais frequentes foram "não querer dormir sozinho" e "resistir a ir para a cama". Os dados sugeriram ainda uma associação entre problemas de sono e comportamentos internalizantes (RP = 1,4; p < 0,05) e externalizantes (RP = 1,4; p < 0,05).

Sleep problems are common in childhood and can cause damage in children. There is a possible association between childhood sleep disorders and behavioral problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between internalizing and externalizing problems and sleep problems in children of pre-school age, assessed by their mothers through the Child Behavior Checklist ( CBCL1 ½ -5 years) when seeking care at a clinic school psychology . The study included 83 mothers of children (and their children were: 58 boys and 25 girls) whose ages ranged between 2 and 5 years. Analysis indicated that 29 % of children had sleep problems among which the most frequent were "not wanting to sleep alone" and "resist the bed". The data also suggested an association between sleep problems and internalizing (PR = 1,4; p < 0,05) and externalizing (PR = 1,4; p < 0,05) behaviors.

Los problemas del sueño son comunes en la infancia y pueden causar daños en los niños. Existe una posible asociación entre los trastornos del sueño de la infancia y los problemas de comportamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre los problemas de internalización y externalización y los trastornos del sueño en niños en edad preescolar, evaluados por sus madres por medio del Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL1 ½ -5 años) cuando buscaban tratamiento en una clínica-escuela de psicología. El estudio incluyó a 83 madres y sus hijos (y sus niños: 58 niños y 25 niñas), con edades comprendidas entre los 2 y 5 años. El análisis indicó que 29% de los hijos tenían problemas de sueño entre los cuales los más frecuentes fueron "no querer dormir solo" y "resistir a la cama". Los datos también sugieren una asociación entre los trastornos del sueño y comportamientos de internalización (PR = 1,4; p < 0,05) y de externalización (PR = 1,4; p < 0,05).

Análisis bibliométrico de los problemas de comportamiento externalizado en niños y adolescentes de la ciudad de Bogotá (2003-2013) / Bibliometric analysis of externalizing behavior problems in childrenand adolescents of Bogota city (2003-2013)

El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar un análisis bibliométrico de los trabajos de investigación de pregrado y posgrado que sobre los problemas de comportamiento externalizado en niños y adolescentes se llevaron a cabo en universidades y fundaciones universitarias de Bogotá (Colombia) entre los años 2003 y 2013. Para ello se diseñó y validó por parte de cinco jueces expertos una ficha de análisis, que incluyó las siguientes variables: título, año, autores, directores, universidad, nivel de formación, palabras clave, tipo de problemática, diseño de investigación, edad y población. En total se analizaron veintiún trabajos de grado correspondientes a ocho instituciones de educación superior de la ciudad de Bogotá, entre las cuales se pudo identificar que con relación al nivel de formación se evidenció que pregrado y maestría fueron las que más abordaron este tema. Entre los años 2010-2013 se realizó un mayor número de investigaciones sobre esta problemática y finalmente se encontró que la población que más se caracterizó en los trabajos de grado fueron los adolescentes

The objective of this research was to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the undergraduate and graduate research projects about problems of externalizing behavior in children and adolescents. This information was gathered in universities and colleges from Bogota (Colombia) from 2003 to 2013. Five expert judges validated an analysis index card that we designed which included the following variables: title, year, authors, directors, university, level of training, keywords, type of problem, type of research, age, and population. Altogether, twenty-one papers were analyzed corresponding to eight institutions in Bogota, where it was evidenced that in regard the level of training; undergraduate and master levels were those who mostly discussed this topic. Along 2010 and 2013, a large number of investigations on this issue were made and finally it was found that the population that was mentioned the most in the research projects was the adolescents

Conductas internalizantes y externalizantes en adolescentes / Internalizing and externalizing behavior in adolescents

La adolescencia es un periodo de cambios rápidos en todos los aspectos del desarrollo humano. Es en esta etapa en la que se suelen presentar dificultades y manifestaciones de problemas de salud mental. El objetivo del estudio es conocer las conductas internalizantes y externalizantes reportadas por adolescentes estudiantes de secundaria. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 298 estudiantes entre 12 a 18 años (M = 14.98, DE = 1.28) de ambos sexos (54.4 % mujeres) de dos instituciones educativas públicas donde la mayoría se encontraba cursando el 4.o año de secundaria (33.6 %). La muestra se seleccionó de manera no probabilística, por conveniencia, y se informó a todos los participantes del objetivo y actividades del estudio, del carácter voluntario de su participación, y del cuidado en mantener el anonimato y la confidencialidad de todos los datos recogidos. Se utilizó el autorreporte de jóvenes entre 11 y 18 años (YSR 11-18, Achenbach y Rescorla, 2001) para identificar las conductas internalizantes y externalizantes y sus respectivas dimensiones. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas por sexo. Las mujeres puntuaron más alto que los hombres en ansiedaddepresión, quejas somáticas, problemas de atención, y conductas internalizantes, mientras que los hombres puntuaron más alto en rompimiento de reglas y conductas externalizantes.

Adolescence is a period of rapid changes in all aspects of human development. It is at this stage that difficulties and mental health problems occur more often. The purpose of the study was to identify both internalizing and externalizing behavior reported by adolescent in high school. The sample was composed by 298 participants between 12 and 18 years old (M = 14.98, SD = 1.28), of both sexes, (54.4 % women) from two public educational institutions where the majority was enrolled in the 4th year of high school (33.6 %). The sample was selected in a non-probabilistic manner for convenience, and all the participants were informed of the purpose and activities of the study, of the voluntary nature of their participation, and of the care to preserve the anonymity and confidentiality of all data collected. We used the self-report of young people between 11 and 18 years old (YSR 11-18, Achenbach and Rescorla, 2001) to identify the internalizing and externalizing behavior and their respective dimensions. The results show significant differences according to sex. Women scored higher than men in anxiety-depression, somatic complaints, attention problems, and internalizing behavior; while men scored higher in breaking the rules, and externalizing behavior.

Relación entre el tiempo de uso de las redes sociales en Internet y la salud mental en adolescentes colombianos / Relationship between the time spent on Internet social networking and mental health in Colombian adolescents / Relação entre o tempo de uso das redes sociais na Internet e a saúde mental dos adolescentes colombianos

El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar si hay diferencias entre grupos de adolescentes de grado 7° de la ciudad de Bogotá, con diferentes tiempos de uso de las redes sociales en problemáticas de tipo internalizante, externalizante, la soledad percibida, el funcionamiento familiar y el sexo. El estudio con diseño ex post facto valoró el efecto del tiempo de uso de redes sociales a tres niveles (bajo, medio y alto) a través de un cuestionario socio demográfico diseñado para tal fin: el LSRQ, el FACES III, CDI y el YSR. Participaron 96 estudiantes con un rango de edades entre los 11 y 15 años. Se encontró que entre los participantes con un elevado tiempo de uso de las redes sociales, eran mayores los problemas de tipo externalizante (conducta agresiva, ruptura de reglas y problemas de atención). Se discute la necesidad de que en futuras investigaciones se enfaticen los factores positivos que para el desarrollo de los adolescentes puede tener el uso de las redes sociales a través de Internet.

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the amount of time spent in social networking and the presence of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in adolescents. Participants were 96 seventh grade students aged between 11 and 15 years who were attending schools in Bogotá, Colombia. An ex-post facto design was used and the amount of time spent in social networking was divided into three categories: high, medium and low. The instruments included a sociodemographic questionnaire especially designed for this purpose, the Loneliness and Social Dissatisfaction Questionnaire by Cassidy & Asher (LSDQ for its English acronym), the Youth Self- Report by Achenbach (YSR, for its English acronym), the Child Depression Inventory by Kovacs (CDI, for its English acronym) and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales by Olson, Portner & Lavee (FACES III, for its English acronym). Findings showed that participants with a greater amount of time spent on social networking had more externalyzing disorders (aggressive behavior, rule breaking and attention deficits) than students in the other two categories. The need for future research that stresses the positive factors that the use of Internet social networking can have on adolescents' development is discussed.

El objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar se existem diferenças entre grupos de adolescentes da 7° série da cidade de Bogotá, com diferentes tempos de uso das redes sociais em problemáticas de tipo internalizante, externalizante, a solidão percebida, o funcionamento familiar e o sexo. O estudo com desenho ex pós fato avaliou o efeito do tempo de uso de redes sociais em três níveis (baixo, médio e alto) através de um questionário sóciodemográfico desenhado para esse fim: o LSRQ, o FACES III, CDI e o YSR. Participaram 96 estudantes da faixa etária de 11 a 15 anos. Encontrou-se que entre os participantes com um elevado tempo de uso das redes sociais, eram maiores os problemas de tipo externalizante (conduta agressiva, ruptura de regras e problemas de atenção). Discute-se a necessidade de que em pesquisas futuras sejam enfatizados os fatores positivos que para o desenvolvimento dos adolescentes pode ter o uso das redes sociais através de Internet.

Possible effect of COMTVal158Met polymorphism on the association between childhood maltreatment and externalizing behavior: A preliminary study.

Aims: Over the course of the past decades, studies on child maltreatment have increasingly adopted multiple levels of analysis (particularly by the inclusion of genetics factors) on the basis of the variability in children’s responses to stressful life events. This is a preliminary study on the effects of child maltreatment in a sample of adolescents according to this perspective. Study Design: Case-control study. Methodology: We investigated the moderating effect of COMT Val158Met polymorphism onthe association of child maltreatment with a range of externalizing behavior - assessed by the Child Behavior Check List/6-18 scale - in a sample composed of 52 maltreated children and adolescents and 90 healthy controls aged 10-18. Maltreatment was recorded on the basis of the presence/absence of physical contact. Results: COMT Val158Met polymorphism interacts with physical contact abuse to influence externalizing behavior (p=.04), with both genetic (p=.03) and environmental risk factor (p=.003) having a significant main effect. Similar results were found considering the rule-breaking component of externalizing behavior, and the main effect of maltreatment was highly significant in all analyses performed. Conclusion: This preliminary study supports the hypothesis that the variability in children's responses to maltreatment might be partially explained by individual genetic differences. Considering the presence of physical contact as a risk factor we could explain inconsistence of findings in literature on GxE in maltreatment.

Differential Effects of Parents and Peers on Externalizing Behavior and Drug Use / Efectos Diferenciales de Padres y Pares sobre la Externalización de Conductas y Consumo de Drogas

This study explored how peer deviant behavior and peer drug use differentially mediated the paths from unsupportive parenting to youth externalizing behavior and both the probability and extent of current drug use in a sample of Venezuelan youth. Models were further extended to test for group differences by gender and age. Results suggested that peer influences are domain specific among Venezuelan youth. That is, deviant peer behavior mediated the path from unsupportive parenting to youth externalizing behaviors, and peer drug use mediated the path to the drug use outcome. Mediation effects were partial, suggesting that parenting influenced the outcomes beyond its impact on affiliations with negative peers. Notable exceptions to the models were found when moderated by either gender or age. Implications for the development of screening tools and for formulating intervention programs targeting this age group are discussed.

Este estudio explora cómo la conducta anómica de los pares y el uso de drogas de los pares moderan diferencialmente las trayectorias de parentalidad desapegada hacia conductas externalizadas y cómo ambas moderan la probabilidad y alcance del consumo de sustancias en una muestra de jóvenes venezolanos. Los resultados sugieren que la influencia de los pares es sobre algunos dominios específicos entre los jóvenes. Esto es, conductas desviadas de los pares moderan el camino entre padres desapegados hacia las conductas de los jóvenes, y el consumo de drogas de los pares delinean la trayectoria hacia el consumo de sustancias. Los efectos mediadores fueron parciales, lo que sugiere que los padres influyen las consecuencias más allá del impacto sobre las afiliaciones con pares negativos. Se hallaron excepciones a los modelos cuando se controló por sexo y edad. Se discuten las implicaciones de desarrollar herramientas y programas de intervención para este grupo de edad.

The mediating role of parenting in relationship between parent hostility and adolescent externalizing behavior problems / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the relationship between parent hostility and adolescent externalizing behavior problems and the mediating role of parenting.Methods The cross-sectional data of 4474 adolescent aged 10-21 of the National Survey of Adolescent Mental Health in China (2008) was used.Adolescents reported their externalizing problems and parents' parenting.Parents reported their hostile behaviors.Results ① Parent hostility((9.18 ± 3.56),(8.94 ± 3.18)) significantly correlated with monitoring,inductive reasoning,harshness of parenting(father(3.39 ± 1.16),(3.21 ± 1.02),(1.39 ± 0.62) respectively,r =-0.108 ～ 0.489,P ＜ 0.01 ;mother (3.96 ± 0.97),(3.38 ± 0.96),(1.37 ± 0.60) respectively,r =-0.148 ～ 0.468,P ＜ 0.01) ; and both parent hostility and parenting were significantly associated with adolescent externalizing problems (0.23 ± 0.21) (r =-0.308 ～ 0.577,P ＜ 0.01).②Parental monitoring,inductive reasoning and harshness discipline partially mediated the relations between parent hostility and adolescent externalizing problems (Z =6.12,5.10,6.36,P ＜ 0.01 ; Z =5.86,6.97,11.84,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Parenting partially mediated the effect between parent hostility and adolescent externalizing problems.

Relações entre práticas educativas maternas e problemas de externalização em pré-escolares / Relationship between maternal upbringing and externalizing behavior problems in pre-school children

Este estudo investigou relações entre as práticas educativas maternas e os problemas de externalização na infância. Participaram 64 díades mãe-criança, selecionadas em escolas públicas (68,8%) e particulares (31,3%) de Salvador, Bahia, por meio de amostragem por acessibilidade e também por indicações feitas pelas participantes. Os dados foram coletados em visitas domiciliares ou nas escolas. As mães responderam a uma ficha de dados sociodemográficos, a uma entrevista estruturada sobre as práticas educativas maternas e ao Inventário de Comportamentos da Infância e Adolescência 4-18 anos. A análise de regressão linear múltipla revelou que o modelo que incluiu como variáveis preditoras dos problemas de externalização a escolaridade materna, a renda familiar e as práticas negociação e troca e punição física explicou 15,8% da variância nos problemas de externalização. Discute-se o impacto da punição física no desenvolvimento dos problemas de externalização e o poder preditivo do nível de instrução e da renda familiar em relação às práticas educativas parentais.

This study investigated the relationship between maternal upbringing and externalizing behavior problems in childhood. Participants in the study included 64 mother-child dyads recruited from public (68.8%) and private (31.3%) schools in Salvador, in the Brazilian state of Bahia, via a convenience sampling method and through referral by other participants. The data were collected during home visits or in school. Mothers completed a socio-demographic data form, underwent a structured interview about the practice of maternal upbringing and the Child Behavior Checklist 4-18. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the model that included mother's schooling, family income, negotiation and corporal punishment as predictor variables of externalizing behavior problems, accounted for 15.8% of the variance in externalizing behavior problems. The impact of corporal punishment on the development of externalizing behaviors and the predictive power of the level of instruction and family income in relation to the child's upbringing, are discussed.

The moderating effect of monoamine oxidase A gene polymorphism in relationship between childhood abuse of male adolescents and externalizing behaviors / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between male adolescents' childhood abuse and externalizing behaviors,and the moderating effect of monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene promoter region variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism.MethodsThrough random cluster sampling,352 Han male middle school students from Changsha were tested by Achenbach child behavior checklist-youth self reports (CBCL-YSR)and childhood trauma questionnaire-28 item short form (CTQ-SF),their MAOA genotypes were also identified.A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to test the moderating effect.Results ( 1 ) Compared participates with high activity MAOA gene and that with low activity MAOA gene,there were no significant differences on age ( ( 15.82 ± 1.52) vs ( 15.94 ± 1.62 ) ),externalizing behaviors ( ( 15.13 ± 10.14 ) vs ( 14.33 ± 9.70 ) ),total abuse ( (52.59 ± 10.46) vs (51.39 ± 7.56 ) ),emotional abuse( ( 7.63 ± 3.31 ) vs ( 7.11 ± 2.68 ) ),physical abuse ( ( 6.40 ± 2.82) vs (6.12 ± 2.05 ) ),sexual abuse ( ( 6.42 ± 3.24 ) vs ( 5.94 ± 1.72 ) ),emotional neglect ((13.44±5.12) vs (13.16 ±4.83) ),physical neglect( (10.27 ±2.64) vs (10.44±2.53))(t=-1.789～0.678,P ＞ 0.05 ).(2)Except emotional neglect and physical neglect,emotional abuse,physical abuse and sexual abuse could predict externalizing behaviors( Sβ =0.141 ～0.347,P ＜ 0.01 ).(3) MAOA gene was not directly related to externalizing behaviors( Sβ =- 0.023,P ＞ 0.05 ).There was a significant interaction between MAOA gene and emotional abuse( Sβ =-0.148,P ＜ 0.01 ).The interaction between MAOA gene and physical abuse or sexual abuse showed no statistical significance( Sβ =- 0.067,- 0.005,P ＞ 0.05 ).ConclusionMAOA gene polymorphism can moderate the relationship between male adolescents'childhood emotional abuse and externalizing behaviors.

Associação entre comportamentos externalizantes e baixo desempenho escolar: uma revisão de estudos prospectivos e longitudinais / Association between externalizing behavior and underachievement: a review of prospective and longitudinal studies

Foi feito um levantamento na literatura de estudos prospectivos e longitudinais investigando a associação entre problemas de comportamento externalizantes e baixo desempenho escolar no ensino fundamental, no período de 1990 a 2006. Por meio dos sistemas PsycInfo, Medline, Lilacs, Scielo e Web of Science, foram selecionados e adquiridos 18 artigos, classificados em quatro categorias: estudos com amostras clínicas; estudos comparando grupos com ou sem comorbidade; estudos que buscam testar modelos de trajetória de desenvolvimento; estudos sobre precursores da associação entre problemas de comportamento e baixo desempenho escolar. A análise dos artigos evidencia que a co-ocorrência de baixo desempenho escolar e problemas externalizantes sugere a influência de variáveis antecedentes, como condições adversas na família e baixo nível socioeconômico. Indica, ainda, que a associação traz mau prognóstico às crianças, como comorbidades com transtornos psiquiátricos, posteriores problemas acadêmicos e de comportamento anti-social, evidenciando a situação de risco psicossocial em que se encontram.

A survey in the literature of prospective and longitudinal studies was made investigating the association between externalizing behavior and underachievement in the period of 1990-2006. It was used PsycInfo, Medline, Lilacs, Scielo and Web of Science systems and it was selected and acquired 18 articles, classified in four categories: studies with clinical samples; studies comparing groups with or without comorbidity; studies that try to establish or to test models of developmental trajectory; studies of precursors of the association between behavior problems and underachievement. The analysis of articles evidences that the co-occurrence of underachievement and externalizing behavior suggests the influence of antecedent variables, such as adverse conditions in the family and low socio-economic level. It indicates that the association brings bad prognostic to the children, such as comorbidity with psychiatric disorders, later academic problems, and antisocial behavior, evidencing the psychosocial risk situation in that they are.

The Relationship Between Children's Behavior Problem and Their Food Behaviors

This study was conducted to investigate the food behavior during the childhood, the influence of food behavior on internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, and the pattern of influence of food behavior on behavior problem depending on children's age and gender. A total of 171 children aged 5 and 6 years were selected who attended 3 nurseries and 1 kindergarten in Seoul, and the survey data responded by teachers were analyzed. The results were as follows. First, children with higher levels of food behavior showed less internalizing behavior problems compared to those with lower levels of food behavior. The main effects and interaction of gender and age were not significant. Second, children with higher levels of food behavior showed less externalizing behavior problems compared to those with lower levels of food behavior. For hyperactivity, interaction of age and food behavior was significant, and age and the interaction of age and food behavior affected children's agression. Food behavior of children affects behavior problem and, therefore, children with better food behavior showed less behavior problems in the same circumstances.

Gender Differences of Externalizing and Internalizing Behavior Problems According to the Extracurricular Education

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate gender differences with respect to the internalization or externalization of symptoms according to the amount of time spent engaged in extracurricular education. METHODS: The study included a community sample of 755 boys and girls (mean age, 6.6 years), collected from five elementary schools in Gunpo, South Korea. Primary caregivers completed a questionnaire which included information on demographics, the amounts of time children spent in extracurricular education and with other activities, and an adapted form of the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC-2). Gender differences regarding externalizing and internalizing behavior problems were examined according to extracurricular education. RESULTS: With respect to the boys, there was a difference in the frequency of those who had externalizing behavior problems according to their time spent in extracurricular education. In contrast, the girls exhibited no difference. With respect to those children who spent a lot of time engaged in extracurricular education, there was a gender-specific difference only with respect to externalizing behavior problems. CONCLUSION: A gender-specific difference exists only in terms of externalizing behavior problems according to time spent engaged in extracurricular education.

Práticas educativas maternas e indicadores do desenvolvimento social no terceiro ano de vida / Child-rearing practices and social development indicators in three-year-old children

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as relações entre as práticas educativas maternas e indicadores dos problemas de externalização e da competência social em crianças aos 30 meses de vida. Participaram do estudo 23 díades mãe-criança. No 30º mês de vida da criança foi realizada uma observação da interação mãe-criança para a avaliação das práticas educativas maternas, dos problemas de externalização e da competência social das crianças. Os resultados apóiam a literatura que relaciona práticas de orientação, controle assertivo e envolvimento parental positivo à competência social, e práticas coercitivas e permissivas aos problemas de externalização. Discute-se a relevância das práticas educativas parentais para a compreensão do desenvolvimento social, enfatizando a importância de práticas menos referidas na literatura, como a autorização de autonomia, a intrusividade e o controle ambíguo.

The present work aimed at investigating relations between maternal child-rearing practices, externalizing behavior problems and social competence indicators of thirty-month-old children. The study involved 23 child-mother dyads. In the child's thirtieth month after birth, an observation of mother-child interaction was performed in order to evaluate maternal child-rearing practices, externalizing behavior problems and child social competence. The results support the literature about social development that relates child-rearing practices such as guidance, assertive control and positive parental involvement to social competence, and coercive and permissive practices to externalizing behavior problems. The work discusses the relevance of parental child-rearing practices for the comprehension of the social development, emphasizing the importance of child-rearing practices, such as autonomy authorization, intrusiveness and ambiguous control.

Estabilidades e mudanças em padrões familiares de crianças com problemas de comportamento exteriorizado / Stabilities and changes in family patterns of children's externalizing behavior problems

A literatura sobre crianças com problemas de comportamento exteriorizado tem enfatizado a necessidade de descrever a origem e a evolução desses comportamentos. Este estudo visa comparar as continuidades e mudanças no perfil cognitivo, no estresse parental e na qualidade das relações familiares de crianças com problemas de comportamento exteriorizado. Participaram da coleta de dados sete crianças pré-escolares morando com ambos os pais biológicos, com a mãe e o padrasto ou com apenas um genitor. Foram aplicados testes de avaliação cognitiva às crianças e, aos genitores/padrastos, questionário, entrevista semi-estruturada e escala de estresse parental, em dois momentos, ao longo de um ano. Os resultados mostram que houve uma melhora no perfil cognitivo das crianças; alterações na percepção dos genitores/padrastos quanto às características das crianças, ao modo de vida e relacionamento familiar; e estabilidade nos índices de estresse parental. Para compreender melhor a evolução dos comportamentos exteriorizados é preciso implementar pesquisas longitudinais.

The literature on children's externalizing behavior problems has emphasized the necessity of describing the origin and evolution of this kind of behavior. This study aims to compare continuities and changes in children with externalizing behavior problems and their families emphasizing the child cognitive profile, parental stress, quality of family relationships. Seven preschool children who were living with biological parents, or the mother and stepfather, or just one parent were selected to participate. The data about cognitive evaluation was collected with children and a questionnaire, a semi-structured interview, a parental stress scale were administered to their parents, in two times in a year. The results show an improvement on the children's cognitive profile; changes in the parents'/stepfather's perception about children's personal characteristics, ways of life, and the quality of family relationships; and stabilities in the parental stress index. It is necessary to implement longitudinal research to better understanding the evolution of externalizing behaviors.

Characteristics of Behavior and Self-concept in Psychological Abused/Neglected Juveniles with Generalized Anxiety Disorder / 中国临床心理学杂志

Objective: To invesgate the situation of psychological abuse and neglect among juveniles with generalized anxiety disorder(GAD) and explore the characteristics of behavior and self-concept in psychological abused/neglected juveniles with GAD.Methods: A sampling survey was made in 9495 juveniles(5~17) from six regions of Hunan Province.After using the two-stage epidemiologic research method,409 children including 206 normal controls,99 GAD without abuse/neglect and 104 GAD with abuse/neglect,completed CPANS,CSCS and their parents completed CBCL.Results: There were significantly higher rates of psychological abuse or neglect in the GAD group than the normal controls;the factor scores of juveniles with GAD were significantly higher than those with no mental disorders in all six aspects in CPANS(P=0.000),higher scores of internalizing and externalizing behaviors characterized the subgroup of juveniles with both GAD and abuse history compared with the subgroup with GAD without such history,and the scores including total score,behavior,anxiety,gregariousness and happiness factors(P=0.000),of the subgroup of juveniles with GAD and abuse histories were significantly lower than the GAD subgroup without abuse or neglect.Conclusion: Psychological abuse and neglect are more prevalent and severe in juveniles with GAD than in normal ones;when psychological abuse/neglect co-occurs with GAD,juveniles’ behavior problems are even greater and their level of self-concept are much lower.